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GEO-CAPEAtmospheric Science
Mission Implementation Analysis of Alternatives
FY13 Guidance Letter – Task 1
May 15, 2013
Introduction
2
The Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission objective is to make measurements of atmospheric composition and ocean color
ESD acknowledged the impact of TEMPO on GEO-CAPE mission planning:“With the award of the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument as the first Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-1), a partial change of direction will be needed for the GEO-CAPE activities, as the TEMPO instrument will likely achieve a significant portion of the GEO-CAPE measurement objectives.”
ESD guidance for FY13 GEO-CAPE studies included:“Define the GEO-CAPE atmospheric composition instrument suite in light of the defined science of the TEMPO instrument”
GEO-CAPE atmospheric composition instrument suite may be defined as TEMPO + a GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI)
Analysis of Alternatives Study
3
This study explored alternatives for achieving all GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science measurement objectives as defined in the STM, assuming TEMPO will achieve a significant fraction
• GEO-CAPE requires a set of concurrent UV-Vis-IR measurements at the same spatial and temporal sampling for a period of 3 years
• TEMPO provides a large fraction of this set of measurements
‒ A critical part of the set includes IR measurements not provided by TEMPO
‒ Ongoing TEMPO, GEO-CAPE, and ESTO activities are advancing the maturity of TEMPO’s planned UV-Vis 2-layer O3 product
The analysis of alternatives study objectives were to
• Assess remaining GEO-CAPE atmospheric science implementation architecture based on TEMPO and its expected performance
• Update GEO-CAPE atmospheric science implementation architecture including schedule options
• Coordinate with TEMPO team and ASWG
• Work with SEWG/ESTO on technology needs and recommendations
TEMPO Assumptions
4
Assumptions regarding TEMPO used to identify candidate alternatives for a GEO-CAPE InfraRed instrument (GCIRI)
a) TEMPO begins making science measurements in 2019• Development and launch schedules are achieved as planned
b) The orbit location of TEMPO over mid U.S. enables full CONUS observations • Approximately the same GSD for both coasts; no significant differences
c) TEMPO makes all GEO-CAPE STM defined UV-Vis measurements• O3 (UV), O3 (Vis), HCHO, SO2, NO2, C2H2O2, AOD, AAOD, AI
d) TEMPO remains fully operational for its base period of operation (21 mo)• Negligible degradation in measurement capability• Commercial hosting services contract options for additional periods of
operations
GCIRI Criteria
5
Criteria used to identify candidate alternatives for a GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI)
a) GCIRI makes some or all of the GEO-CAPE atmospheric measurements required in the Science Traceability Matrix (STM) that are not made by TEMPO
b) GCIRI + TEMPO measurements made at the same time to jointly address the measurement objectives and science questions defined in the GEO-CAPE STM
c) GCIRI is a passive optical instrument that measures spectrally resolved radiance in IR spectral bands from GEO
d) GCIRI can be accomplished within EV class cost and schedule constraints and Common Instrument Interface guidelines, as a commercially hosted payload like TEMPO
GCIRI Implementation Questions
Can TEMPO be leveraged to complete GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science objectives at minimal cost?
6
TEMPO
GCIRI
GEO Air Quality Mission Over Asia
GEO Air Quality Mission Over Europe
GEO-CAPE Air Quality Mission Over North America
WHY does GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science require GCIRI measurements in addition to TEMPO measurements?
WHAT measurement capability must GCIRI have with respect to the defined science of the TEMPO instrument?
WHEN must GCIRI make concurrent observations of N. America with TEMPO?
WHERE in GEO must GCIRI be for geographic coverage compatibility?• Science return impact of TEMPO and GCIRI orbit locations
WHY: Science Rationale for GCIRI Measurements
7
At a minimum, GCIRI measures CO vertical distribution (as recommended in the DS)to uniquely distinguish emissions, transformation, and long-range transport of pollution
• GEO-CAPE addresses 6 peer-reviewed science questions regarding the emission, chemical transformation, and transport of air pollutants in a changing climate
• The minimum set of measurements required to answer these questions, as recommended in the DS, is provided by TEMPO and GCIRI together
Emission: NO2, VOC, CO, aerosol
Transformation:O3 created from NO2 and VOC (HCHO is proxy for total VOC); CO and aerosol evolve
Transport and long-range impact: O3 , CO, aerosol
NO2, VOC, CO, aerosol
O3, NO2, HCHO, CO, aerosol
O3 , CO, aerosol
Image adapted from CCSP Strategic Plan (illustrated by P. Rekacewicz)
O3, CO, aerosol
WHAT: GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science Measurement Capability
8GCIRI = a GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument
aero
sols*
O3
[ 2 la
yers
]
CO [2
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rs]
colu
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NO2
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SO2
colu
mn
HCHO
colu
mn
CH4
colu
mn
NH3
colu
mn
CHO
CHO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Series6
Series7
% c
on
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ress
ing
GE
O-C
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E A
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ere
Sci
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ce Q
ue
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ns
Science Questions:
Emissions
Processes
Climate
Assessment, forecast
Intercontinental Impact
Events21%
4%
6%7%8%
11%
19%20%
3%
O3
[2 la
yers
]
CO
[2 la
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]
Col
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NO
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SO
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Col
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HC
HO
Col
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CH
4
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NH
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umn
CH
OC
HO
Total STM value = 100%
Average contribution to all Questions
TEMPO product
GCIRI candidate product
Aer
osol
s
• TEMPO+GCIRI together accomplish GEO-CAPE Atmosphere STM measurements
• GCIRI must provide a multi-layer CO product for minimum GEO-CAPE success
• GCIRI may provide all GEO-CAPE products requiring IR measurements
WHEN: GCIRI Mission Schedule Relative to TEMPO
9
GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science measurement objectives defined in the STM are to obtain the set of concurrent UV-Vis-IR measurements at the same spatial and temporal sampling for a period of 3 years
The notional GCIRI schedule below illustrates that 3 years of concurrent GCIRI and TEMPO measurements are possible if GCIRI development started in 2014
The longer the duration of concurrent GCIRI and TEMPO measurements, the greater the potential for completing all GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science objectives and for improving understanding of air pollution around the globe
GEO-CAPE science objectives require that GCIRI measurements are concurrent with TEMPO. The international constellation of Air Quality missions extends the science from regional to global.
