The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up

Assignment consists of the notes on the next two slides

Terms to Know:Terms to Know:

Marshall Plan

Berlin airlift

NATO

Collective security

Warsaw Pact

HUAC

Hollywood Ten

Blacklist

McCarran-Act

The U.S. Responds to the The U.S. Responds to the Cold WarCold War

In Europe Regarding Nuclear Weapons

At Home

Atomic AgeAtomic Age

What is the atomic age? See Truman quote on p. 644 Devastation caused by the atomic bombs dropped on

Japan and the effects of the Soviet Union to acquire this technology instilled fear in world leaders.

Postwar RecoveryPostwar Recovery

U.S. Wanted to: Help repair war-torn European nations Did not want to repeat mistakes that followed WWI

Led to a shift in American foreign policy

What was the major shift in foreign policy called?

London, 1944

Dresden, Germany; 1946

Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)

The Marshall Plan: Asked European nations to draw up a program for economic

recovery U.S. would then support program with financial aid

$13 billion to W. Europe over 4 years Economies recovered quickly U.S. strengthened trade ties

Soviet Union refused to participate in Plan Named after Sec. of State George C. Marshall See Marshall quote & Shipment chart on p. 645

Why did we want to help Europe?

See map of Germany on p. 646 in text

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift

By 1948 American, British, and French leaders are convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the reunification of Germany West Germany=republic, capitalism East Germany=communist

Berlin Capital of Germany Also split into east & west West Berlin used as a launching point to escape

communist E. Europe Stalin wanted to stop this by forcing Western powers to

abandon West Berlin

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift

Stalin implements a blockade of West Berlin in 1948

Truman did not want to start a war, or give up West Berlin so… W/ Britain started an airlift 15 months, 200K flights, 13K tons of goods daily Read about “Operation Little Vittles” on p. 647

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift

Stalin’s Blockade ended May 1949

Airlift ended in Sept. 1949

Berlin remained a focal point of the East/West conflict

Why didn’t Truman use military force to stop the blockade?

United NationsUnited Nations

After WWII looked to for protection, but…

Soviet Union used veto power

Weakened UN’s ability

W. Europe looked for new solutions…

NATO! What is it?NATO! What is it?

• NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Formed in April of 1949

• U.S., Canada, & 10 Western European nations pledged to support each other against attack

• Collective Security

• Arguments against NATO• Not a “peace program,” a

“war program,” half of the world against the other half

• Mutual military assistance

• Soviet Response:

• Created the Warsaw Pact

• A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations

• What are satellite nations?

NATO! WhatNATO! What’s with that?’s with that?

Why is NATO needed?

The U.S. did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism

Other reasons???

Communist AdvanceCommunist Advance

Soviet Atomic Threat Test atomic bomb in 1949

U.S. Response: Truman approves a hydrogen bomb; much more

destructive than atomic bomb Truman organized the Federal Civil Defense

Administration Info on how to survive an attack, plans for building bomb

shelters, etc.

Duck & Cover!Duck & Cover!

Communist AdvancesCommunist Advances

In China Mao Zedong rose to power 1949 & created a Communist nation (the People’s Republic of China)

The defeated followers of Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan & continued as the Republic of China

“Loss of China” was viewed as a stain on Truman’s record Many called for increased effort to stop communism in

Asia

Cold War at HomeCold War at Home

Fear of Communist spies created mass suspicion in the U.S., a new red scare

Truman formed a federal employee loyalty program that checked all new and existing federal employees’ backgrounds The creation of this program added to American

suspicion Accusation alone ruined reputations

Cold War at HomeCold War at Home

HUAC (The House Un-American Activities Committee) est. in 1938

Searched for communist infiltration of gov’t agencies & Hollywood

HUACHUAC

• HUAC called a number of Hollywood writers, directors, and actors in 1947 to testify

• The Hollywood Ten

• Ten people ho refused to answer the HUAC’s questions were imprisoned for contempt of Congress

• Sentenced to jail (6 months—1 year)

• Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist• People that should not

be hired• Ruined many careers• See pictures on p. 650

Cold War at HomeCold War at Home

McCarran-Walter Act (1952)

Re-affirmed quota system on immigrants

Esp. limited immigration from E. Europe & Asia

Vetoed by Truman, but overridden by Congress

SPIES!SPIES!

Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the U.S. were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists.

Hiss had been a high-ranking government official (State Dept.) was accused by a Time Magazine editor of being a Communist

Accused of lying while on trial, locked up for 4 yrs.

SPIES!SPIES!

Julius & Ethel Rosenburg

Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets

Convicted of espionage & executed in 1953 See their pic on p. 651

Soviet records opened at the end of the Cold War suggest that both Hiss & Julius Rosenburg were guilty, however Ethel was not.