ADP, ATP and ADP, ATP and Cellular Cellular

RespirationRespiration

What Is ATP?What Is ATP?

Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells

Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for What Does ATP Do for You?You?

It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?

By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP

What is the Process What is the Process Called?Called?

HYDROLYSIS (Adding HHYDROLYSIS (Adding H22O)O)

H2O

How Does That How Does That Happen?Happen?

An An Enzyme!Enzyme!

How is ATP Re-Made?How is ATP Re-Made?

The reverse of the previous The reverse of the previous process occurs.process occurs.

Another Another Enzyme is Enzyme is used!used!ATP ATP SynthetaseSynthetase

The ADP-ATP CycleThe ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-ATP-asease

ATP ATP SynthetaSynthetasese

When is ATP Made in When is ATP Made in the Body?the Body?

During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in both place in both Plants & Plants & AnimalsAnimals

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Includes pathways that Includes pathways that

require oxygenrequire oxygen Glucose is Glucose is oxidizedoxidized and O and O22 is is

reducedreduced Glucose breakdown is Glucose breakdown is

therefore an therefore an oxidation-oxidation-reductionreduction reaction reaction

Breakdown of one glucose Breakdown of one glucose results in results in 36 to 38 ATP36 to 38 ATP molecules molecules

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + e0 + e-- + 36- + 36-

3838ATP’sATP’s

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22

YIELDSYIELDS

What Type of Process is What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

An Oxidation-Reduction An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX ReactionProcess or REDOX Reaction

Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> COCO22 + H + H22O O (e(e-- removed from removed from CC66HH1212OO66))

Reduction  OReduction  O22  to  H  to  H22O O (e(e-- passed to Opassed to O22))

What Carries the What Carries the Electrons?Electrons?

NADNAD++ (nicotinadenine (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts dinucleotide) acts as the energy as the energy carriercarrier

NADNAD++ is a is a coenzymecoenzyme

It’s It’s ReducedReduced to to NADHNADH when it when it picks up two picks up two electrons and one electrons and one hydrogen ionhydrogen ion

Are There Any Other Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?Electron Carriers?

YES! Another YES! Another Coenzyme!Coenzyme!

FAD+FAD+ (Flavin (Flavin adenine adenine dinucleotide)dinucleotide)

ReducedReduced to to FADHFADH22

Other Cellular Other Cellular Respiration FactsRespiration Facts

Metabolic PathwayMetabolic Pathway that breaks that breaks down carbohydratesdown carbohydrates

Process is Process is ExergonicExergonic as High- as High-energy Glucose is broken into energy Glucose is broken into COCO22 and H and H22OO

Process is also Process is also CatabolicCatabolic because larger Glucose breaks because larger Glucose breaks into smaller moleculesinto smaller molecules

How Much ATP Do Cells How Much ATP Do Cells Use?Use?

It is estimated that each celleach cell will generate and consume approximately 10,000,000 10,000,000 molecules of molecules of ATP per secondATP per second

What are the Stages of What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

GlycolysisGlycolysis– conversionconversion

The Krebs CycleThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain

Foods used for ATP Foods used for ATP productionproduction

Where Does Cellular Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?Respiration Take Place?

It actually It actually takes place takes place in two parts in two parts of the cell:of the cell:

Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the occurs in the CytoplasmCytoplasmKrebs Cycle & Krebs Cycle & ETC TakeETC Take place place in the in the MitochondriaMitochondria

Review of Mitochondria Review of Mitochondria StructureStructure

SmoothSmooth outer outer MembraneMembrane

FoldedFolded inner inner membranemembrane

Folds called Folds called CristaeCristae

Space inside Space inside cristae called cristae called the the MatrixMatrix

Diagram of the Diagram of the ProcessProcess

Occurs in

Cytoplasm Occurs

in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae

Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary

Takes place in the Takes place in the CytoplasmCytoplasm

Anaerobic Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)Oxygen)Requires input of Requires input of 2 ATP2 ATP

Glucose split into two Glucose split into two molecules of molecules of PyruvatePyruvate or or Pyruvic AcidPyruvic Acid

Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary

• Also produces Also produces 2 NADH and 4 2 NADH and 4 ATPATP

• Pyruvate is oxidized to Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl Acetyl CoACoA and and COCO22 is removed is removed

GlycolysiGlycolysis s

DiagramDiagram

FermentationFermentation

Occurs when OOccurs when O22 NOT present NOT present (anaerobic)(anaerobic)

Called Called Lactic AcidLactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells fermentation in muscle cells (makes (makes muscles soremuscles sore))

Called Called Alcoholic fermentationAlcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces in yeast (produces ethanolethanol))

Nets 1 NADH per pyruvateNets 1 NADH per pyruvate

Fermentation continuedFermentation continued•If oxygen is not present, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol.

•The combination of glycolysis and these additional pathways is fermentation.

•Fermentation does not produce ATP, but it does regenerate NAD+, which allows for the continued production of ATP through ETC (electron transport chain).

A Little Krebs Cycle A Little Krebs Cycle HistoryHistory Discovered by Discovered by Hans Hans

KrebsKrebs in 1937 in 1937 He received the He received the

Nobel PrizeNobel Prize in in physiology or physiology or medicine in 1953 medicine in 1953 for his discoveryfor his discovery

Forced to leave Forced to leave Germany prior to Germany prior to WWII because he WWII because he was Jewishwas Jewish

Also called Citric Also called Citric Acid cycleAcid cycle

Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary

Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation Cyclical series of oxidation

reactions that give off reactions that give off COCO22 and and produce produce one ATP per cycleone ATP per cycle

Turns Turns twicetwice per glucose molecule per glucose moleculeProduces Produces two ATPtwo ATP Takes place in Takes place in matrix of matrix of

mitochondriamitochondria

Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary

Each turn of the Krebs Cycle Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces also produces 3NADH, 3NADH, 1FADH1FADH22, 2CO, 2CO2 and 1 ATP.2 and 1 ATP.

Therefore, For Therefore, For each Glucoseeach Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces produces 6NADH, 2FADH6NADH, 2FADH22, , 4CO4CO22, and 2ATP, and 2ATP

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

ATP

NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADHNETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH22, & 2CO, & 2CO22

Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain SummarySummary

34 ATP34 ATP Produced ProducedHH22OO Produced ProducedOccurs Across Occurs Across Inner Inner

Mitochondrial membraneMitochondrial membraneUses coenzymes Uses coenzymes NAD+ and NAD+ and

FAD+ to accept e- from glucoseFAD+ to accept e- from glucoseNADH = 3 ATP’sNADH = 3 ATP’sFADHFADH22 = 2 ATP’s = 2 ATP’s

Electron Transport Chain Animation

•. Electron Transport System:consists of a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane

electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochondrial compartment. The H+ ions then flow back by the creation of a higher concentration gradient, a process that drives the process of ATP synthesis.

net yield of 34 ATP per glucose molecule 6 H2O are formed when the electrons unite with O2* at the end of electron transport chain. [* Note: This is the function of oxygen in living organisms!]