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CH.3-1 WHAT IS BIOLOGYCH.3-1 WHAT IS BIOLOGY
INTERACTIONS AND INTERDEPENDENCE
• ___________ is the scientific study of interactions among ____________ and between organisms and their __________, or surroundings.
• The world itself contains many houses, and the largest house that contains all portions of the planet is called the _____________.
Ecologyorganisms
environment
Biosphere
33
ECOLOGY =
Organisms + Environment
44
• The biosphere consists of ______, ______, and _______ or the atmosphere.
• Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of __________________ between organisms and the environment in which they live.
land waterair
interdependence
Land
Water
Air
55
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• What are the six levels of organization that ecologists study?
Biosphere
Biome
66
1) Some ecologists study the interactions between a particular kind of organism and it’s ____________. This type of study is at the ________ level. (organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring)
2) Other ecologists study _____________, or groups of ____________ that belong to the same species.
3) At another level ecologists study the _______________, or different populations that live together.
surroundingsspecies
populationsindividuals
communities
77
Different Different speciesspecies of frogs of frogs
Marsh Frog Glass tree frog
Green poison arrow frog Dart Frog
88
Population
population
individual
population
A community in the ocean
99
4) Some ecologists study a particular ecosystem. An ____________ is a collection of all the ______________ that live in a particular place, with nonliving, or physical, environment.
5) When ecologists study larger ecosystems with the same climate and similar communities they are studying ________.
6) The largest area that ecologists can study is the ___________. (bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere)
ecosystemorganisms
biomes
biosphere
1010
Ecosystem includes physical Ecosystem includes physical environment!environment!
Physical Environment:•Water temperature 20°C or 30°C 60°F or 78°F•Amount of light Lots of light
1111
Tropical Rainforest EcosystemTropical Rainforest Ecosystem
1212
BiomesBiomes of the world of the world
1313
Population & Species
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
individual
1414
ECOLOGICAL METHODS
• Ecologists use a wide range of tools and techniques to study the living world. (radio tags)
• Scientists use modern ecological research using three basic approaches:
1) ____________- is the first step in asking ecological questions.
2) ____________- can be used to solve and test an hypothesis.
Observing
Experimenting
1515
3) ______________- most ecological phenomena occur over a long period of time or such a spatial scale that they are difficult to study.
This is why ecologists will make models to gain insight into such areas. Many of these type of studies consist of _______________ formulas based on data collected through observations and experiments.
Modeling
mathematical
1616
CH. 3-2 ENERGY FLOWCH. 3-2 ENERGY FLOW• At the core of every organism’s interaction
with the environment is its need for __________ to power life’s processes.
PRODUCERS
• Without a constant input of energy, living systems cannot function. _________ is the main energy source for life on Earth.
energy
Sunlight
1717
• In a few ecosystems, some organisms obtain energy from a source other than sunlight.
• Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic ___________________ (Ex: mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy).
Chemical compounds
1818
• Only plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called ___________ (producers).
• The best known _____________ are those who harness solar energy through a process known as ________________.
• During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert ___________________ and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as _________________________.
autotrophsautotrophs
photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
Starches and sugars
1919
sugars
2020
LIFE WITHOUT LIGHT
• When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates, the process is called _________________.
• This process is performed by several types of bacteria (Ex: volcanic vents on the deep ocean floor, hot springs in Yellow Stone Park).
chemosynthesis
2121
NO LIGHT!Use chemicals
chemical
2222
CONSUMERS
• _____________and many bacteria-cannot harness energy directly from the physical environment as autotrophs do.
• Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called __________________.
• Heterotrophs are called ______________.
Animals, fungi,
heterotrophsconsumers
2323
• There are many different types of heterotrophs.
• _________=plants (cows and caterpillars)
• ___________=animals (snakes and owls)
• ___________=plants and animals (humans and bears)
• _____________ feed on plants and animal remains (vultures and earthworms)
• _________________ break down organic matter (bacteria and fungi).
Herbivores
CarnivoresOmnivores
Detritivores
Decomposers
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An herbivore eats only plants.
Cow
Caterpillar
Deer
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A A carnivorecarnivore eats animals. eats animals.
Snake Owl Dog
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An omnivore eats plants and An omnivore eats plants and animals.animals.
HumanBear
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A detritivore eats dead plants and A detritivore eats dead plants and animals.animals.
earthworm
crabvulture
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A decomposer breaks down living A decomposer breaks down living things.things.
Fungi
Bacteria
2929
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
• What happens to energy in an ecosystem when one organism eats another?
• Energy flows through an ____________ in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to ________________ and then to various ____________________.
ecosystem
autotrophs
heterotrophs
3030
Sun
energy
energy
energy
energy
3131
FOOD CHAINS• The _________ stored by producers can
be passed through an ecosystem along the ___________, a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
FOOD WEBS• When the ___________ relationships
among the various organisms in an ecosystem form a network full of complex interactions, ecologist describe these relationships as a ____________.
energy
food chain
feeding
food web
3232
3333
3434
3535
3636Decomposer
3737
3838
3939
4040
TROPHIC LEVELS
• Each step in a food chain or food web is called a _________ level.
