CLEAN-UP DRIVE

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

In an age of explosive technical advance, rapidly

increasing income, and continued population growth, there

is ample reason for concern over man’s relationship to

his physical environment. The environmental movement

comes as an abrupt awakening after years of prosperity

and of reassurance that economic growth is the key to

most social problems (Brubaker, 1972).

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious

problems facing humanity and other life forms today. Air,

water, and soil– all harmed by pollution – are necessary

to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air

can harm crops and cause life-threatening illnesses. Some

air pollutants have reduced the capacity of the

atmosphere to filter out the sun's harmful ultraviolet

radiation. Polluted water kills fish and other marine

life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land

available for growing food. Environmental pollution also

brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world (The

World Book Encyclopedia, 1989).

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As for most of human history, environmental

pollution has not been an issue. In the beginning, there

was the Stone Age. In this age, humans simply used simple

tools that were available. These could be anything from

the teeth or bones of animals, to stones of convenient

shape. Very little actual tooling went on, short of the

occasional notch or slot that was made in one piece of

stone or bone with another. Humanity then progressed into

working with metals and with the new metal craft; the

population was able to expand to greater than ever

levels.

While the smith craft of the copper and bronze ages

certainly produced pollution, it was not of a significant

amount to do any real damage to the environment. However,

these new innovations allowed for a further explosion in

population due to improvements in hunting and farming

that the new metals allowed. As the populations of

nations increased and settlers spread out across the

globe in search of new lands to colonize, they took their

ever increasing sophistication with them. With the

founding of the North American Continent by European

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settlers, still further and more polluting metals such as

steel would soon be introduced. Still, the earth held

vast expanses of unpopulated areas and the pollution

created was easily handled by the planets own systems of

cleaning and renewal.

This all changed with the industrial revolution.

Machines that could help construct other machines were

introduced. Millions after millions of forested acres

were chopped down and not replaced. Huge smelting

operations and metal forging facilities were dumping huge

amounts of pollution into the ground water and the oceans

of the world. The introduction of fossil fuels and the

eventual reliance on oil only compounded the issue. As

technology moved forward, new chemicals were introduced

or refined and the pollution created by these meant

levels of pollution the likes of which the earth had

never seen. Populations further increased requiring more

and more land to be used to support these ever increasing

populations. Plastics which would never degrade were now

added to the pollution problem (Saperecom, 2005-2012).

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Solid wastes are probably the most visible forms of

environmental pollution. Every year, people dispose of

billions of tons of solid garbage.

Basura, garbage, gomi, ordures, afval, spazzatura -

whatever people call it, solid wastes presents a serious

problem that must be properly managed (United States

Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).

In early pre-industrial times, waste was mainly

composed of ash from fires, wood, bones, bodies and

vegetable waste. It was disposed of in the ground where

it would act as compost and help to improve the soil.

Ancient rubbish dumps excavated in archaeological digs

reveal only tiny amounts of ash, broken tools and

pottery. Everything that could be was repaired and

reused. Populations were smaller and people lived in less

concentrated groups. Even if transition from nomadic

hunter-gatherer to farmer meant that waste could no

longer be left behind, it still wasn't much of an issue.

Archeological excavations of the dirt or clay floors

of these earliest living quarters have found that many

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bits of garbage that fell on the floor simply were

trampled into the dirt or brushed into corners and along

the edge of walls by the traffic patterns of the

residents. When the floors became too littered with

animal bones and other artifacts, the household would

bring in a supply of fresh, clean clay and spread it out

on top.

People didn't understand garbage was a threat until

urban populations boomed. As cities began to develop,

people burned their personal trash, buried it, or let it

pile up. As waste piled up in urban settings, the

resulting filth caused stench, harbored rats and other

pests, led to contaminated water supplies and perpetuated

human disease. Some of the greatest plagues to ever

impact humanity resulted from these conditions. Some of

the earliest organized waste management techniques

developed during this period as a way to stop and prevent

further disease (Environmental Industry Associations:SWMA

& WASTEC, 2011).

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Waste generation increases with population expansion

and economic development. As countries become richer and

more urbanized their waste composition changes.

As lifestyles rapidly change, the related

conveniences and products—mobile phones, electronics,

polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC), disposable diapers—

pose special waste disposal challenges. Even more

problematic is the fact that in most low and middle

income countries, development of waste management systems

woefully lags behind the realities of a quickly changing

waste stream. In addition, newly mobilized consumers and

their market-savvy suppliers rarely consider the

potential waste management problems that go hand in hand

with changing lifestyles (Hoornweg and Thomas, 1999).

Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human

health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and

improper waste handling causes a variety of problems,

including contaminating water, attracting insects and

rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage

canals or gullies. In addition, it may result in safety

hazards from fires or explosions. The manufacture,

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distribution, and use of products—as well as the disposal

of the resulting waste—all result in emissions of

atmospheric gases called “greenhouse gases” that affect

the earth’s climate. When organic waste decomposes in

landfills and uncontrolled dumps, it produces methane,

one of the major greenhouse gases contributing to climate

change. Countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa

account for nearly 40 percent of annual methane emissions

from landfills, which is equal to 37 million metric tons

of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCo2e) or the amount of

air emissions from more than 102 million automobiles

(United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).

Current global municipal solid waste (MSW)

generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tons per

year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2

billion tons per year by 2025. This represents a

significant increase in per capita waste generation

rates, from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next

fifteen years (What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid

Waste Management).

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The urban areas of Asia produce about 760,000 tons

of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day, or approximately

2.7 million m3 per day. In 2025, this figure will

increase to 1.8 million tons of waste per day, or 5.2

million m3 per day.

The garbage crisis has emerged as one of the most

pressing environmental concerns in the country.

Communities are struggling to cope with an inadequate

capacity for waste management and the dangers associated

with increased use of toxic and hazardous substances. The

country generates about 10 million metric tons of garbage

per year with Metro Manila accounting for a quarter. Only

2 percent of this waste stream is disposed of in sanitary

landfills. The usual practice of garbage disposal in open

dumps leads to contamination of water bodies. In a recent

study, 58 percent of groundwater sampled was contaminated

with coliform and needed treatment. There are about 5,150

reported cases of gastro-intestinal diseases per 100,000

population.

In recent years, the Philippines has strengthened

pollution control laws by passing new or amendatory

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legislation on specific issues: toxic and hazardous waste

management (1990), clean air (1999), ecological solid

waste management (2000), and on clean water (2004). While

implementation mechanisms are slightly different under

each law, enforcement remains a significant challenge.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (R.A. No.

9003) was passed by Congress in December 2000 and signed

into law on January2 6, 2001. It provides for the proper

management of wastes generated by households, commercial

establishments, etc. It sets definite timetables for the

conversion of open dumps to better disposal facilities.

It also mandates local governments, especially the

barangays, to initiate and implement a system of

segregating garbage for recovery of recyclable, re-usable

materials to reduce garbage volume. The principal

responsibility for implementation is given to local

governments. The Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) participates in providing guidelines for

management programs, setting standards for disposal

facilities and providing general technical support for

local governments (United States Agency International

Development, October 2004).

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As a legal and policy framework for the holistic

management of the environment and natural resources of

the Provincial Government of Benguet, the Local

Environment Code has been enacted through Ordinance No.

04-91 dated June 9, 2004 (Article II, Benguet Environment

Code).

The Municipalities of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and

Mankayan had also enacted their respective ordinances and

the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone passed their

resolutions to wit:

1. Municipality of Atok. Municipal Ordinance No. 8

s.1993, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance

2. Municipality of Bakun. Municipal Ordinance No.

97-03, Providing mechanisms for solid waste management;

and Municipal Ordinance no. 05-2008, Comprehensive Solid

Waste Management Ordinance

3. Municipality of Buguias. Municipal Ordinance

No. 11 s.2006, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management

Ordinance

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4. Municipality of Mankayan. Municipal Ordinance

No.C-001 s.1997, Comprehensive Solid Waste Management

Ordinance

5. Resolution No.12 s.2010, Requiring all public

utility vehicles commuting along Halsema highway to

provide garbage bins inside their vehicles for proper

disposal of wastes by passengers(Memorandum of Agreement,

April 26, 2011).

In compliance to Republic Act 9003 and other related

Acts, Ordinances and Resolutions, a Memorandum of

Agreement was entered into by the Provincial Government

of Benguet, four local government units, different line

agencies and stakeholders assigning every second Friday

of the month as the simultaneous clean up drive day along

Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health

Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of

the simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway

within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok,

Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.

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Specifically, it will seek answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the level of implementation of the

simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within

the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,

Buguias and Mankayan as perceived by the respondents?

