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GEOGRAPHY OF
AGRICULTURE
Essential Question
How is agriculture impacted by
Geography?
TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC)
–TROPICAL FORESTS
–SOIL FERTILITY LOW
TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
–MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY
–BY ROTATING THE FIELDS
–A VARIETY OF CROPS
TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
–A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD
–CONSIDERABLE USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR
–PEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR
TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
–OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS
(E.G. PLOW)
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
–HEAVY USE OF
MANURE/FERTILIZER
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
–INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-
SLOPES
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
–DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME
PLACES
–CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONS
–PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES
–RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATE
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
PASTORALISM
–BREEDING AND HERDING OF ANIMALS
–USUALLY IN DESERTS, GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINS
–PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
–TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY
PASTORALISM AND NOMADIC
–GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP,
GOATS, CAMELS, ETC.
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
–PRACTICE OF BARTER
–MAY CULTIVATE CROPS
–IN DECLINE
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE?
– IMPORTANCE OF FARM CHANGED
–RELATION TO CAPITALISM
–CONCENTRATION OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-
ATION INVOLVES:
–MACHINES VS HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOR
– INCREASING USE OF INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS)
–SUBSTITUTES
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-
ATION OF AGRICULTURE
GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
–NORMAN BORLAUG
–NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
–POSITIVE EFFECTS
YIELD INCREASE>FOOD
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
FARMERS INCOME INCREASE
LABORERS’ BENEFITS
–PRODUCTIVITY
–DOUBLE CROPPING
–SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS)
HENCE GREEN REVOLUTION
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
–ECOLOGICAL
VULNERABILITY OF
NEW SEEDS TO PESTS
WATER LOGGING
LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION PER WATER USE
REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF
LAND AND WATER
PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE
TO FAULTY MACHINES,
EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES,
ETC.
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC
–LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MORE
–SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT
–REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMING
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
–LABOUR REPLACEMENT
–WOMEN
WOMEN FORCED TO
WORK AS LABOURERS
THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN
DEVELOPMENT
–WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT GROWN EVERYWHERE
–LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA)
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