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BIOTECHNOLOGY: Then and NowAn Introduction to MBB
Chromewell MojicaNational Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City
At the end of the session, the students should:
1. Be able to define biotechnology and familiarize themselves with biotech terms
2. Be able to trace the history of biotechnology and the people involved in the development of this field
3. Be able to know the different branches/aspects of biotechnology
Session Objectives
• Defining biotechnology
• Historical timeline
• Examples and Applications
OverviewOverview
Bio Technology
- biology
- the science of life
- the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
What is Biotechnology
- the use of microorganisms, plants, and animals, their parts, or their products, to make materials such as food, medicine, and chemicals that are useful to man
www.mpbiotech.nic.in
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2013
Biotechnology
- a technological application that uses biological systems, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
http://dels-old.nas.edu/metagenomics/applications.shtml
Biotechnology
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2013
“Any technique that uses living organisms orsubstances from those organisms, to make ormodify a Product, improve plants or animals, orto develop microorganisms for specific uses.”
– The Office of Technology Assessment ofthe US Congress
“Any technological application that usesbiological systems, living organisms, orderivatives thereof, to make or modify productsor processes for specific use”
- UN Convention on Biological Diversity
Biotechnology
Is biotechnology new?
• Give examples of products of biotechnology
• Are these products new?
• How are these products produced?
History of Biotechnology
http://danwoog.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/westporters-1.jpg
Prehistoric farmers
History of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is not something new!• We have been using biotech products for a long time,
(ancient/traditional biotechnology)
• domestication of plants and animals (Pre-1800)
Rice, barley and wheat
wild animals were tamed (sources of milk or meat or help with ploughing or guarding the farm
dog, sheep and goat first domesticated animals
History of Biotechnology
Three Eras of Biotechnology:1.Ancient Biotechnology
2.Traditional Biotechnology3.Modern Biotechnology
Biotechnology Eras
History of Biotechnology
10,000 BC
Domestication of Crops
8,000-9,000 BC
Domestication of Animals
6,000 BC
Brewing of Beer
4,000 BC
Leavening of Bread
1880’s
Production of Vaccines
1940
Production of
Antibiotics
1980’s
Use of GMOs
History of Biotechnology
Classical Breeding Use of microorganisms to
improve processes:•Yeast in Beer and Wine•Yeast for Leavening Bread
Concept of Fermentation Development of Vaccines and
antibiotics using microorganism
Traditional Biotechnology
The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas: An Introduction to Supplement 4,
Major centers of domestication and dates for earliest plants and animals
Traditional Biotechnology
Traditional Biotechnology
Artificial selection or Selective breeding
Traditional plant and animal breeding procedures to obtain improved varieties of crops and breeds of animals
Traditional Biotechnology
Today
7000 yrs
ago
Ancient Teosinte(left) Corn's ancestor did not have large ears. Instead, hard, nut-like kernels were distributed in small, feathery cobs over many tertiary branches.
Modern Corn (Maize) (right) Corn today comes in many varieties, all of which have ears that contain many soft kernels.
Photos courtesy of John Doebley
Traditional Biotechnology
Dog breeding
Traditional Biotechnology
https://media1.popsugar-assets.com/
Dog breeding
Traditional Biotechnology
http://www.expression.washington.edu/files/TalkTacomaLibrary2.pdf
Traditional Biotechnology
http://imgarcade.com/1/selective-breeding-examples-in-plants/
Traditional Biotechnology
The orange, purple and green cauliflowers that scientists claim could be healthier for youBy DAVID DERBYSHIRE19 February 2008
The "rainbow cauliflowers" are said to taste the same as the normal varieties, but add a splash of colour to the dinner table. Some scientists have even claimed that they are healthier for you. Andrew Coker, a spokesman for the plant company Syngenta - which is developing the plants in Europe - stressed that the colourfulcauliflowers were not the result of genetic engineering, but came after decades of traditional selective breeding.
Traditional Biotechnology
http://www.dailymail.co.uk
Traditional Biotechnology
Biotechnology is not something new!
• Include all fermented food products
• Yeast is a microorganism that was first used to make beer and wine as long ago as 6000BC
• Cheese made using bacteria have been produced for hundreds of years
History of Biotechnology
Zymotechnology
• Zyme (Greek) – leaven
• Connotes all types of industrial fermentation
www.ne.se
Traditional Biotechnology
Fermentation- a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.