1.1. Is there a significant difference in the

perceptions of the respondents on the level of

implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along


Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of the

simultaneous clean-up drive in reducing the amount of

waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan as

perceived by the respondents?

2.1 Is there a significant difference in the


effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in

reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within


Buguias and Mankayan?

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3. What is the degree of seriousness of the

problems encountered during the implementation of the



Buguias and Mankayan as perceived by the respondents?

3.1. Is there a significant difference in the

perceptions of the respondents on the degree of

seriousness of the problems encountered during the



Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan?

Hypotheses of the Study

The researcher was guided by the following hypotheses:

1. There is no significant difference in the


implementation of simultaneous clean-up drive along


Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan according to

implementers, officials and drivers.



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reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within


Buguias and Mankayan according to the implementers,

officials and drivers.


perceptions of the respondents on the degree of




Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan according to

the implementers, officials and drivers.

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the level of implementation of the



Buguias and Mankayan.

2. To determine the effectiveness of the

simultaneous clean up drive in reducing the amount of

waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.

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3. To determine the seriousness of the problems

encountered during the implementation of the simultaneous

clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail

Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and

Mankayan.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is focus on the implementation of the



Buguias and Mankayan.

It determines the level of implementation, the


reducing the amount of waste along the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan

and the seriousness of the problems encountered during

its implementation.

Importance of the Study

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One of the most obvious impacts of rapidly

increasing urbanization and economic development can be

witnessed in the form of masses of solid waste.

With the forging of a Memorandum of Agreement on the

clean-up drive along Halsema highway, the signatories to

it hope to minimize and eventually eradicate the presence

of waste along the road.

The result of this study is hoped to help

authorities and agencies concerned on formulating an

effective plan and strategy on raising public awareness

on the importance and benefits of proper waste disposal

along the highway. Also, it anticipates to give the

proponents of the Memorandum of Agreement an insight on

the proper implementation of the clean up drive and to

serve as a guide to other Inter-Local health Zone

clusters in formulating their own plan on an effective

clean-up drive.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The 1987 Constitution provides that “the State shall

protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced

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and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and

harmony of nature.”(Article II, Sec 16)

Cognizant of the fact that the earth’s resources are

finite, generally, it has been increasingly recognized

that natural resources are being dissipated faster than

what it can be replenished naturally and the environment

is deteriorating alarmingly because of the wanton

disposal of wastes and the alteration and the disruption

of ecological cycles. These environmental problems are

the direct result of the growth of human population and

consequently, the growth of economies, then expansion of

human settlements and economic activities, and the drive

for increasing affluence. Indirectly, environmental

problems also arise because of too little awareness and

concern among resource users and inefficient legislation

or inaction amongst the institution that have been

entrusted to protect the integrity of the environment

(Sec.6, Article II, Benguet Environment Code).

In an effort to solve the perennial dumping of

wastes along Halsema Highway and to maintain its

cleanliness, the Provincial Government of Benguet, four

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local government units within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local

Health Zone, different line agencies and stakeholders

forged a Memorandum of Agreement assigning every second

Friday of the month as the simultaneous clean-up drive

day along the thoroughfare.

The study shows the following paradigm as presented

in Figure 1. The independent variables are the following:

level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up

drive, level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-

up drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema

highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of

Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan, and degree of


implementation of the clean-up drive.

The dependent variable is simultaneous clean-up

drive along Halsema highway. The residents and the

implementers consisting of the personnel from the

Provincial Governor’s Office-Environment and Natural

Resources Office (PGO-ENR), Municipal Environment and

Natural Resources Officers (MENRO), and the Chiefs of

Police are the moderator variables.

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Independent Variables

1. Level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive

2. Level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan

3. Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered during the implementation

Dependent Variables

Simultaneous clean-up drive along Halsema Highway

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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

CHAPTER 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures to

be used to analyze the implementation of simultaneous

clean-up drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail

Moderator Variables

- Implementers

- PGO-ENRO personnel

- MENRO

- Chiefs of Police

- Residents

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Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and

Mankayan.

Research Design

The researcher will make use of the descriptive

design with the normative survey technique as a method to

describe the implementation of the simultaneous clean-up

drive along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan.

Locale and Time of the Study

The study will be conducted in the Municipalities of

Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan which are the

municipalities traversed by Halsema Highway where the

simultaneous clean-up drive is being implemented. The

study covers the period from May, 2011 to May, 2012.

