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Seward purchase of Alaska (1867)
• Treaty negotiated by Secretary of State William H. Seward
• U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
• Made to eliminate Russian influence in the Western Hemisphere and expand U.S. territories
• Thought to be a great Arctic wasteland
• Many Americans (including Radical Republicans) called it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly”
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890)
• Naval strategist and historian
• Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783
• Emphasized importance of sea power
• Influenced growth of the U.S. Navy
Queen Liliuokalani/Hawaii (1893)
• The only state that was once an independent monarchy
• Queen Liliuokalani opposed American political and business influence
• Was deposed in a bloodless revolution led by Americans
• Pineapple grower Sanford Dole became president of the “Republic of Hawaii”
Annexation of Hawaii (1893)
Upon assuming office, Grover Cleveland reviewed the pending Hawaiian annexation and concluded that a majority of the natives did not favor the change.Acting on principle, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from Senate consideration, angering the growing body of expansionists.
Grover Cleveland
“Yellow” journalism (1896)
• Use of extreme sensationalism to attract readers
• Derived from an early comic strip character called the “Yellow Kid”
• First appeared in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
• He and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) exaggerated stories to attract readers and sell papers
• Contributed to U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War
William McKinley(1897-1901)
• 25th president• Won Republican
presidential nomination in 1896 (with help of millionaire Mark Hanna)
• Defeated William Jennings Bryan
• Helped acquire Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and American Samoa
• Six months into his second term, shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY
De Lôme Letter(February 9, 1898)
• Letter written by the Spanish minister to the U.S. to a friend in Cuba
• Described President McKinley as “weak” and a “cheap politician”
• Stolen and published in The New York World, letter caused DeLôme’s resignation
• Used as propaganda—one of the factors turning American public opinion against Spain
ENRIQUE DUPUY DE LOME
U.S.S. Maine (1898)
• On February 15, the Battleship U.S.S. Maine was blown up by accident when spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker caused a powder magazine to explode
• Yellow Journalism exaggerated the story and blamed the Spanish
U.S.S. Maine (1898)
Spanish-American War (1898)
• Conflict between U.S. and Spain
• Begun over the cause of Cuban independence
• Marked the emergence of U.S. as a world power; the beginning of American overseas imperialism
• Most of the fighting took place in Spanish possessions of Cuba and Philippines
Teller Amendment (1898)
• Passed by Congress in response to McKinley’s war message
• Put conditions on U.S. involvement in Cuba
• Said U.S. would not annex Cuba
• Promised to leave “control of the island to its people”
Rough Riders (July 1, 1898)
• First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
• Col. Leonard Wood originally headed the group of 1,000 cowboys, miners, football players, and others
• TR commanded the unit and led them in a successful charge up Kettle Hill near San Juan Hill
• Having been forced to leave their horses in Florida, most were on foot
Sanford Dole/Hawaii (1898)
• Sanford Dole hands sovereignty over Hawaii to the U.S.
• Was annexed as a possession in 1898
• Became a U.S. territory in 1900
George Dewey/Manila (1898)
• Commodore Perry’s Asiatic Squadron was alerted to possible war with Spain as early as December, 1897
• On May 1, 1898, the Spanish fleet in the Philippines was destroyed
• Manila surrendered on August 13
• Spain agreed to a peace conference to be held in Paris in October 1898
Treaty of Paris (1898)
• Cuba became independent• United States claimed Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands
• The treaty barely passed the Senate, with only to votes over the two-thirds needed for ratification
Open Door Notes (1899)• In 19C Japan and other
nations had divided China into “spheres of influence”
• Principle stating that all nations have equal trading rights and commercial opportunities in China
• Sought privileges for the U.S.
• Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• Most nations (especially Japan) disregarded the provisions
• Ended with recognition of China’s sovereignty after World War II
Secretary of StateJohn Hay
Platt Amendment (1901)
• Agreement between the U.S. and Cuba
• Gave U.S. the rights to intervene in Cuban affairs and to lease naval bases on the island
• Made (in effect) Cuba a U.S. dependency
• The U.S. invoked the amendment several times before its repeal in 1934
Insular cases (1901-1903)
• The Supreme Court decided that constitutional rights did not extend to territorial possessions
• “The Constitution did not follow the flag”
• Congress had the right to administer each island possession without constitutional restraint
• Inhabitants of these possessions did not have the same rights as American citizens
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) between the U.S. and Great Britain ensured that neither country would seek individual rights over a canal to be built in Central America
• Hay-Pauncefote superseded this, when British relinquished any claims and gave the U.S. sole rights to construct and control the canal
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
• Panamanian uprising supported by the U.S. led to Panama’s independence
• Allowed the U.S. to build the Panama canal
• Construction, begun in 1906, spanned eight years
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)• Foreign policy statement
attached to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt
• Directed at Europe• Declared that U.S. would
exercise police power to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere
• The U.S. would consider any interference in the affairs of small, poor Latin American nations a violation of the Monroe Doctrine
• First used in 1905, when TR sent Marines to the Dominican Republic to manage the country’s European debts
Dollar diplomacy (1909-13)
• U.S. foreign policy in the early 1900s
• Using American diplomatic influence to protect American investments in Latin America and Asia
• To encourage more stable governments
• Begun under Roosevelt, expanded by Taft (1909-1913)
• Wilson repudiated when he became president
Boxer Rebellion(1900)
• Chinese nationalists struck at foreign settlements in China
• Attack also directed at Ch’ing dynasty Manchu government in Beijing for allowing foreign industrial nations large concessions within Chinese borders
• An international army helped put down the rebellion and aided the Chinese government to remain in power
Filipino insurrection (1899)
• Filipino nationalists under Emilio Aguinaldo rebelled against the U.S. when they learned the Philippines would not be given independence
• The U.S. used 70,000 men to suppress the revolutionaries by June, 1902
• A special U.S. commission recommended eventual self-government for the Philippines
Pancho Villa (1917)
• Made attack in Columbus, New Mexico in 1916
• Attacked U.S. Cavalry regiment, burned the town and seized horses
• About 18 Americans and 80 followers of Villa were killed
• In response to Villa’s attack, President Wilson sent 10,000 men under General Pershing into Mexico
• The search for Villa was unsuccessful, but outraged Mexicans
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
• Controversial tariff• Payne(NY
representative) introduced bill to lower tariff
• Senator Aldrich (a protectionist) added amendments to the bill, which preserved a high protective tariff
• Taft had campaigned on promise to lower tariffs, but DIDN’T veto this bill.
Underwood Tariff (1913)
• Passed by Congress under Woodrow Wilson’s administration
• Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad
• Reduced tariff rates from Payne-Aldrich by about 10%
• MADE UP FOR LOST REVENUES BY CREATING INCOME TAX
Venezuela boundary dispute (1895)
• Conflict between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela
• The culprit: Gold was discovered in the area
• U.S. said GB’s claim to this territory violated the Monroe Doctrine
• Threat of war was averted when GB agreed to arbitration in 1897
• Paris tribunal gave land back to Venezuela (1899)
General John Pershing(1860-1948)
• Military leader• Led expedition of
11,000 men into Mexico to find Pancho Villa
• Commanded American Expeditionary Forces in France during WWI
• First to achieve rank of General of the Armies
• Got a missile named after him!
Taft-Katsura Memo (1905)
• The U.S. and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China
• Japan recognized American control over the Philippines and the U.S. granted a Japanese protectorate over Korea
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)
• An informal agreement between Japan and the U.S.
• Japan agreed to halt unrestricted emigration of its citizens to the U.S.
• In return, the U.S. promised to stop discrimination against Japanese
• Ended its segregation of Asian children in San Francisco schools
Root-Tahahira Agreement (1908)
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