WHERE: Geographic Coverage Compatibility
10
GCIRI and TEMPO orbit locations as close to 100o W as possible maximizes their science return• Provides similar viewing geometries and
ground sampling distances for both coasts of North America
Minimal orbital separation between GCIRI and TEMPO maximizes their science return• Provides similar viewing geometries and
ground sampling distances for any given latitude
Analysis determined that orbit locations between 80o W and 120o W are sufficient for GEO-CAPE products• GCIRI is not required to be in the same
location as TEMPO
Geographic coverage from 100o W
Geographic coverage from 120o W
Geographic coverage from 80o W
The large number of anticipated commercial GEO satellites over this longitude range provides adequate opportunities for GCIRI
GCIRI Implementation Findings
11
WHY: GCIRI measurements capture critical high value GEO-CAPE species such as CO that are not measured by TEMPO
WHAT: GCIRI measurement capability alternativesa) TEMPO + GCIRI with SWIR-MWIR capability can meet 90-95% of
GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science requirementsb) TEMPO + GCIRI with SWIR-MWIR-TIR capability can meet 100%
WHEN: Concurrent GCIRI - TEMPO mission alternativesa) Three years of concurrent observations completes GEO-CAPE
Atmosphere Science requirements
=> Depending on how soon GCIRI can be launched, at least one and possibly more extended-mission phases will be required for TEMPO
WHERE: GCIRI orbit location alternativesa) TEMPO and GCIRI can both accept positions from 80o W to 120o W with
100o W being optimum
=> No basis for discrimination of GCIRI alternatives; dropped from analysis
Based on these findings, the team assessed whether suitable GCIRI alternatives currently exist such that GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science requirements can be
completed at minimal cost
Summary: GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Composition Instrument Suite
12
In light of the defined science of TEMPO, the GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Composition Instrument Suite (ACIS) can be TEMPO + a GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI)
• The TEMPO mission will achieve a significant fraction of the GEO-CAPE atmospheric science measurement objectives
• A GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI) observing in IR spectral bands is required to measure the critical high value GEO-CAPE species such as CO which are not measured by TEMPO
• Concurrent TEMPO and GCIRI measurements are required to meet GEO-CAPE atmospheric science objectives regarding emissions, transport, mixing, and chemical transformation of trace gases and aerosols in a changing climate
• The science value of GEO-CAPE is extended from regional to global when TEMPO+GCIRI measurements are concurrent with the international constellation of Air Quality missions
The award of TEMPO presents the opportunity to complete the GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science objectives at minimal cost by a timely start on a GCIRI, briefly outlined on the following slide
Alternatives for GCIRI Timely Start
13
Starting GCIRI in time for it to fly during TEMPO’s lifetime would complete GEO-CAPE atmospheric science
Conceptually, GCIRI alternatives could be obtained from: • A future EV solicitation
‒ Selection NET FY14, launch NET 2021, after TEMPO Prime Mission is complete• A new AO (would require new mission budget line)
‒ GCIRI could probably not launch until several years after TEMPO Prime Mission• A new directed mission for immediate implementation
‒ May disrupt competition statistics• Previous EV proposals categorized “selectable”
Suitable alternatives exist for possible GCIRI timely start • HQ could select a previously competed GCIRI-relevant EV proposal
‒ 4 GCIRI-relevant proposals have been reviewed by ESD (one EV-2 and three EV-I)‒ 2 of the 4 proposals were rated selectable (EV-2 CHRONOS, EV-I GCPI) with no
major TMC weaknesses (no major technical, management, cost weaknesses)
At least 2 suitable alternatives currently exist for a timely start of GCIRI such that GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science requirements can be completed at minimal cost
Existing Selectable Options for GCIRI
14
EV-2: CHRONOS (Proposal # 11-EV2-0005)• The reviewed concept would meet GEO-CAPE science requirements for hourly
SWIR and MWIR measurements of 2-layer CO and column CH4 over North America
• Tailoring options‒ Fit within EV-I cost cap by omitting launch services from the original
“full-mission” proposal
EV-I-1: GCPI (Proposal # 12-EVI1/12-0014)• The reviewed concept would meet GEO-CAPE science requirements for hourly
SWIR measurements of column CH4 over North America
• Tailoring options‒ Omit NIR 760nm optical channel (optics, FPA, electronics, etc.) and extend