Traditional Biotechnology
For example:
Yeast perform fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol.
Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.
Fermentation
Fermentation
Examples of food products
Fermentation
produced through a series of steps:
1. Extract coconut water2. Ferment coconut water with bacterial culture (Acetobacter xylinum)3. Separate the produced mat of nata de coco4. Clean, wash, cut, package
Examples of food products
Fermentation
Explosives
During WW1, acetone, a key raw material in explosives was made in large quantities by fermenting maize with Clostridium acetobutylicum
• People were unaware that useful materials were products of microbial processes
• Processes were accidentally optimized; trial and error
• Early advances in science paved way to early biotech products like conventional vaccines and antibiotics
History of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is not something new!
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
St. Mary’s Hospital, London
Nobelprize.org
• Slow-paced
• Crossing limited to closely related varieties
• Unpredictable combination of traits
Problems with Traditional Biotech
After years of research and recent advances in science...
• Scientists know more about biological processes and microorganisms behind them
• New techniques to improve quality and quantity of products
• Process became faster,
more reliable, and less laborious
M Fransman et al. eds. The Biotechnology Revolution
• Rooted in university research
• Interdisciplinary
• Uses recombinant DNA technology
• Tools and processes expensive
• Drenched in computational analysis
• Rapidly advancing: technology and industry
• Stirs debate and controversy
Modern Biotechnology
• Manipulation of genes – genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology
• involves taking a gene/s from a location in an organism and transferring to another organism
Modern Biotechnology
Gene CloningMolecular CloningGenetic EngineeringGenetic ManipulationRecombinant DNA Technology
REVOLUTIONIZED BIOTECHNOLOGY
Modern Biotechnology
www.chemistrylearning.com
Genetic engineering
http://imgarcade.com/1/selective-breeding-examples-in-plants/
Genetic engineering
biology.tutorvista.com
Central Dogma of Mol. Bio.
Central Dogma of Mol. Bio.
• Cell and molecular biology
• Microbiology
• Genetics
• Anatomy and physiology
• Biochemistry
• Engineering
• Computer science
http://www.icmb.utexas.edu/facilities/mouse/images/inj_90.jpg
http://game-um.ru/images2/13106134044.jpg
Applications of Biotech
Health
• many antibiotics are not produced by naturally occurring microorganisms in the form that is most useful to man
• need to wait for rare natural mutations (natural changes in the DNA) before an antibiotic with the useful form is produced
Applications of Biotech
Health
• use chemical synthesis techniques that are expensive and labor intensive
• with modern biotechnology, modified microorganisms that produce large quantities of antibiotics with the desired chemical structure can be developed
Applications of Biotech
Health
1. Human insulin - used to treat human diabetes (The correct form of insulin found inhumans can now be produced by genetically modified bacteria.)
2. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) -used to dissolve blood clots and so reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke
Applications of Biotech
SpeedPrecisionUnlimited donor-recipient of genesNovel productsMass production
Advances of Modern Biotech
• Economic benefits
• Improved health
• Environmental conservation
• Understanding origin of life
Goals of Biotechnology
• The ability to modify the genomes of organisms is a recent phenomenon.
• All modified organisms are dangerous/bad/scary....
• “natural” is always better...
Myths about Biotech
http://www.expression.washington.edu/files/TalkTacomaLibrary2.pdf
http://www.expression.washington.edu/files/TalkTacomaLibrary2.pdf
http://www.expression.washington.edu/files/TalkTacomaLibrary2.pdf
Real or fake?
Real or fake? Life at/greater than boiling temperature
Geogemma barossii
Pyrococcus furiosus
Real or fake? Outer ear on mouse
Real
Real or fake? 6 legged chicken
Fake
Real or fake? Golden rice
Real
Real or fake? DNA origami
Real•DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary two- and three-dimensional
shapes at the nanoscale
Real or fake? Glowing plant
RealPhotograph courtesy Iowa State University
Real or fake? Fluorescent cat
Photograph by Choi Byung-kil/Yonhap via AP
Real
Real or fake? Stem cells you can drink
Fake
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