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Russia and Revolution. A ‘Short’ History of Russia. The Russian Tsars/Czars!. Ruled by Czars for hundreds of years – Examples? Czar = an absolutist monarch What did they not care about? Ie . Louis XIV and Versailles Brief westernization led by CZ A2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A ‘Short’ History of Russia
Ruled by Czars for hundreds of years – Czar = an absolutist monarch Examples?
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
Lacking in resources/technology as compared to West
What revolutions had they “missed out” on?
Scientific Revolution; Renaissance; Enlightenment; Industrial Revolution
The Russian Tsars/Czars!
Important Russian Czars
P the G C the G
The Winter Palace…
Not too shabby, huh?
A Short History… Brief period of westernization led by CZ A2
and A3 CZ A2 - Modernized economy
Abolished feudalism and emancipated the serfs in 1863 Assassinated in 1881 by radicals
CZ A3 – Promoted Russian culture, language, and educational programs – persecuted minority Jews and Poles within the empire Knowns as policy of Russification Employed secret police, censored the press, and exiled
individuals to Siberia
By the beginning of the 1900s Russia had slowly started to industrialize and embrace
the modern world
1905 REVOLUTIONDisconnect between citizens and czar
Causes of the 1905 revolution
Lost to Japan in Russo-Japanese War – 1905
Revolts breaks out High prices, no fuel, and
bread Led by Father Gapon
Desire constitution, land reforms, & end to corruption
Troops fire on protesters - Bloody Sunday
Result?
CZ N2 reforms his gov’t in the October Manifesto Declared the ideas of
freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union
First Russian parliament is created (Duma)
What do you think is going to happen? Parliament ignored and
then disbanded within a few months
No lasting change while revolutionary ideas continue to spread
Theory Reality
Not much has changed since 1905.Russia is still losing a war and suffering from multiple afflictions while royals live in the palaces
Fast Forward to 1917…
Causes of the March 1917 Revolution
Unrest and Discontent Poverty Food shortages Backwardness of
country Failures of WWI
Corrupt Government Rasputin
influence over Czar’s wife
March 1917 Revolution Failure of war
Battlefield disasters led by CZ N2 Russian soldiers mutiny
Food and fuel shortages in the countryside and cities Why does it always involve bread?
Riots led by worker groups (Soviets) start in Petrograd and spread to major cities throughout Russia in March Army supports them
CZ N2 abdicates the throne
Provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky and share power with worker councils/Soviets
Communists protestors not content with the Provisional Government (Food – Fuel – War)
Failure of war…
Still failing…
Lenin Speaking to CrowdI was just
shipped in from Switzerland!
November Revolution - 1917 Provisional Government continues unpopular war
The Bolsheviks (Lenin) lead revolution throughout the country
The Bs and Soviets (workers’ councils) seize power in cities • The workers control the factories and the mines
Lenin overthrows the provisional government in urban areas
Bloody civil war ensues and millions die in three year struggle Reds (Communists led by Trotsky) vs. Whites (collection
of Royalists, anti-Communists, and Allied-supported troops)
• Why was this slogan so successful?
“PEACE, LAND and BREAD”
I will give you peace, land, and
bread! Thank you, that is all.
November Revolution Continued
Lenin “defends” the revolution from all threats
Signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk End war/lose land & resources
Wins brutal civil war (White vs Red)
Executes royal family
Eliminates all threats Cheka creates prison
camps/executions
*fox myth
DISNEY MYTH*
Europe during WWI and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What changes occur between 1914 and 1918?Why would Lenin have been willing to sign this Treaty?
A NEW GOVERNMENT FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICSLenin, Stalin and the implementation of Communism
Lenin’s Ideas for New Government:
Follow Marx: history of world = history of class struggle Have vs. Have not
Changes Need professional
revolutionaries to create communism
Russia would advance as a agrarian, not industrial society
What is an appropriate title for this political cartoon?
FIRST ECONOMIC POLICY…What was it and why does it fail?
Lenin’s Policies: New Economic Policy (NEP) – March 1921.
Implemented toward the end of the civil war. Replaced War Communism MIXED ECONOMY
Small business re-open without state control Heavy industry, mines, and banking still
controlled by the government
Strong market and harvest end famine and hunger
The NEP saved SU from complete economic collapse
A poster of Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) ambitions.
Russia prospered economically until it reached the same economic level as Britain, France, Japan and the US
The NEP brought economic relief to Russia but it had many faults. It aimed to address the social imbalances within Russia but failed to do so and the political
elite consolidated wealth and power amongst themselves
What kind of an economy did Lenin create?
