Westward Expansion “Manifest Destiny” -John O’Sullivan

Westward Expansion

“Manifest Destiny”-John O’Sullivan

(it doesn’t have to be perfect, just kinda the identifiable shape )

1. draw an outline map of the United States

2. Add key geographic features

Create this map on a new page titled Westward Expansion

Key:Oregon trail California TrailMormon Trail Trail of Tears

OR and CA trail

Mormon Trail

The Oregon Trail, and other westward migrations

• The reasons for traveling to Oregon and California were very similar – economic opportunity (land and gold).

• Utah was settled for religious freedom • All three areas were settled by Americans

seeking new opportunities, volunteering for the journey west.

Worcester vs Georgia: Trail of Tears• Supreme Court declares it unconstitutional

to take Natives land.• Andrew Jackson passes Indian Removal

Act (illegally) and forcibly removes Cherokees

Trail of Tears

• Not all Americans moved willingly, especially the Native Americans.

• American farmers wanted the land held by the Cherokee Indians in Georgia. Andrew Jackson passed a law (illegally) forcing them to give up their land in Georgia and eventually forcing all Natives off of the Atlantic coast.

• 16,000 Cherokees made the journey by foot from Georgia to Oklahoma. The death total for this journey was 4,000. (1 in 4 Natives died – compared to 1 in 10 on the Oregon Trail).

Map of the Trail of Tears

The Growth of the United States• After the American Revolution the United States was

extended to the Mississippi River by the Treaty of Paris (1783). – In fact, many soldiers were paid for fighting in the Revolution with land

in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 gave guidelines for

expansion of the United States and the admission of new states to the Union.

• In 1803, Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from a Napoleonic French government desperate for cash to finance European wars. The U. S. was effectively doubled in size and gained control of the Mississippi River.

• By 1820, much of the eastern land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi was divided into farms, much of the soil was less fertile because of over-farming, and because of a depression, many people were losing their land.

• Stephen F Austin negotiated 12 cents/acre for land in TEXAS

Florida Cession• Florida had long been a refuge for pirates,

smugglers, escaped slaves, and others who wanted to escape American law.

• Seminole Indians from Florida would frequently raid American settlements along the border.

• In 1818 President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to stop these raids.

• Jackson chased the Indians into Florida.• By leading his army across the border into Spanish

territory Jackson had committed an act of war, but he went even further. Jackson captured several Spanish forts and hanged two British citizens who were found guilty of supplying weapons to the Indians!

• Spain protested, but at the time Spain's power was weakening. The leaders of Spain knew they could not hold on to Florida if the United States decided to take it from them. So, instead of declaring war they decided to make a deal.

• In 1819 a treaty was signed (Adams-Onis treaty) in which Spain agreed to cede, or give, Florida to the United States for $5 million

Florida gained through “negotiation”

1840’s & Manifest Destiny

• By the 1840s the United States needed to grow again. Manifest Destiny became the rallying cry for further expansion.

“Fifty-Four , Forty, or FIGHT!”

In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom established a joint claim over the Oregon Territory

Polk negotiated current border of Oregon/Canada in the “Oregon Treaty” 1846

Immigration from Western Europe

• In October 1845 a serious blight began among the Irish potatoes, ruining about three-quarters of the country's crop.

• This was a disaster as over four million people in Ireland depended on the potato as their chief food.

• The blight returned in 1846 and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation and an outbreak of typhus that ravaged a weaken population

• Millions of Irish flock to the US to survive

The Mexican-American War

The Settlement of Texas

By 1835 Thousands of Americans have settled in Texas (Part of Mexico)

Manifest Destiny – It was the countries manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent 1836, formally found Republic of

Texas

Mexican Response Santa Anna sent

troops to subdue rebellion Eventually lost Texas

and gave independence 9 years later the U.S.

annexed (added) Texas Also, U.S. offered

$30m for New Mexico and California Mexico Refused

Border Dispute!

The War

President James K. Polk sent troops to border

Mexicans fired shots American troops Gave Polk excuse to

invade U.S. declared war

on May 16, 1846

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848, in two years the U.S. defeated Mexico

In the Treaty: Recognized Rio Grande River as border Mexico gave New Mexico and California

More than 2/5 of Mexican territory

Mexican Cession 1848Manifest Destiny ACHIEVED!

Warm Up: Manifest Destiny RootsDraw stem w/ 3 roots/ the petals should have all of the US territories in the order they are acquired/ center should have

“Manifest Destiny”

Create the plant Diagram depicted on the board in your notebook (use entire L page)

Use your Notes on “Push Factors” and your map/Notes on Westward expansion to categorize the causes (“Roots”) of Manifest Destiny {Social/Political/Economic}!

Categorize these!! New Borders in the Treaty of Paris 1783 Annexation of Texas in 1845 (War w Mexico) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/Mexican Cession Indian removal Act Cheap Land in frontier provinces of Mexico and Great

Britain Adams-Onis Treaty (FL Cession)1819 Immigration Gold in CA 1848/9 Trail of Tears Americans moving into frontier provinces of Mexico Acquisition of Oregon Territory (to avoid war with Britain) Conflict with Native Americans over land ownership High birth rates Religious Freedom-Mormons Louisiana Purchase 1803 Gadsden Purchase Oregon Trail

Petals: List territories in chronological order

Manifest Destiny

Economic

PoliticalSocial

Westward Expansion

Check Your Work:Political Roots 1.New Borders in the Treaty of Paris 1783 2.Louisiana Purchase 1803 3.Adams-Onis Treaty (FL Cession)1819 4.Annexation of Texas in 1845 (War w Mexico)5.Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/Mexican Cession 6.Acquisition of Oregon Territory (to avoid war with Britain)7.Gadsden Purchase 8. Indian removal ActEconomic Roots 9.Cheap Land in frontier provinces of Mexico and Great Britain 10.Immigration11.Gold in CA 1848/912.Trail of TearsSocial Roots 13.Americans moving into frontier provinces of Mexico 14.Oregon Trail 15.Conflict with Native Americans over land ownership 16.High birth rates17.Immigration18.Religious Freedom-Mormons

History Mystery….

Why did the United States pay $10 million for the “little” piece of land known as the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 when the huge expanse of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession only cost $15 million each?

Gadsden’s goal

What Happened?

A southern railroad route was needed to access California gold discovered in 1849 (the year after the Mexican Cession was concluded).

Mexico had a sellers market for that piece of desert. It provided a natural pass through the Rocky Mountain Range.

In 1852 Gadsden agreed to pay Santa Anna $10 million for a strip of territory south of the Gila River and lying in what is now southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona.

**A RR was NEVER built!

Seward’s Icebox

The term "Seward's folly" refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 Million.

At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States — hence, the term "folly."

Critic’s change their tune in the 1890’s when large quantities of GOLD were found in Alaska and later huge oil reserves!

In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the American minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed {kicked out} Hawaii's queen.

they imprisoned the queen and seized 1.75 million acres of crown land and conspired to annex the islands to the United States.

On January 17, 1893, the conspirators announced the overthrow of the queen's government.

To avoid bloodshed, Queen Lydia Kamakaeha Liliuokalani gave up her rule and asked the U.S. government "to undo the actions of its representatives." The U.S. government refused to help her regain her throne.

When she died in 1917, Hawaii was an American territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state

Manifest Destiny Acrostic Poem oving quickly across the plains