The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up

The 1950s:The Cold War

Heats Up

Defensive AlliancesN.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Three purposes:deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration.

The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949. In the Treaty’s renowned Article 5, the new Allies agreed “an armed attack against one or more of them… shall be considered an attack against them all” and that following such an attack, each Ally would take “such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force” in response.

http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html

Defensive AlliancesN.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO.int

Dean Acheson

Defensive AlliancesWarsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955

Why?West Germany joined NATO on May 5, 1955, the Soviet Union declared that West Germany's membership in the Western alliance created a special threat to Soviet interests.

The Soviet Union also declared that this development made its existing network of bilateral treaties an inadequate security guarantee and forced the East European socialist countries to "combine efforts in a strong political and military alliance."

Defensive AlliancesWarsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955

PurposeThe formation of a legally defined, multilateral alliance organization also reinforced the Soviet Union's claim to power status as the leader of the world socialist system, enhanced its prestige, and legitimized its presence and influence in Eastern Europe.

http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html

Defensive AlliancesNATO and Warsaw Pact Nations

1-33rdar.org

Vietnam WarFrench Phase (1946-1954)

France tries to regain Indo-China after world War II.Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos)

OppositionNguyen That Thanh (Ho Chi Minh meaning Bringer of Light) and the Viet Minh, they were a communist

dominated independence movement to fight the Japanese who invaded Vietnam.

Vietnam WarFrench Phase (1946-1954)

The Viet Minh announced the independence of Vietnam in 1946.

The French refused to relinquish control until 1954 they agreed to peace talks in Geneva.

Korean WarPrevious Conditions

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895Japan remains in Korea

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905Japan defeats Russia, annex Korea in 1910

Post World War IIRussia occupies Korea August 10, 1945

Kim iL Sung invades South Korea on June 25, 1950 and calls for the “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea.

Korean War

---------------------------------------------------------------------38SouthKorea

Syngman RheeNon-Communist

Kim Il SungCommunist

NorthKorea

*Pyongyang

*Seoul

Korean WarKorea Personal.psu.edu

Korean War

Countrystudies.usMtholyoke.edu

Kim Il Sung Sygman Rhee

Korean WarResult

Korean war ends in July 1953 as a stalemate.

Central Intelligence Agency

BackgroundWith the fall of the Axis powers and the end of World War II in

1945, President Harry S. Truman and Congress demobilized wartime agencies, like the Office of Strategic Services (OSS ) — the forerunner of the CIA.

He recognized the need for an organization that would correlate reports and give him a regular and consistent intelligence product.

Truman decided to establish the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which was to provide the president with regular updates on matters concerning national security in a timely manner.

Central Intelligence Agency

BackgroundIn September 1947, President Truman

recognized the need for a permanent, civilian intelligence organization. The Central Intelligence Agency was established with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947, which charged the fledgling intelligence office with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security.

https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/presidential-reflections-harry-truman.html

Central Intelligence Agency

National Security Act July 26, 1947

Usa-anti-communist.com

GuatemalaJacobo Arbenz (1913-1971)

--elected president of Guatemala in 1950.

--He was instituting socioeconomic reforms

Ceur.usas.edu.gt June 4, 1950

GuatemalaC.I.A.’s Perspective

They believed that Guatemala had an “intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by anti-

foreign inferiority complex of the Banana Republic.”

Why overthrow?Arbenz expropriated 234, 000 acres of land owned by United Fruit offering compensation that United

fruit called unacceptable.

GuatemalaCarlos Castillo Armas

The C.I.A. offers to overthrow the Guatemalan government in collaboration with Nicaraguan dictator Anastacio Somoza and disgruntled general Carlos Castillo Armas

Sellosmundo.com

GuatemalaOperation PB Fortune--Authorized by President Truman as early as 1952

Operation PB Success--Authorized by President Eisenhower in August 1953.--They utilized $2.7 million for “psychological warfare and political action”

GuatemalaResult

--Arbenz resigns on June 27, 1954.--Prior to this the option of assassination was still

being considered.--After the C.I.A. installs Castillo Armas in power,

hundreds of Guatemalans are rounded up and killed.--Armas gave the land back to United Fruit and

abolished the tax on interest and dividends to foreign investors and eliminated the secret ballot.

United FruitRetroadverto.wordpress.com

JonWilliamson.com

GuatemalaGuatemala

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7XaF1rs1E

GuatemalaCentral America U.S. Influences

Cla.calpoly.edu

Suez CanalAswan High Dam

Built for hydro-electric power

Flood control and Irrigation of crops

Constructed from 1960-1970

CIA.gov

Suez CanalPre-Construction

Loans

U.S. Britain World Bank$56 billion $14 billion $200 million

July 19, 1956—The U.S. withdraws their loanoffer. Why?

Egypt recognizes communist China

Suez CanalJuly 26, 1956

President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez canal

Marxist.org

Nasser waving to a crowd on August 1, 1956 after nationalizing the Suez canal

Suez CanalPerspectives

United KingdomPrime Minister Anthony Eden views the canal as a

theft.United States

Secretary of State Dulles states Nasser should have to disgorge it.U.S.S.R.

Supported by the Egyptians

Suez CanalAnthony Eden and John Foster Dulles

CIA.gov

Suez CanalTripartite Invasion

The invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel

October 28, 1956

--The plan called for an attack across the Sinai Desert from Israel. Israel would not attack unless Britain and

France would destroy the Egyptian air force. --Egyptians put up a fierce resistance. Ships were

sunk in the canal to prevent transit.

Suez CanalTripartite Invasion

U.S.S.R.Threatened rocket attacks in Britain and France

if they did not withdraw.U.S.

Unaware their allies were going to invade Egypt, put pressure on them to withdraw.

Suez CanalTripartite Invasion

Result

November 6, 1956—British agree to withdraw

December 22, 1956—final evacuation takes place

Suez CanalSuez Canal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idGKDBu5hAU

Suez CanalSuez Canal from the CIA

https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/the-art-of-strategic-counterintelligence.html

Space RaceNASA 50th Anniversary of the Space Age

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/