Unit 12Migration and ImperialismMigration and Imperialism

World Markets, “New Imperialism,” and the rise of

global inequality became a part of the changing world order

The world change “was facilitated by the

conquest of distance.”

The Conquest of Distance

• First came the railroads, drastically reducing costs and opening up new opportunities.

• Next came steam power, cutting fuel consumption and costs and beginning the age of the “Great Ships.”

• Then came intercontinental trade “enormously facilitated by the Suez and Panama Canals.”

Construction of the Suez Canal

Opened in1869

The Panama Canal

Terms to Know•GNP or Gross National

Product•Third World Nations or

Regions• “Lopsided World”• New Imperialism

New ImperialismMotives

• Economic-raw materials, labor, outlets for surplus goods

• Political-”desire for power, prestige, security, and diplomatic advantages,” nations often expanded out of need or perceived need to protect national security

• Ideological- (sometimes called moral) “political, cultural, or religious beliefs…as missionary activity,” the White Man’s Burden”

Rudyard Kipling

The Five Nations,

1905

White Man’s

Burden

advocate of colonial expansion hated Great Britain pushed anti-British

ideas in Germany patriotic historian author of History of

Germany in the 19th Century (argued that Germany should develop a powerful empire)

“He also insisted that war would be necessary to achieve and control this territory. He wrote: ’War is elevating,

because the individual disappears before the great conception of the state... What a perversion of morality to wish to abolish

heroism among men!’ "

Heinrich von Treitschke

Ruled from 1837to 1901

Opening up

China and Japan

The Qing (or Manchu) Dynasty

was NOT interested in

European Trade

British merchants found something that would

sell in China…

…and addiction grew to epidemic proportions. The emperor appointed a

special commissioner with orders to stamp out opium trade.

Radical patriot Lin Tse-hsu arrived in

Canton and destroyed

20,000 chests of opium…and then the real

trouble began!

Special Commissioner, Lin

Tse -hsu

The War

 ”War broke out when Chinese junks attempted to turn back English merchant vessels in November of 1839;… the English sent warships in June of 1840. The Chinese, with old-style weapons and

artillery, were no match for the British gunships, which ranged up and down the coast shooting at

forts and fighting on land. The Chinese were equally unprepared for the technological

superiority of the British land armies, and suffered continual defeats. Finally, in 1842, the Chinese

were forced to agree to peace under the Treaty of Nanking.”

Political cartoons lampooned the mismatched

military encounter.

The Treaty of Nanking (1842) ceded

control of Hong

Kong to the

British “to be

possessed in

perpetuity by her Britannic Majesty, her heirs

and successor

s.”

The Boxers or The Righteous and Harmonious Fists “…believed that the

expulsion of foreign devils would magically renew Chinese society and begin a new

golden age.”    “The Boxer Rebellion was concentrated in

Beijing. The Western response was swift and severe. Within…months, an international force captured and occupied Beijing and

forced the imperial government to agree to…European powers maintaining military forces

(in China)…demands for huge indemnity… and government officials to be prosecuted for

their role in the rebellion. “

Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi

“Boxer” in 1901

Forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance(1900 Boxer Rebellion)

Countries Warships(units)

Marines(men)

Army(men)

Japan 18 540 20,300

Russia 10 750 12,400

United Kingdom 8 2,020 10,000

France 5 390 3,130

United States 2 295 3,125

Germany 5 600 300

Italy 2 80

Austria 1 75

Total 51 4,750 49,255

In 1853 Commodore

Matthew Perry and the USA’s “Great White

Fleet” arrived in Edo Bay to OPEN

Japan to western trade

As a result of the visit from the US Navy and Commodore

Perry…

Meiji Restoration

• Progressive samurai overthrew the shogun.

• The emperor was restored to power and took the ruling name Meiji meaning “Enlightened Rule.”

• The capital was moved to Edo and renamed Tokyo.

• Reforms were made to modernize Japan.

Shogun-hereditary military governor

Samurai-warrior nobility

1895

Annex in 1910

Modern Japan was searching for a place in the sun.

The Scramble for

Africa

Alexandria, Egypt

Pasha of Egypt,

MuhammMuhammad Aliad Ali

Khedive Ismail• Grandson of Muhammad Ali

• Began ruling in 1863• “impatient and reckless”

• Ran Egypt into massive debt (to the British) which led to foreign

“overseeing”• Egyptian Nationalist Party

forced Ismail to abdicate in 1879• Son, Tewfig appointed new ruler

by the British

Col. Ahmed Arabi wanted the British out

of Egypt

Riots broke out

British war ships came in

for some “gunboat

diplomacy”

General Evelyn Baring, Lord

Cromer, became the defacto ruler

after 1883 creating tax reform and a better life for peasants…on British term.

“A Fixture” Baring as a new Egyptian “ruler”

And now on

to South Africa

a diverse region at the tip of Africa

South Africa, a brief background

• The region had been colonized by the Dutch. Their descendants were called Boers and they spoke Afrikaans.

• Other Europeans began arriving, especially British, and the Boers took the Great Trek to the northern part of South Africa.

• Boers established two republics, Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

The Boer War “…fought from 1899 to 1902 between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal

and the Orange Free State…and Great Britain…over the

sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands. The war

ended with British victory.”