SWIR wavelength range to cover MWIR for making 2-layer CO measurements
‒ Substitute TIR for NIR 760nm optical channel to also obtain NH3 and additional O3 information
These proposals present attractive options for leveraging TEMPO to complete “Most” to “All” GEO-CAPE Atmosphere Science objectives at minimal cost
Summary
15
The TEMPO mission will achieve a significant fraction of the GEO-CAPE atmospheric science measurement objectives
A GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI) observing in IR spectral bands is required to measure the critical high value GEO-CAPE species such as CO which are not measured by TEMPO
Concurrent TEMPO and GCIRI measurements are required to meet GEO-CAPE atmospheric science objectives
The science value of GEO-CAPE is extended from regional to global when TEMPO+GCIRI measurements are concurrent with the international constellation of Air Quality missions
Peer-reviewed concepts for a candidate GCIRI exist
Existing selectable EV proposals provide a mechanism for a timely start on GCIRI so that TEMPO and GCIRI together jointly complete the GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science mission at minimal cost
BACK-UP CHARTS
16
GCIRI Performance Parameters
17
WHAT• GCIRI measurement capability that complements TEMPO
measurement capability in a way which provides the full suite of GEO-CAPE atmosphere measurements
WHEN• GCIRI mission concurrent with TEMPO to provide the
full suite of GEO-CAPE atmosphere measurements• GCIRI+TEMPO measurements concurrent with
international GEO constellation to provide near global GEO-CAPE atmosphere science
WHERE• GCIRI and TEMPO orbit locations to provide the
maximum geographic coverage compatibility
GCIRI observations
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
TEMPO observations
Overlap
GEO-CAPE
GCIRI
INTERNATIONAL
GEO
CONSTELLATION
TEMPO
OCEAN
Geographic coverage from 100o W
GEO-CAPE Atmosphere Composition Instrument Suite Summary
18
In light of the defined science of TEMPO, the GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Composition Instrument Suite (ACIS) can be TEMPO + a GEO-CAPE InfraRed Instrument (GCIRI) which measures spectrally resolved radiance in IR spectral bands to provide critical GEO-CAPE species such as CO and CH4 which are not measured by TEMPO
GEO-
CAPE
ACISSpectralRegion
Species Rationale
TEMPO
UV
AerosolsSurface AQ, aerosol sources and transport, aerosol plume height, AOD to PM conversion, climate forcing
Vis
NIR
UVO3 Surface AQ, transport
Vis
UV HCHO VOC emissions, chemistry
UV SO2 SOx emissions, chemistry
Vis NO2 NOx emissions, chemistry
Vis CHOCHO VOC emissions, chemistry, aerosol formation
GCIRI
SWIRCO CO emission, transport
MWIR
SWIR CH4 CH4 emissions
TIR NH3 NH3 emissions
TIR O3 Surface AQ, transport
GEO-CAPE Instrument and Operational Risk Assessment
19
GEO-CAPE mission design team conducted an instrument and operational risk assessment for commercially hosted payloads like TEMPO and GCIRI
16 candidate risks were considered (full info available in supplementary material)• 12 risks were accepted; on further discussion 4 were not found to be formal risks
L, CTrend
ID Approach Title
2, 3 1 M Lack of I & T Oversight
3, 3 2 M Environmental Testing Issues
3, 3 3 M Detector Performance Limitations
3, 2 4 M Multispectral Ozone Science Measurements
2, 2 5 M Science Data Rates
3, 4 6 M Pointing/Jitter Requirement
Instrument Risks
L, CTrend
ID Approach Title
3, 3 8 M Contamination
3, 2 9 M Field-of-View Impingement
3, 3 10 M Calibration
2, 3 14 M Launch and/or Flight Thermal Affects
2, 3 15 M Launch Loads
1, 3 16 M Operations
Operational Risks
4 2,3 6
5 1 14,15
9 8,10
16
Most risks are low and are being mitigated by the TEMPO development
GEO-CAPE Atmospheric Science Questions
20
As published in Fishman, J., and Coauthors, 2012: The United States' Next Generation of Atmospheric Composition and Coastal Ecosystem Measurements: NASA's Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) Mission. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 1547–1566. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00201.1
1. What are the temporal and spatial variations of emissions of gases and aerosols important for air quality and climate?
2. How do physical, chemical, and dynamical processes determine tropospheric composition and air quality over scales ranging from urban to continental, diurnally to seasonally?
3. How does air pollution drive climate forcing and how does climate change affect air quality on a continental scale?
4. How can observations from space improve air quality forecasts and assessments for societal benefit?
5. How does intercontinental transport affect air quality?
6. How do episodic events, such as wild fires, dust outbreaks, and volcanic eruptions, affect atmospheric composition and air quality?
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