Energy and matter in cells. Warm-up What is the source of energy for all ecosystems? What molecule...

Energy and matter in cells

Warm-up

• What is the source of energy for all ecosystems?

• What molecule is constructed by this energy by plants?

• What simple molecule is used as a raw material to construct this more complex molecule?

Ecosystem Summary• Matter Cycles

– C,N, and water – Matter needed to sustain life– Biological and geological processes cycle the

matter on the earth – Note: There is a finite amount – atoms aren’t

created, they just gets redistributed

• Energy Flows– Energy cannot be created or destroyed - it just

changes form– Ultimately all energy on earth comes from the sun– Biological and geological processes transfer and

transform the energy until ultimately it is released into the atmosphere and into space as heat

Cellular EnergyWhat powers a cell?

• Cells require energy to do work.

• This energy is stored in molecules called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a little rechargable battery.

• ATP is used to by all cells to do work. Once used it is recycled to be recharged

Our guiding question• The energy source for nearly all ecosystems is the sun• The energy source for nearly all cellular processes is ATP

• How is energy from the sun transformed and stored in molecules of ATP to be used for cellular work?

SunATP

P P P

Our guiding question

• We will learn the processes that convert solar energy into other forms of energy and eventually to ATP.

Some review of energy terms/concepts

• Potential energy and Kinetic energy• Energy cant be created or destroyed

but can be converted to other forms.• Forms of energy:

– Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational, Heat, Electrical, Sound, Light, Chemical

Write down one example of conversion between these different forms

Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water

How can you explain this?• How did you charge the battery? • Where does that electrical energy come

from?• How is water used to generate the

electrical energy?

Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water

Dam

Reservoir

Generators River

Cell phone charger

Energy transformations from water in a reservoir to a cell phone

Reservoir

River

MECHANICALENERGYto turn

generators

ELECTRICALENERGYthrough

wires

ELECTRO-CHEMICALENERGY

storedin

battery

Sendingand

receivingcalls;

lights &ring tones

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

How does the reservoir get “recharged”?

The energy stored in the water behind the reservoir dam would run out if the water were not returned to the reservoir

• How does water move from the river back into the reservoir?

• What is the source of energy for this process?

How does the reservoir get “recharged”?

Cell phone charger

Dam

Evaporation

Precipitation

Reservoir

Generators River

Energy and matter conversions that power a cell phone

We’ll discuss energy and matter concepts in this context and then apply them to biology.

MOREstored energy

Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam

Reservoir

LESS

stored energy

Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam

River

Waterabove dam

Waterbelow dam

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam

River

Reservoir

MECHANICALKINETICENERGY

to turn generators

OUTPUTENERGY

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

Reservoir

River

HEATENERGY

from the sun

INPUTENERGY

Evaporation& precipitation

Water cycles between different forms as energy is converted

Matter cycles as energy is transformed

Reservoir

River

MECHANICALKINETICENERGYto turn

generators

ELECTRICALKINETICENERGYthrough

wires

ELECTRICALPOTENTIAL

ENERGYstored

inbattery

Sendingand

receivingcalls;

lights &ring tones

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

HEATENERGY

from the sun

HEATENERGY

from the sun

Sendingand

receivingcalls;

lights &ring tones

Heat energy from the sunis transformed into

energy for powering a cell phone

Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed

• The water does not disappear when it absorbs heat energy and evaporates, it simply changes form from liquid to gas

• Heat energy does not “turn into” water, it simply allows water to change positions from the river to above the dam

Matter cycles between different forms

How does energy for cell phones relate to energy for living cells?

The principles governing matter and energy transformations for cell phones…

HEATENERGY

LIGHTENERGY

ENERGYFOR CELLULAR

WORK

…are the same for energy and matter transformations in living cells…

…and are the same for ALL systems!

ATP and energy used by cells

• Cells use energy stored in the form of a molecule called ATP

• All other sources of energy must be converted and stored in molecules of ATP to be used by cells

Consider the cell phone as an analogy: • Cell phones only use electrical energy stored in

the battery• All other sources of energy must be converted

and stored in the battery to be used by the phone

What is ATP?

