American Imperialism United States History Mrs. O’Shea CHSAS

American Imperialism

United States History

Mrs. O’Shea

CHSAS

Review

Look up the following in your notes:

Manifest Destiny -

Social Darwinism -

Free Land Defined Americans

• America had been in a process of constantly acquiring land.

• Frontier = opportunity and required “rugged self-reliance”

• 1893 – superintendent of Census announced the “frontier” as closed.

• Now what?• 1890s – acquiring new land separate from

continental U.S. did not attract U.S. settlers.

Africa Becomes a Jigsaw Puzzle

• Slave Trade outlawed

• Now What?

• European countries divide up and colonize Africa.

What about us?

“The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of the line of march.” (Henry Cabot Lodge, 1895)

Do we want to be an empire?• European countries = Imperialist countries

Imperialism – p.584

stronger nations attempting to create an empire by dominating weaker nations

• George Washington warned about getting too entangled in foreign affairs.

China and Japan• U.S. wanted new markets • European powers all had interest in China

• Open Door Policy – Secretary of State asked _________ powers to keep an “open door” to China

• ________ Rebellion – multinational force crushed uprising

Hawaii

• American planters revolt against monarchy

• Asked to be annexed by United States

• 1898 - annexed

The Congress and the President – apologizes to Native Hawaiians on

behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination;

Spanish-American

War

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

Estimated Estimated 200,000 Cubans 200,000 Cubans die of disease die of disease and starvation.and starvation.

Cuban guerrillas destroy Cuban guerrillas destroy American sugar American sugar plantations/mills in Cuba to get plantations/mills in Cuba to get the attention of the U.S.the attention of the U.S.

Yellow Journalism

Joseph Pulitzer's = New York World

William Randolph Hearst's = New York Journal

Hearst told his artist sent to paint pictures of fighting in Cuba - "You supply the pictures. I'll supply the war."

“How Babies Are Baked” “Was He A Suicide?”

Panama Canal

• When the French abandoned the project they had spent over twenty years and $260,000,000.

• It took nine hours and forty minutes for the passage of the first ship through the canal.

• When the canal opened tolls were set at $1.20 per ton for freight and $1.50 per ton for passengers. A freighter carrying a cargo of 4,500 tons paid a toll of $5,400.

• When the Panama Canal opened to traffic, the United States had spent $352 million.

World War I

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – Arlington Cemetery

Causes

Nationalism

NationalismIntense pride in nation

Problem = Countries act on their own best interest

Causes

Nationalism Imperialism

ImperialismScramble for colonies

Problem = competition leads to conflict

Causes

Nationalism

Militarism

Imperialism

Militarism

Countries in Europe were spending large amounts of money on building up their armed forces.

Problem: Constantly planning war made war more inevitable.

Causes

Nationalism

Militarism System of Alliances

Imperialism

System of Alliances

Countries created protective relationships with other

countries

Problem: If conflict occurs between two countries, other countries are bound by their relationships into the conflict.

I got your back Russia!

Causes

Nationalism Imperialism

Militarism System of Alliances

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

• June 28, 1914 • Heir to Austro-Hungarian

Empire• Shot by Bosnian

nationalist

Spark of War

• Austria's declaration of war against Serbia on July 28, 1914

• Russia announces it mobilization for war. • Germany declares war on Russia – August 1,

1914• Germany declares war on France – August 3,

1914• Great Britain declares war on Germany – August

4, 1914

http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/

European PLAYERS

Central Powers

Austria-HungaryGermanyBulgaria

Ottoman Empire

Allies

SerbiaRussiaFrance

Great BritainPortugal

ItalyRomaniaGreeceBelgium

1914 – Wilson declares neutrality

(protect investments)

New Technology in Warfare• Machine guns = 600

rounds per minute• Rapid fire artillery• Poison gas• Airplanes and

Airships (Zeppelins)• Tanks • U-boats

Trench Warfare

http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch1_trench.htmlch1_trench.html

The Allies and Central Powers dug nearly 6,250 miles of trenches by the end of 1914.

Lice

Trench foot

Rats

Dysentery

Trench fever

Ships lost to submarinesYear 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918

Number of Ships

3 396 964 2,439 1,035

1. Most immigrants favored Allies (30 percent Americans were second and third generation immigrants)

2. Sinking of passenger ships by U-boats (Lusitania, Sussex, City of Memphis, Illinois, Vigilancia)

3. Zimmerman Note – if Mexico declares war on U.S., Germany would give them land after war

4. Russian Revolution – Czar is overthrown

U.S. Involvement in WWI

1917 – Wilson declares

War

“make the world safe for democracy”

Mobilizing Troops

• Sent 14,500 men and $$$ immediately

• Selective Service Act – all men between 21-30 must register

24 million registered3 million drafted

• Trained and transported by convoy (thwarted u-boats)

Homefront

• Liberty Bonds - $20 million• Factories – commercial goods -> war

goods• Lever Food and Fuel Control Act – Herbert

Hoover controlled food pricing/rationing, daylight savings time

• Fear of German-Americans • Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to discuss

anything disloyal about the U.S. government, army, navy

End of War

• Bolshevik Revolution – Russians signed truce with Germany

• Germany refocused attention on western front – gave one more big push

• Germany overwhelmed by U.S.

Signed armistice (cease-fire) – November 1918

8 million soldiers/sailors died (est.) = average of about 5,000 a day

22 million dead

U.S. losses

48,000 battle deaths

2,900 missing in action

56,000 disease related deaths

Versailles Treaty

• League of Nations

• 9 new nations created from Germany

• Middle East divided up

• $33 million in war reparations for Germany

• Makes Germany admit responsibility

Effects of War on U.S.

• U.S. emerged as a leading industrial power

• More migration north by African Americans (Great Migration)

• Intensified anti-immigrant sentiments

• Brought women into workplace –

1920 = 19th Amendment