Capitalism
Communism
What was the name Lenin’s economic policy?
Capitalism
Communism
Lenin and Stalin’s Final Conversation
…
Figures of the Russian Revolution
What role did each individual play in the
Russian Revolutions?
The Rise of Stalin Lenin dies in 1924 - Struggle for power among
‘Politburo’
Trotsky V Stalin
Stalin drives all rivals from the ruling committee
Trotsky flees to Mexico – assassinated in 1940
Consolidate power through fear/murder
Five Year Plans – Command Economy Stalin begins an economic, social and political
change to the USSR in 1928
Sets economic goals for five-year periods
Purpose was to transform Russia from Agricultural to Heavy Industrial Economic Power
Oil, Steel, and Heavy Machinery production soared
Created state-run collective farms
Stalin’s Dictatorial State Opposition rooted out and
destroyed through a variety of ways NKVD – secret police Great Purges – eliminate all who
oppose Soviet rule (real or imagined)
Show Trials – public trials of famous individuals who had lost favor with Stalin
Gulag – prison network throughout Siberia
"We must make good distance in ten years. Either we do it or we shall be
crushed.“
- Joseph Stalin
What two areas of economic activity are these posters addressing?
Five Year Plan 1928-1933
No provisions made for workers
Living conditions were terrible – housing was almost non-existent
Created laws controlling where workers could live
Propaganda stressed sacrifice to create new communist state
6-7 millions died through execution and starvation
Created kolkhoz – collective state farming system
Individual farmers (kulaks) forced to give up land and move to the kolkhoz system
Massive resistance met with brutal responses Kulaks burned crops and destroyed
cattle Kulaks exiled to the gulag system
(prison complex)
Second Five Year Plan follows and prepares SU for war
Social Costs Farming and Famine
The result of Stalin’s agricultural component of the 5 Year plan
Collectivization in the Ukraine – 1932-1933
“Starvation quickly ensued throughout the Ukraine, with the most vulnerable, children and
the elderly, first feeling the effects of malnutrition. The once-smiling young faces of children vanished forever amid the constant pain of hunger and slowly starved to
death.
Mothers in the countryside sometimes tossed their emaciated children onto passing
railroad cars traveling toward cities such as Kiev in the hope someone there would take
pity. But in the cities, children and adults who had already flocked there from the Countryside were dropping dead in the streets, with their bodies carted away to be dumped in mass graves. Occasionally, people lying on the sidewalk who were
thought to be dead, but were actually still alive, were also carted away and buried.
While police and Communist Party officials remained quite well fed, desperate Ukrainians ate leaves off bushes and trees, killed dogs, cats, frogs, mice and birds
then cooked them. Others, gone mad with hunger, resorted to cannibalism, with parents sometimes even eating their own children.”
“Meanwhile, nearby Soviet-controlled granaries were said to be bursting at the seams from
huge stocks of 'reserve' grain, which had not yet been shipped out of the Ukraine. In some
locations, grain and potatoes were piled in the open, protected by barbed wire and armed GPU
guards who shot down anyone attempting to take the food. Farm animals, considered necessary
for production, were allowed to be fed, while the people living among them had absolutely
nothing to eat.”“By the spring of 1933, the height of the famine, an estimated 25,000 persons died every
day. Entire villages were perishing. In Europe, America and Canada, persons of Ukrainian descent
and Others responded to news reports of the famine by sending in food supplies. But Soviet
authorities halted all food shipments at the border. It was the official policy of the Soviet Union to
deny the existence of a famine…Inside the Soviet Union, a person could be arrested For using the
word 'famine' or 'hunger' or 'starvation' in a sentence.”
50 plus camps…400 plus labor colonies…
Kulaks Gulag
Click icon to add picture
“Among the prisoners there are some so ragged and lice ridden that they pose a sanitary danger to the rest. These prisoners have deteriorated to the point of losing any resemblance to human beings. Lacking food . . . they collect orts [refuse] and, according to some prisoners, eat rats and dogs”
- Memorandum to NKVD Chief Yezhov 1938“It was these Siberian camps, devoted either to gold-mining or timber harvesting, that inflicted the greatest toll in the Gulag system. Such camps “can only be described as extermination centres,”…The camp network that came to symbolize the horrors of the Gulag was centered on the Kolyma gold-fields, where “outside work for prisoners was compulsory until the temperature reached −50C and the death rate among miners in the goldfields was estimated at about 30 per cent ”
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