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French Revolution:. PHASE 3: Radical Republic to Directory. The Radical Republic. The Radical Republic. By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy !. Fueled by freedom of the Press. The Radical Republic. The National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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French Revolution:PHASE 3:
Radical Republic to Directory
The Radical Republic
• Fueled by freedom of the Press
• By 1792 popular opinion had turned against the Monarchy!
The Radical Republic
• The National Convention (the legislature) writes a new constitution
• Ended the monarchy• Made France a
REPUBLIC – a government with elected officials
The Radical Republic
• Universal male suffrage – all adult male citizens given the right to vote
The Radical Republic
• Primary goal was to encourage greater equality
• Universal Elementary Education
Reforms of the Republic
Reforms of the Republic• New land for peasants• Introduced wage & price
controls• Abolished slavery in French
colonies• Abolished the Catholic
Church
Reforms of the Republic• Other reforms to rid
France of Old Regime:–Converted to metric system
–Adopted new calendar
–New street names–No formal pronouns or titles
The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way!
• The Sans-Culottes (“without knee breeches”) – shopkeepers, artisans, & workers – were in charge
The Sans-Culottes Lead the Way!
• Rejected elaborate clothing
• Called each other “citizen” & “citizeness”
• Considered patriotic
Symbols of the
Revolution
• Revolutionary Slogan:
• “liberte, egalite, fraternite”
• “Liberty, equality, fraternity!”
• The new French flag - tricolor
The Phrygian
Cap of Liberty
• The new anthem – The Marseillaise
To arms, citizens!Form your battalions,Let us march, let us march!
Execution of the King
Execution of the King
• In 1793, King Louis is tried, convicted, and beheaded for treason by radicals
“I forgive those who are guilty of my death…”
Execution of the King • Execution of the king
threatened foreign thrones
• Monarchs of Great Britain, Spain, & Netherlands joined Austria & Prussia in an alliance against France
“The kings in alliance try to frighten us, but we hurl at their feet, as a gauge of battle, the French king’s head” - Danton
The National
Convention
Two Groups in the National Convention• JACOBINS (extreme radicals):• Supported by sans-culottes• Had voted to execute Louis
XVI• Leaders: Robespierre, Danton &
Marat
Two Groups in the National Convention• GIRONDISTS (moderate radicals)• Felt revolution had gone far
enough• Wanted to protect wealthy middle
class• Wanted to spread ideas
The Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety
• Formed by Jacobins to direct war/repel foreign invasion
• Adopted conscription (the draft)
Committee of Public Safety
• Also dealt with counter-revolutionaries within France (those who wanted to stop the Revolution)
• Formed the Revolutionary Tribunal – court for suspected counter-revolutionaries
Committee of Public Safety
• Jacobins arrest Girondists as being secret royalists!
•Why?
Committee of Public Safety
• Girondists retaliate!
• Charlotte Corday, (Girondist) killed Jacobin leader Marat
• His assassination used as an excuse for:
• the Reign of Terror...
Committee of Public Safety
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror!• Led by Radicals
(especially Robespierre)
• Hunted down suspected traitors & counter-revolutionaries & turned them over to the Revolutionary Tribunal
The Reign of Terror
• Swift trials and harsh sentences
• Marie Antoinette executed
• Over 80% of those killed are commoners
• 40,000 dead total
The Reign of Terror• By spring of 1794, France was
winning the war & increased French territory
• People called for an end to the Terror but…
• Robespierre ordered new arrests!!
The Thermidor Reaction (July)
• Robespierre himself is sent to the guillotine as people seek an end to the Reign of Terror
• The people called for a new government
The Directory
The Directory• Another new constitution is
written• Government under the control of
the wealthy middle class• Only men with property could
vote• Executive council of 5 men called
Directors• 2-house legislature (bicameral)• Doesn’t last long…
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