Causes of the Boer War(s)• In 1887 the largest gold field in the world was

discovered south of Pretoria• Transvaal President Paul Kruger said

“Instead of rejoicing you would do better to weep, for all this gold will cause our country to be soaked in blood.” (smart man)

• British settlers streamed in and the “shanty town” of Johannesburg filled with uitlanders

• Settlers were denied rights• British mine owners want changes that led

Cecil Rhodes to sponsor a failed coup d’etat

Leander Starr Jameson led the raid and 600 men into

Transvaal

The unsuccessful raid made matters worse

Jameson was arrested but eventually released

Rhodes and other Brits

wanted control of Africa “from

Cairo to the Cape”

• The failure of the raid led to a massive build up of British military in the Cape

• British colonial leaders nicknamed gold bugs favored annexation of the Boer lands (Rhodes was a gold bug)

• 1899 the British government demanded equal rights for BR citizens in Boer territory

• President Kruger demanded that the BR military withdraw from the Transvaal border and allied with the Orange Free State

War was declared in October of

1899

Political cartoon of the actions of the Boer War

Boer Guerilla resistance continued

I said guerilla, NOT Gorilla

The British turned to severe tactics to force

the Boer soldiers to surrender

The Treaty Of Vereeniging was signed in 1902

Transvaal and the Orange Free State became

British colonies, Britain paid indemnities to the Boers

In 1898 Kitchener led a force of 8,200 British troops, 17,600

Sudanese and Egyptians up the Nile to capture a city in the Sudan

called Omdurman, the Dervish capital across the river from

Khartoum.

The Sudan

The Battle of Omdurman-

Kitchner (and his forces) v. Khalifa and

the Dervishes- proved the

superiority of machine guns and led to re-conquest of

the Sudan by Britain

The Battle of Omdurman

British field marshal, imperial

administrator, conqueror of the Sudan,

commander in chief during the Boer Wars, and

secretary of state for war at the beginning of

World War I…

Horatio Herbert

Kitchener

…became a symbol

of the national will to

victory.

The French and British were all over the continent, and both countries wanted to link their

respective colonies with a system of railroads.

Great Britain wanted the "Cape-to-Cairo" railway and France

wanted to go through the Sudan by pushing east from the west

coast. This lead to the confrontation at

Fashoda, over an “obscure outpost.”

France sent 150 men east to Gabon under Jean-Baptiste

Marchand. British forces under Sir Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener was looking to re-conquer the

Sudan, as the British moved south from Egypt. They met at the fort

in Fashoda. British and French troops were on the brink of war over the outpost at Fashoda. The French Foreign Minister (Delcasse) gave up the

fort. Late in 1898 the French withdrew

from Fashoda.

The French “sphere of influence” became

the region west of the Congo and Nile

rivers and the British held their position in Egypt (Important due

to the controlling interest in the Suez

Canal). This compromise in the so-called Fashoda

Crisis led to the 1904 Anglo-French Entente (soon to be important

in World War I.

India“The Jewel of the British

Empire”

The Caste System- Developed in ancient times- You are born into a caste- Deeds in past lives affect the caste of your present life- Each caste has specific duties (laws,

rules), good deeds lead to a higher caste in the next life

The GreatRevolt

1857-58

“The mutiny broke out in the Bengal army because it was only

in the military sphere that Indians were organized. The

pretext for revolt was the introduction of the new Enfield

rifle…Those who refused the new rifle

(due to the animal fat on the ammo) were punished with long prison terms. Their comrades…

rose on May 10, shot their British officers, and marched to Delhi, where there were no European troops. There the local sepoy

garrison joined.”

“A grim feature of the mutiny was the ferocity that accompanied it. The

mutineers commonly shot their British officers on rising and were responsible for massacres... The murder of women and children

enraged the British, but in fact some British officers began to take severe measures before they knew that any such murders had occurred. In the

end the reprisals far outweighed the original excesses. Hundreds of

sepoys were shot from cannons in a frenzy of British vengeance.”

Jawaharial Nehru was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian

National Congress

during and after the

struggle for independence

from the British Empire

The Indian National Congress adopted

the strategy of nonviolent resistance

and the leadership

of Mohandas

Gandhi

Responses to Imperialism

• Traditionalists v. Modernizers

• Birth of Liberalism and Nationalism (sounds familiar does it not?)

• Desire for self determination

Critics of Imperialism

“Sometimes a child…would

still shout ‘foreign devil’

as I passed, but if he did his

mother clapped her hand across

his mouth, frightened

because she had heard how cruel was the revenge that the white folk

took.”

Pearl Buck

Hobson published several books exploring the links between imperialism and international conflict. This

included War in South Africa (1900) and Psychology of

Jingoism (1901). In his book Imperialism (1902), Hobson

argued that imperial expansion was driven by a

search for new markets and opportunities for investment overseas. These three books

helped Hobson obtain an international reputation and influenced political figures such as Lenin and Trotsky.

J.A.

Hobson

Henry Labouchere,

M.P. and anti-Imperialist

“I do not object to Gladstone’s always

having the ace up his sleeve, but only to his pretense that God had

put it there.”

“I do not waste my time in answering

abuse; I thrive under it like a

field that benefits from

manure.”

Joseph ConradHeart of Darkness

”a powerful indictment of the evils of Imperialism.”

Centers on the take over of the Congo by the Belgians and “savage repressions” of the people “in one of the largest acts of genocide committed up to the time…”“Africa itself is reduced to a metaphor for that

which white Europeans fear within themselves.”

“. . . No, it is impossible; it is

impossible to convey the life-sensation of any given epoch of

one’s existence—that which makes its

truth, its meaning—its subtle and

penetrating essence. It is impossible. We live, as we dream—

alone. . . .”

thethe