Basic Knowledge of Coal

Bas Knowled o Co

Ran- CKIC

Changsha Kaiyuan Instruments Co., Ltd

ContentⅠ Overview

Coal formation, coal seam,

coal mining, coal rank,

Ⅱ Coal ExplorationApplication of coalEnvironmental Effects

Ⅲ Coal quality controlCoal sampling, sample preparation,General coal testing scheme

analysis

Coal Formation and Seam

Coal Mining

The goal of coal mining is to obtain coal from the

ground. According to the depth and quality of

the seams, and the geology and environmental

factors. Surface mining and deep undergroundmining are the two basic methods of mining.

Coal Mining

Coal Mining

Modern surfaceStrip mini n g

mining

Contour miningMo u nt a i n top r e mo v al min i ng

Underground mining

Coal Ranks

Hilt's law

Hilt’s law is a geological

term that states that, in a smallarea, the deeper the coal, the higher its rank (grade).

The law holds true if the thermal gradient is entirelyvertical, but metamorphism may cause lateral changesof rank, irrespective of depth.

Coal Ranks

Coal Ranks

According to GB/T 5751-2009

g)

50

Class Symbol CodeParameter

Vdaf GR.I Y(mm) b(%) PM(%

)Hdaf(

%)Qgr,maf(MJk

LigniteHM1 51 >37 ≤30

≤24HM2 52 >37 >30-

Coal RanksClass Symbol Code

ParameterVdaf GR.I Y(mm) b(%) PM(%) Hdaf(%) Qgr,maf(MJkg)

Bituminous

PM 11 >10～20 ≤5PS 12 >10～20 >5～20

SM13 >10～20 >20~5014 >50~65

JM15 >10～20 >65 ≤25 (≤150)24

>20~28>50~65

25 >65 ≤25 ≤1501/3JM 35 >28~37 >65 ≤25 (≤220)

FM16 >10~20

(>85) >25(>150)

26 >20~28 (>150)36 >28~37 (>220)

QF 46 >37 (>85) >25 (>220)

QM

34 >28~37 >50~6543

>37>35~50

44 >50~6545 >65 ≤25 (≤220)

1/2ZN23 >20~28

>30~5033 >28~37

RN22 >20~28

>5~3032 >28~37

BN21 >20~28

≤531 >28~37

CY41

>37≤5

>5042 >5~35

Coal Ranks

According to GB/T 5751-2009

)

Class Symbol CodeParameter

Vdaf GR.I Y(mm) b(%) PM(%) Hdaf(%)

Qgr,maf(MJkg

Anthracite

WY1 1 ≤3.5 ≤2

WY2 2 >3.5~6.5 >2~3

WY3 3 >6.5~10 >3

Coal Reserves

Coal Production

Coal Production

Coal Consumption

ContentⅠ Overview

Coal formation, coal seam,

coal mining, coal rank,

Ⅱ Coal ExplorationApplication of coalEnvironmental Effects

Ⅲ Coal quality controlCoal sampling, sample preparation,General coal testing scheme

analysis

Application of Coal in Early Usage

Early uses as fuel

Application of Coal Nowadays

Coal as fuel

Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produceelectricity and heat through combustion.

How is Coal Converted to Electricity?

C o al as fuel: C V , Ash

Application of Coal Nowadays

Coal & Steel

70% of the steel produced today uses coal.Metallurgical coal

or coking coal is a vitalingredient in the steel making process.

How is Steel Produced?

C o al as fuel, r e du c ing agent & skeleton:na r r o w r a nge of pla s ticit y , volatility and low ash, low pho s pho r u s & s u lphu r .

Coal &Cement

Coal is used as an energy source in cementproduction. 200 kg coal -one tonne cement,300-400 kg cement -one cubic meter of concrete.

How is Cement Produced?

C o al as fuel ( R otary kiln) : :High CV ( + 600 0 K c al), High V olatile(1 8 - 30%), Low Sul f u r , Low Moistu r e ( - 10%)

Application of Coal NowadaysGasification & Liquefaction

Coal gasification can be used to produce

syngasfor powering a hydrogen economy,

makingammonia, or upgrading fossil fuels.

Application of Coal Nowadays

Production of chemicals

The syngas can then be fashioned into

anumber of useful chemical building blocks,methanol or acetyls for example.

like

Ammonia and urea are significant products ofcoal-to-chemicals for use in fertilizers.

Application of Coal

2%5%

6%power generation

ironmaking and steelmaking

cement manufacture

others87%

Application of Coal

Steamcoal

Usageof coal

Cokingcoal

Environmental EffectsA number of adverse health, and environmentaleffects of coal burning exist, especially in powerstations, and of coal mining, including:

※ Waste products, including fly ash, bottom

ash,and flue-gas desulfurization sludge※※※※

Acid rain from high sulfur coalInterference with groundwaterImpact of water and land usesRelease of carbon dioxide which

causes climatechange and global warming

ContentⅠ Overview

Coal formation, coal seam,

coal mining, coal rank,

Ⅱ Coal ExplorationApplication of coalEnvironmental Effects

Ⅲ Coal quality controlCoal sampling, sample preparation,General coal testing scheme

analysis

Super-intendingCompany

CoalSupplier

CoalConsumer

ResearchInstitute

CKIC

Buy Suitable CoalSupply QualifiedInnovation &Development

Good ResultsConsulting

Coal Quality Control

Coal is an organic material which oxidises anddecomposes / degrades. A special care is to be

taken while handling, processing, storage and ofcourse while sampling and testing of coal.

Coal Quality ControlFrom Supplier’s SideFor exactly meet the customer’s

requirements;

From consumer’s SideThe coal quality control at consuming plant areable to ensure that coal used is exactly suitable for boiler or Kiln, maximize the combustion efficiency and ensure safety.

Coal Quality Control

Why Sample?

Main purpose of sampling is to obtain arepresentative portion of the whole cargo toverify the quality of coal in support of commercialtransaction.

Coal Quality Control

Coal is a heterogeneous materialcomponents, and sampling must

and contain manybe done in such a way

that all components are recognised.A sample collected in such a manner that every particlein the lot sampled is equally represented in the gross ordivided sample.

Representativesamples

Coal Quality ControlProcedure of coal analysis?

CoalSampling

SamplePreparation

CoalAnalysis

Coal Quality Control

Steam Coal Testing••••••

Proximate analysis in CoalCalorific ValueTotal SulfurUltimate AnalysisAsh Fusion PropertiesHardgrove Grindability

Index......

Coal Quality Control

• Ash contentMineral matter in the coal blend

is retained as mineral ashin the coke – high ash means –less carbon in the

cokemore slag volume in the furnace.

and

• Volatile matterHigher volatile matter, results in lower coke yield .PhosphorusSulfurBoth elements causes the product steel to become

••

brittle and crack initiation.

Coal Quality Control

••••••••

Crucible Swelling NumberGieseler Fluidity – plastic properties

when heatedPlastometricG indexDilatometer-Petrographic

Indices Testingexpansion/contractionAnalysis

during coking

Gray King Coking TypeCoke Reactivity Index (CRI) + Coke Strength afterReaction (CSR)

Testing Scheme- ASTM

Testing Scheme- ISO

Testing Scheme- GB

End of Presentation!!!