• _______________ make up the first level.
• ________________ make up the second, third, or higher trophic levels.
• Each consumer depends on the trophic level _________ it for energy.
trophicProducers
Consumers
below
4141
Producer
Consumers
1st level
2ndlevel
3rd level4th level
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
4242
Ecological Pyramids
• The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem can be represented by an __________________________.
• An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of _______________contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.
ecological pyramid
energy or matter
4343
• There are 3 different kinds of pyramids:
1. Energy Pyramids
2. Biomass Pyramids
3. Pyramids of Numbers
4444
Energy Pyramid• There is no limit to the number of trophic
levels that a food chain can support but only one part of the energy that is stored in one level is passed on to the next level. This is because organisms use as much energy as they consume for life processes (Ex: respiration and movement).
• Only about ______ of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level.
10%
4545
Energy Pyramid
4646
Biomass Pyramid
• The total amount of ____________within a given trophic level is called __________.
• Biomass is usually expressed in terms of _________ of organic matter per unit area.
• A biomass pyramid represents the amount of ___________________ available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.
living tissuebiomass
grams
potential food
4747
Biomass Pyramid
4848
Pyramid of Numbers
• Ecological pyramids can also be based on the __________ of individual organisms at each trophic level.
numbers
4949
Pyramid of Numbers
5050
5151
3-3 CYCLES OF MATTER
Recycling in the Biosphere
• Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between _______________.
• Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another from one part of the biosphere to another through ________________ cycles.
ecosystems
biogeochemical
5252
The Water Cycle• All living things require _________ to
survive.• Water moves between the ocean,
atmosphere, and land.• Water ________ enter the atmosphere as
water vapor, a gas, then they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water.
• The process in which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called ______________.
water
molecules
evaporation
5353
• Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of _________________.
• Water returns to the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of ________________-rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
• On land, much of the precipitation runs along the surface of the ground until it enters a _________ that carries the runoff back to the ____________.
transpiration
precipitation
riverocean
5454
Seepage
5555
5656
WATER CYCLE
5757
Nutrient Cycles• The food you eat provides energy and
chemicals that keep you alive.• All the chemical substances that an
organism needs to sustain life are its _____________.
• Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential ___________________.
• Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through __________________ cycles.
nutrients
life functions
biogeochemical
5858
5959
• These cycles are: ________________________________.
The Carbon Cycle
• ___________ is the key ingredient of living tissue.
• Carbon is an important component of _________________ and is also found in rocks.
• Carbon and oxygen form _____________ gas (CO2), and important component of the atmosphere.
Carbon, nitrogen, and the phosphorus
Carbon
animal skeletons
Carbon Dioxide
6060
6161
6262
6363
CARBON CYCLE
6464
• Four main processes move carbon through its cycle:
1. ____________: photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
2. ____________: erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and oceans.
Biological
Geochemical
6565
3. _______________________: burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels) store carbon underground.
4. _________________: mining, cutting, and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Mixed biogeochemical
Human activities
6666
The Nitrogen Cycle
• All organisms require __________ to make amino acids which in turn are used to build proteins.
• Nitrogen gas makes up _____ of Earth’s atmosphere.
• Nitrogen also exists in several forms in the __________ and other large water bodies.
• Human activity adds nitrogen to the biosphere in the form of ___________.
nitrogen
78%
ocean
nitrate
6767
• Although nitrogen gas is most abundant from of nitrogen on earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. Such bacteria, which live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes, convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as ____________________.
• Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called _________________.
Nitrogen fixation
denitrification
6868
6969
• This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.
The Phosphorus Cycle• _________________ is essential to living
organisms because it forms part of important life-sustaining molecules such as DNA and RNA.
• Phosphorus is not common in the ______________.
• Phosphorus ____________ enter the atmosphere.
Phosphorus
biospheredoes not
7070
• Phosphorus remains mostly on _______ in rock and _____________, and in ocean sediments.
• Phosphorus exists in the form of _____________ phosphate.
• Organic phosphate moves through the food web, from ________________________, and to the rest of the ecosystem.
• Figure 3-15
landsoil minerals
inorganic
producers to consumers
7171
7272
Nutrient Limitation• Ecologists are often interested in the
primary productivity of an ecosystem, which is the rate at which ______________ is created by producers.
• If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism’s growth.
• When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a __________________.
organic matter
limiting nutrient
7373
• An example is farmers adding _____________ to their crops to boost their productivity.
• Fertilizers contain 3 important nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
• The open oceans of the world can be considered nutrient _______ environments compared to the land.
• When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is often an immediate ___________ in the amount of algae and other producers.
fertilizers
poor
increase
7474
• This result is called an __________.
• There are more nutrients available, so the producers can grow and reproduce more quickly. If there are not enough consumers to eat the excess algae, conditions can become so favorable for growth that algae cover the surface of the water.
• Algae blooms can often disrupt the _____________ of an ecosystem.
Algal bloom
equilibrium
7575
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