ADENOSINE“A”

PHOSPHATE“P”

P

ADENOSINE“A”

PHOSPHATE“P”

P

Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)

“mono-phosphate”

P

P P

Adenosine (A)2 phosphates (P)

“di-phosphate”

Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)

“mono-phosphate”

P

P P

P P P

Adenosine (A)3 phosphates (P)“tri-phosphate”

Adenosine (A)2 phosphates (P)

“di-phosphate”

Adenosine (A)1 phosphate (P)

“mono-phosphate”

P

P P

P P P

AMP“mono-phosphate”

ATP“tri-phosphate”

ADP“di-phosphate”

Note: you do NOT need to memorize names of these molecules

P P P

ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)

The molecular diagrams and names are to help you visualize the processes and help you put the concepts into a context

Building ATP requires energy as an INPUT

P P P

Breaking ATP releases energy as an OUTPUT

P P PKinetic energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP

P P P

MOREstored energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP

P P P

LESS

stored energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP

P P P P P P

ATP ADP P+

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

P P P

P P P

CHEMICALENERGY

INPUTENERGY

FOR CELLULARWORK

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

ATP

ADP P+

LESS

stored energy

P P P

P P P

CHEMICALENERGY

INPUTENERGY

FOR CELLULARWORK

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

ATP

ADP P+

LESS

stored energy

P P P

P P P

CHEMICALENERGY

INPUTENERGY

FOR CELLULARWORK

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

ATP

ADP P+

LESS

stored energy

ATP cycles between ADP and ATP as chemical energy is converted into energy for cellular work

P P P

P P P

CHEMICALENERGY

INPUTENERGY

FOR CELLULARWORK

OUTPUT

Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed

• The atoms do not disappear when ATP is used for cellular work, they simply break apart and rearrange into ADP and P

• Chemical energy does not “turn into” ATP, it simply allows ADP and P to join together and rearrange to build ATP

Matter cycles between different forms

What is glucose?

• Glucose is made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

Glucose

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

What is glucose?

• Plants and other producers break apart carbon dioxide and water to build glucose.

Glucose

Carbondioxide

Water

What is glucose?

• To understand the energy relationships between the different molecules, we will first focus only on the carbon atoms

Glucose

Carbondioxide

Water

What is glucose?

• A hexagon is used to represent glucose because of its shape

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

Building glucose requires energy as an INPUT

GlucoseCarbon dioxide

molecules

Breaking glucose releases energy as an OUTPUT

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energyKinetic energy

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide

MOREstored energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide

LESS

stored energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide

Glucose Carbon dioxide

MOREstored energy

LESS

stored energy

LIGHTENERGY

INPUTCHEMICALENERGY

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

LESS

stored energy

LIGHTENERGY

INPUTCHEMICALENERGY

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

LESS

stored energy

Carbon cycles between carbon dioxide and glucose as light energy is converted into chemical energy

LIGHTENERGY

INPUTCHEMICALENERGY

OUTPUT

Conservation of matterMatter is not created or destroyed

• The carbon atoms do not disappear when glucose is used for chemical energy, they simply break apart and rearrange into carbon dioxide

• Light energy does not “turn into” glucose, it simply allows carbon atoms to join together and rearrange to build glucose

Matter cycles between different forms

LIGHTENERGY

INPUTCHEMICALENERGY

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

LESS

stored energy

P P P

P P P

CHEMICALENERGY

INPUTENERGY

FOR CELLULARWORK

OUTPUT

MOREstored energy

ATP

ADP P+

LESS

stored energy

LIGHTENERGY

CHEMICALENERGY

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

P P P

P P P

ENERGYFOR CELLULAR

WORK

ATP

ADP P+

Matter cycles as energy is transformed

LIGHTENERGY

ENERGYFOR CELLULAR

WORK

Light energy from the sunis transformed into

energy for cellular work