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TEM - interior SEM - surface
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Often referred to as ER. Makes up to 1/2 of the total
membrane in cells. Often continuous with the
nuclear membrane.
Structure of ER
Folded sheets or tubes of membranes.
Very “fluid” in structure with the membranes constantly changing size and shape.
Types of ER
Smooth ER: no ribosomes. Used for lipid synthesis,
carbohydrate storage, detoxification of poisons.
Rough ER: with ribosomes. Makes secretory proteins.
Function of Golgi Bodies
Processing - modification of ER products.
Distribution - packaging of ER products for transport.
Golgi Vesicles
Small sacs of membranes that bud off the Golgi Body.
Transportation vehicle for the modified ER products.
Lysosome Function
Breakdown and degradation of cellular materials.
Contains enzymes for fats, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
Over 40 types known.
Lysosomes
Important in cell death. Missing enzymes may cause
various genetic enzyme diseases.
Examples: Tay-Sachs, Pompe’s Disease
Vacuoles
Structure - single membrane, usually larger than the Golgi vesicles.
Function - depends on the organism.
Function
Water regulation. Storage of ions. Storage of hydrophilic
pigments. (e.g. red and blues in flower petals).
Function: Plant vacuole
Used to enlarge cells and create turgor pressure.
Enzymes (various types). Store toxins. Coloration.
Enzymes in a crystal
Mitochondria
Structure: 2 membranes. The inner membrane has more surface area than the outer membrane.
Matrix: inner space. Intermembrane space: area
between the membranes.
Inner Membrane
Folded into cristae. Amount of folding depends
on the level of cell activity. Contains many enzymes. ATP generated here.
Function
Cell Respiration - the release of energy from food.
Major location of ATP generation.
“Powerhouse” of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Structure - two outer membranes.
Complex internal membrane. Fluid-like stroma is around
the internal membranes.
Inner or Thylakoid Membranes
Arranged into flattened sacs called thylakoids.
Some regions stacked into layers called grana.
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Function
Photosynthesis - the use of light energy to make food.
Plastids
Group of plant organelles. Structure - single membrane. Function - store various
materials.
Examples
Amyloplasts/ Leucoplasts - store starch.
Chromoplasts - store hydrophobic plant pigments such as carotene.
Cytoskeleton
Network of rods and filaments in the cytoplasm.
Functions
Cell structure and shape. Cell movement. Cell division - helps build cell
walls and move the chromosomes apart.
Cytoskeleton
Very dynamic; changing in composition and shape frequently.
Cell is not just a "bag" of cytoplasm within a cell membrane.
Cell Wall
Nonliving jacket that surrounds some cells.
Found in: Plants Prokaryotes Fungi Some Protists
Plant Cell Walls
All plant cells have a Primary Cell Wall.
Some cells will develop a Secondary Cell Wall.
Cell Walls
May be made of other types of polysaccharides and/or silica.
Function as the cell's exoskeleton for support and protection.
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