Cellular Energy StAIR Chapter 6&7 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Cellular Energy StAIR

Chapter 6&7

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

All of the images present come directly from your textbook, Modern Biology by Holt, Reinhart and Winston.

In your notes write the page number where the graphic is located.

Obtaining Energy

ATP, adenosine triphosphate is the energy source used by all living things.

ATP provides the energy required for cellular activities like:– muscle contraction– protein synthesis– active transport

Obtaining Energy

Autotrophs use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds

Animals and other organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances are called heterotrophs.

Organisms that produce their own food are categorized how?

A. Heterotrophs

B. Autotrophs

C. Chemotrophs

D. Multitrophs

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Organisms that eat their food to obtain energy are called___________A. Heterotrophs

B. Autotrophs

C. Chemotrophs

D. Multitrophs

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What is Photosynthesis? (PSN)The prefix “photo” means lightThe word “synthesis” means to

make

What does photosynthesis literally mean?

A. To make light

B. Light making ability

C. To make with light

D. Make plants green

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Required Materials for Photosynthesis

1. light energy

2. inorganic materials

3. pigments

4. energy storage compound

Light energy

The light energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigments found in plant cells.

Inorganic materials

CO2 (carbon dioxide) is the source of carbon and oxygen for making glucose

H2O (water) is the source of hydrogen for making glucose and the oxygen given off as a byproduct

Pigments

Plant pigments absorb sunlight– Chlorophyll a absorbs indigo and

red lights– Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and

orange-red light– Chlorophyll c absorbs small

amounts of blue and orange light.

Pigments

Chlorophyll is located in the plant organelle called a chloroplast

Energy Storage CompoundATP, adenosine triphosphate,

provides the cells with the energy it requires to make glucose through PSN

Which of the following is NOT needed for PSN?

A. Water

B. Sunlight

C. Energy Storage compound

D. Soil

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Overview of PSN

Light energy from the sun is trapped by the chloroplasts and converted into a stored chemical energy (glucose) that can be used by living cells.

Overview of PSN

Each chloroplast consists of a double membrane enclosing stacks of green disc like structures called thylakoids.

Overview of PSN

Stacks of thylakoids make up grana

The thylakoids are surrounded by a dense fluid called the stroma

What are the three parts to a chloroplast?

A. Grandma, thiel, sloma

B. Grana, stacks, stomata

C. Grana, thylakoids, stroma

D. Grains, thylakoids, sloma

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Overview of PSN

Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle– In the light reactions, light energy is converted

to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH.

– In the Calvin Cycle, organic compounds are formed using CO2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

Light Reactions

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts only when sunlight is present

Where do the light reactions occur?

A. Thylakoid membranes

B. Stroma

C. Grana

D. Stroma membranes

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Light Reactions

Light energy is captured 2 molecules of water are split

into 4 H+ (hydrogen ions) and O2 (a molecule of oxygen gas)

Light Reactions

NADP (a hydrogen acceptor) bonds with the H+ ions to form NADPH (an energy storage compound) that is used in the dark reactions

A molecule of ______ is split and _________ is released in the light reactions.

A. Oxygen, water

B. Glucose, Carbon dioxide

C. Water, oxygen

D. Carbon dioxide, glucose

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Dark Reactions

The reactions that DO NOT require light but can take place in the light

ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions are used to change carbon dioxide to sugar

Also called the Calvin cycle

Dark Reactions

In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, a process called carbon fixation.

The products from the ___________ are used later in the _________.

A. Calvin cycle, dark

B. Dark, light

C. Light, dark

D. Calvin cycle, light

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Dark Reactions

CO2 combines with RuBP (a 5 carbon sugar) to form an unstable 6 carbon molecule

RuBP+CO2 compound breaks apart to form 2 molecules of PGA (3 carbon mol.)

Dark Reactions

PGA combines with the hydrogen which is taken from the NADPH from the light reactions and forms G3P (3 carbon molecule)

G3P can be used as a nutrient or combined to make glucose or RUBP

What is produced from the Calvin cycle?

A. Glucose

B. RuBP

C. G3P

D. PGA

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Chemical Equation for PSN

enzymes

6CO2 + 6H2O --->C6H12O6 + 6O2

sunlight

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis equation?

A. Enzymes and sunlight

B. Water and glucose

C. Oxygen and water

D. Carbon dioxide and water

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Photosynthesis Song

http://www.edublogs.tv/play.php?vid=880Click on the above link to listen to the

photosynthesis song. After listening once just close the browser window and come back to the StAIR.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells breakdown glucose to release energy and give off CO2 and H2O

Occurs in 2 stages–anaerobic–aerobic

Cellular Respiration: 2 types

Anaerobic– Occurs when

oxygen is NOT available

– Located in the cytoplasm of cells

– Inefficient energy producer (ATP)

Aerobic– Occurs when oxygen

is available– Located in the

mitochondrion of cells– Produces great

amount of energy (ATP)

This type of respiration is the most efficient because it creates the most energy.

A. Aerobic

B. Anaerobic

C. Glycolysis

D. Fermentation

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Cellular Respiration

1st stage is called Glycolysis– Glyco= pertaining to sugar– Lysis= cutting/splitting– Glycolysis is the process where

sugar is broken down for energy• Occurs in the cytoplasm and requires 2 molecules of ATP

Glycolysis

Glucose breaks down into pyruvic acid

4 molecules of ATP are produced

Glycolysis•Pictured to the right is the process of glycolysis

•One molecule of glucose enters the reactions and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced along with a net gain of 2 ATP

Since glycolysis uses 2 ATP, what is the amount of ATP that can be used by the cell once glycolysis is completed?A. 34

B. 36

C. 4

D. 2

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2nd Stage-Aerobic RespirationIf oxygen is present pyruvic acid

enters the mitochondria to begin the Kreb’s or Citric Acid Cycle

Pyruvic acid is broken down to acetic acid

Acetic acid forms citric acid

2nd Stage-Aerobic RespirationH2O and CO2 are given off as

waste products36 ATP are formed

Summary of Aerobic Respiration

2 ATP 2 ATP 34 ATP

How many ATP are produced from aerobic respiration alone?

A. 34

B. 36

C. 4

D. 2

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2nd Stage-Anaerobic RespirationIf no oxygen is present pyruvic

acid is broken down in the cytoplasm by the process of fermentation

2nd Stage-Anaerobic RespirationAlcohol

FermentationOccurs in plant

cellsProduces ethyl

alcohol

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs in animal cells (muscle tissue)

Produces lactic acid

2nd Stage-Anaerobic Respiration

–The build up of lactic acid is what causes muscle soreness after a workout

–When O2 levels increase lactic acid converts back to pyruvic acid which can then be metabolized

Which type of fermentation would you enter after prolonged exercise?

A. Alcohol

B. Lactic Acid

C. Glycolysis

D. Pyruvic Acid

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Summary of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

2 ATP

2 ATP

34 ATP

2 ATP

0ATP

Balanced Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H2O+36 ATP

Comparison of the Chemical Equations for Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are…..

Opposites!