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05-FIRST 2 YEARS BIOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Body• Brain• Senses• Good health
BODY CHANGES
SIZE
• 2X birth weight by 4 months• 3X birth weight by age 1• 4X birth weight by age 2
HEAD SPARING
• If starving, the body stops growing, but not the brain• The brain is the last part of the body to be
damaged by malnutrition
SLEEP
• Good sleep = good health• Newborns sleep 15 – 17 hours• REM sleep• Rapid eye movement• Flickering of closed eyes• Rapid brain waves
• Dreaming• ½ of newborn sleep is REM sleep• Declines with age
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
NEURONS
• Basic nerve cell in central nervous system• Axons• Dendrites• Synapses• Intersection on neurons (axons & dendrites)• Neurotransmitters• Chemical messengers• Carry information from one neuron to another
• Transient Exuberance & Pruning• Transient Exuberance – Increases dendrites• Pruning – Misconnected dendrites atrophy and die
BRAIN STRUCTURE
BRAIN STEM
• Automatic responses• Heartbeat• Breathing• Temperature
CORTEX
• Outer layer of the brain• Activities• Thinking• Feeling• Sensing
• Visual• Auditory• Sensory• Motor
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
• Last to develop• Assists with self-control of impulses• Reasoning• Analysis• Ethics
FUSIFORM FACE AREA
• Face perception• “Own race effect”• From experience
EXPERIENCE
• Types of experiences• Experience-expectant• The brain expects and needs certain experiences to
develop. • Based on experiences all infants have (e.g. being talked
to)• E.g. Being talked to results in learning language
• Experience-dependent• Culture based• E.g. Which language is learned
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
• Life threatening• Blood vessels rupture in the brain• Neural connections beak• “Abusive Head Trauma”
SENSORY & MOTOR SKILLS
SENSATION-PERCEPTION-COGNITION
• Sensation• Detects stimulus
• Perception• Processes the stimulus• Based on experience
• Cognition (Thinking)• Gives meaning to the stimulus
MOTOR SKILLS
• Gross motor skills• Large muscles• E.g. walking• Muscle strength• Brain maturation • (Motor cortex)• Practice
• Fine motor skills• Small muscles• E.g writing
VISION
• Least developed at birth
GOOD HEALTH
IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATIONS)
• Creates antibodies for specific contagious diseases by stimulating the immune system.• The flu• Chicken pox• Polio
• Risk of disease is much greater than risk from immunization
BREAST FEEDING
• Breast is best• Colostrum• High calorie fluid – first 3 days
• Milk• Rich in iron & vitamins• Provides antibodies (if mother has antibodies)• Decreases risk of allergies, asthma, and stomach aches• Decreases risk of obesity and heart disease in adulthood
(many other factors involved)
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