Population of the Study

The respondents in this study are the following:

personnel from the Provincial Governor’s Office-

Environment and Natural Resources Office, Municipal

Mayors, Municipal Environment and Natural Resources

Officers and Chiefs of Police of the selected

municipalities of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan and

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individuals residing along the stretch of Halsema

Highway.

Table 1. Population of the Study

Location Group/sectorImplementersPGO-ENROpersonnel

Mayors MENRO C.O.P Residents

Atok

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1 1 1 15

Bakun 1 1 1 5

Buguias 1 1 1 20

Mankayan 1 1 1 8

Total 12 4 4 4 57

Data Gathering Tool

The questionnaire will be the main tool in gathering

data and information from the respondents. It will be a

set of questions administered to respondents to generate

information about a specific situation. A personal

interview will also be conducted to some of the

respondents.

The items in the questionnaire will be based from

the Memorandum of Agreement subject of the clean-up drive

and from the data gathered during the interview.

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Part I of the questionnaire deals with the personal

data of the respondent and the group where the respondent

belongs. Part II will be on their perceptions on the

level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up

drive along Halsema highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias, and Mankayan;

the level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up

drive in reducing the amount of waste along Halsema

highway; and the degree of seriousness of problems

encountered during the implementation of the simultaneous

clean-up drive.

Reliability and Validity of the Instruments

Reliability refers to the consistency of test

scores. Validity is the extent to which a test predicts

what it is desired to predict. Spearman rho will be

employed to test the reliability of the instrument per

area. Spearman Brown will be used to test the reliability

coefficient of the whole questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedures

Prior to the administration of the questionnaire,

permission will be secured from the Honorable Governor of

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Benguet Province, Nestor B. Fongwan, Senior Environment

Management Specialist (SEMS) of the Provincial Governor’s

Office-Environment and Natural Resources Office,

Municipal Mayors from the different locations and the

Provincial Director of the Benguet Provincial Police

Office for authority to conduct the study.

The questionnaire will be personally administered by

the researcher to obtain concrete and honest answer and

also to explain any items not fully understood by the

respondents. This tool will be personally retrieved as

soon as the respondents finished answering the questions.

Treatment of the Data

The data that will be obtained from the

questionnaires will be tallied, tabulated, analyzed,

interpreted and presented using frequencies, and weighted

mean to determine the respondents’ perception on the

implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive.

The following descriptive equivalents in the

different implementation of the simultaneous clean-up



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are as follows:

The level of implementation of the simultaneous clean-up drive along

Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun,

Buguias and Mankayan

Arbitrary values

Statistical Limit

Descriptive Equivalent

Symbol

4 3.25 – 4.00 Fully Implemented

FI

3 2.50 – 3.24 Implemented I

2 1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Implemented

SI

1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Implemented at all

NI

The level of effectiveness of the simultaneous clean-up drive in

reducing the amount of waste along Halsema Highway within the Mt. Trail Inter-

Local Health Zone of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan will be likewise

interpreted using the following:

Arbitrary values

Statistical Limit


Symbol

4 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Effective

HE

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3 2.50 – 3.24 Effective E

2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Effective

LE

1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Effective at all

NE

Degree of seriousness of the problems encountered

during the implementation of the simultaneous clean-up



Arbitrary values

Statistical Limit


Symbol

4 3.25 – 4.00 Very Serious

VS

3 2.50 – 3.24 Serious S

2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Serious

LS

1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Serious at all

NS

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Statistical Tools

To answer specific problems 1, 2 and 3, weighted

mean will be used. The formula is (Sevilla, 1992):

Xw = Σfx/N

Where: Xw = Weighted Mean

f = Frequency

x = Weight

N = Total number of respondents

To test the reliability of the instrument used in

this study, is Spearman rho (rho)to test the instrument

per area with the formula:

6Σd2 r = 1 - -------

N3 - N2

Spearman Brown will be used to test the reliability

coefficient of the whole questionnaire.

Formula

2(rho) rho = ---------

1 + rho

The t-test will be used to test the significant

difference among the perceptions of the respondents. The

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formula is:

Where,

x1¯ = Mean of first set of values

x2¯ = Mean of second set of values

S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values

S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values

n1 = Total number of values in first set

n2 = Total number of values in second set.

The formula for standard deviation is given by:

Where,

x = Values given

x¯ = Mean

n = Total number of values.

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CLEAN-UP DRIVE