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Chapter 13- part 2: Early Adulthood. Module 6 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood. Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does cognitive? ~ What did Piaget propose?. 329. Postformal Thought. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13- part 2:Early Adulthood
Module 6Cognitive Development
in Early Adulthood
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood
Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does cognitive?
~
What did Piaget propose?
329
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Postformal Thought
• Giesela Labouvie-Vief• Adult predicaments are sometimes solved
by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic• Postformal thought acknowledges that world
sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems
329
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
K. Warner Schaie• ACQUISITIVE STAGE
• ACHIEVING STAGE
• RESPONSIBLE STAGE
• EXECUTIVE STAGE
• REINTEGRATIVE STAGE
331
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
How Information Is Used: Schaie’s Stages
331
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• Cognitive development continues into young adulthood
with the emergence of postformal thought, which goes beyond logic to encompass interpretive and subjective thinking.
• Perry suggests that people move from dualistic thinking to relativistic thought during early adulthood.
• According to Schaie, people pass through five stages in the way they use information: acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, and reintegrative.
332
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY• Can you think of situations that you would
deal with differently as an adult than as an adolescent? Do the differences reflect postformal thinking?
332
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood?
• Sternberg - TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence is made up of three major components:• Componential aspects (analytical)• Experiential components (creative)• Contextual factors (practical)
332
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Expanding on Sternberg’s Theory…
• Psychologist Seymour Epstein – Constructive thinking
• Form of practical intelligence• Underlies success in such areas as social
relationships and physical and emotional health
333
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood
• CREATIVITY
• Early adulthood– Peak of creativity– Many of professional
problems are novel
– Willing to take risks
335
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Life Events and Cognitive Development
• Major life events may lead to cognitive growth– Think about the world in novel, more complex,
sophisticated, and often less rigid ways– Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)
336
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• New views of intelligence encompass the triarchic
theory, Practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence.
• Creativity seems to peak during early adulthood, with young adults viewing even longstanding problems as novel situations.
• Major life events contribute to cognitive growth by providing opportunities and incentives to rethink one’s self and one’s world.
336
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Higher Education
College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not
just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world.
336
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
College: Pursuing Higher Education
• Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college
• Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years
• Influenced by race and gender variables
336
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Who goes to college?• 40% of college students today are 25 years of
age or older• Average age of a community college student is
31• College degree is becoming increasingly
important in obtaining and keeping job• Absolute number of minority students enrolled
in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade
337
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Why is there a gender gap in college attendance?
Will it continue?
• Men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate
• More women enrolled in college
337
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to Sherry Willis, adults return
to college for several reasons:– To understand their own aging– To keep up with rapid technological and
cultural advances– To combat obsolescence on the job– To acquire new vocational skills – To broaden their intellectual skills
337
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
• First year adjustment reaction– Particularly affects unusually successful
students in high school – Passes for most as friends made and
integration into college life occurs– Serious psychological consequences for few
339
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Informed Consumer of Development
When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems?
• Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function
• Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress
• Hopeless or depressed feelings• Inability to build close relationships with others• Physical symptoms
340
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Depression in College Students
340
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Why do differences exist in gender distribution in
classes and attrition rates?
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Gender and College Performance
• Prejudice and discrimination– Hostile sexism– Benevolent sexist
• Differences exist in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates
341
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School
African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits.
Women lack ability in math and science.
341
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• Rates of college enrollment differ across racial and
ethnic lines.
• The average age of college students is steadily increasing as more adults return to college.
344
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• The phenomena of academic
disidentification and stereotype threat help explain the lower performance of women and African Americans in certain academic domains.
344
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY• How would you educate college professors who behave
differently toward male and female students? What factors contribute to this phenomenon? Can this situation be changed?
344
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