2nd semester grammar book

Jesus Prabhu

GRAMMAR BOOK2nd SEMESTER

Table of Contents• Title Page• Table of Contents• Conditional and Irregulars• Perfect Tense (Present)• Perfect Tense (Past)• Perfect Tense (Future)• Present Perfect Irregulars• Subjunctive Perfect• Tan/Tanto• Impersonal se• Saber vs. Conocer

• Los Mandatos• Affirmative Commands• Negative Commands• Irregular Commands• DOP and IOP Placement• Nosotros Command• Subjunctive• Irregulars• Impersonal Expressions• Expressions of Emotion• Conjunctions of time• Demonstative Adjectives and

Pronouns

Conditional Form and Irregulars

• ENDINGS:• ia• ias• iamos• ian

• Used with verbs like gustar

• Would, should, could

Poner: yo PONDRia

Tener: yo TENDRia

Valer: nos VALDRiamos

Saber: Tu SABRias

Perfect Tense (Present)

• Main Verb and Auxiliary verb are required to form this tense.

• HE comido• HAS comido• HA comido• HEMOS comido• HABEIS comido• HAN comido

• HABER:• He• Has• Ha• Hemos• Habeis• han

Perfect Tense (Past)

• In order to form the past perfect, start by using the imperfect of HABER plus the masculine singular form of the past participle.

• ENDINGS:• AR- ANDO• ER/IR- IDO

• Habia escuchando• Habias escuchando• Habia escuchando• Habiamos escuchando• Habiais escuchando• Habian escuchando

Perfect Tense (Future)

• Like the past tense, you use haber, however, the present tense. Plus the singular masculine form of the past participle.

• He escuchando• Has escuchando• Ha escuchando• Hemos escuchando• Habeis escuchando• Han escuchando

Perfect Present Irregulars

• Abrir- abierto

• Romper- roto

• Solver- suelto

• Poner- puesto

• Cubrir- cubierto

• Morir- muerto

• Escribir- escrito

• Hacer- hecho

• Satisfacer- satisfecho

• Volver- vuelto

• Decir- dicho

• Ver- visto

Subjunctive Perfect

• Haber:• Haya• Hayas• Haya• Hayamos• Hayan

• Used when a verb is in subjunctive form for all tenses, also used to indicate completed actions is present, future or command tenses.

Tan Tanto

• To form a comparison of equality with adjectives or adverbs.

• TAN + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + COMO

• To form a comparison of equality with nouns.

• TANTO + NOUN + COMO

Impersonal se

• The Impersonal se is the English equivalent of one or people.

• It refers to an unidentified person.

• Se necesita una capa nueva.

• Se entra por aqui.

Saber Conocer

• Used to express knowledge or lack of knowledge of a fact or some form of information.

• Sixto sabe habla con los chicas.

• To say one does or does not no a person or some form of information.

• Yo no conozco que hora es.

Los Mandatos

• Used in ordering someone to do something, this is the imperative form of the verb.

• Informal, is used among friends and used to be polite or to show respect. This is a polite command.

Affirmative Commands

• Tu Commands:

• Conjugate: Subtract:• AR -a• ER -e• IR -e

• Usted Commands

• Conjugate: Subtract:• AR -e, -

en• ER -a, -

an• IR -a, -

an

Negative Commands

• Tu Command Negative

• Conjugate Subtract• AR -es• IR -as• ER -as

• Usted Command Negative

• Conjugate Subtract• AR -e, -en• ER -a, -an• IR -a, -an

Irregular Commands

• Only occurs with affirmative tu commands.

• Poner = pon• Tener = ten• venir = ven• Salir = sal• Ser = se• Decir = di• Ir = ve• Hacer = haz

DOP and IOP Placement

• DOP• Placed before verb if

there is one verb.• Me -Me• Te- You• Le - Him, you• La – Her, you• Os- You all• Los- Them, you all• Las – Them, you all

• IOP• Placed before conjugated

verb.• Me – To or for me• Te – to or for you• La – To or for him, her, you• Nos- To or for us• Os- to or for you all• Les – to or for them, you

all

Nosotros Commands

• In affirmative Nosotros commands, the final s is dropped before adding the NOS pronoun.

• VERB + NOS

• Habemos + NOS =Habemonos

Subjunctive

• Used to express everything except for certainty and objectivity.

• Rarely used in English, very widely used in Spanish.

• Start in yo form then drop –o.

• AR: IR:• -e -a• -es -as• -e -a• -emos -amos• -en -an

Irregulars

• DAR

• ESTAR

• HABER

• IR

• SABER

• SER

Impersonal Expressions

• These trigger the use of the indicative mood.

• a menos que..• Es bueno que..• Es imposible que..• Es importante que..• Cuando…• Con tal que..• Antes que…• Conviene que..

Expressions of Emotions

• Indicate all forms of emotions.

• Alegrarse de que..• Temer que..• Es peor que..• Es mejor que..• Es malo que..• Estar triste que..• Es raro que..

Conjunctions of Time

• Use the indicative when the action is in the subordinate clause.

• The subjunctive is used when the main clause is in a command or the future.

• Asi que• Cuando• Despues de que• En cuanto• Hasta que• Luego que• Tan pronto como

Demonstative Adjectives and Pronouns

• Words that replace a noun in a sentence.

MASCULINE• Este, ese, aquel• Estos, esos, aquellos

TODOS:Esto, eso, aquello

FEMININE• Esta, esa, aquella• Estas, esas, aquellas