View
1.432
Download
6
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Complete look at ce
Citation preview
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy
1
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy
ATP
1
2006-2007AP Biology
2
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
2
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
2
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy
3
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Energy is stored in organic molecules
u carbohydrates, fats, proteins
3
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Energy is stored in organic molecules
u carbohydrates, fats, proteins § Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules → food
u digest organic molecules to get…§ raw materials for synthesis§ fuels for energy
w controlled release of energyw “burning” fuels in a series of
step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
3
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
fuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
fuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
fuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
ATPglucose
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
ATPglucose
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2 O2
+ heat
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
ATPglucose
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2 O2
+ heat
enzymes
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
ATPglucose
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2 O2
+ heat
enzymesATP
4
AP Biology
Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model
u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
ATPglucose
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide
resp
iratio
n
O2 O2
+ heat
enzymesATP
4
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
+ +
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +loses e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +loses e- gains e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +loses e- gains e-
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ ++loses e- gains e-
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+loses e- gains e-
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+ –loses e- gains e-
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reductione-
5
AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones
u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ +e-
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
redox
e-
5
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reductionH6
AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems
u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons
pe
+
H
+H
+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reductionHe-
6
AP Biology
Coupling oxidation & reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction7
AP Biology
Coupling oxidation & reduction§ REDOX reactions in respiration
u release energy as breakdown organic molecules§ break C-C bonds§ strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
w C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized§ electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms
w in biology, the most electronegative atom? w O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced
u couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction7
AP Biology
Coupling oxidation & reduction§ REDOX reactions in respiration
u release energy as breakdown organic molecules§ break C-C bonds§ strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
w C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized§ electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms
w in biology, the most electronegative atom? w O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced
u couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction
O2
7
AP Biology
Oxidation & reduction§ Reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction
8
AP Biology
Oxidation & reduction§ Oxidation
u adding Ou removing H u loss of electronsu releases energyu exergonic
§ Reductionuremoving Ouadding H ugain of electronsustores energyuendergonic
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation
reduction
8
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
How efficient!Build once,
use many ways
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ H
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
reducing power!
H
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
reducing power!
H
like $$in the bank
9
AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
+ Hreduction
oxidation
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin
PO–
O–
O–O
PO–
O–
O–O
CC
O
NH2
N+
HNADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
reducing power!
H
like $$in the bank
9
AP Biology
Overview of cellular respiration
10
AP Biology
Overview of cellular respiration§ 4 metabolic stages
u Anaerobic respiration1. Glycolysis
w respiration without O2
w in cytosol
u Aerobic respirationw respiration using O2
w in mitochondria2. Pyruvate oxidation3. Krebs cycle4. Electron transport chain
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +10
AP Biology
Overview of cellular respiration§ 4 metabolic stages
u Anaerobic respiration1. Glycolysis
w respiration without O2
w in cytosol
u Aerobic respirationw respiration using O2
w in mitochondria2. Pyruvate oxidation3. Krebs cycle4. Electron transport chain
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + + (+ heat)10
2006-2007AP Biology
11
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
11
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
11
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
12
AP Biology
§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it
§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make
ATPu set up a H+ gradient
§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
12
AP Biology
§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it
§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make
ATPu set up a H+ gradient
§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ADP
And how do we do that?
12
AP Biology
§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it
§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make
ATPu set up a H+ gradient
§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ADP P+
And how do we do that?
12
AP Biology
§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it
§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make
ATPu set up a H+ gradient
§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ATP
ADP P+
And how do we do that?
12
AP Biology
§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it
§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make
ATPu set up a H+ gradient
§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ATP
ADP P+
But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?
And how do we do that?
12
2006-2007AP BiologyH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ATP
ADP P+
13
2006-2007AP BiologyH+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
ATP
Got to wait untilthe sequel!
Got the Energy? Ask Questions!
ADP P+
13
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
14
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
14
2006-2007AP Biology
15
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
15
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
15
AP Biology
Glycolysis § Breaking down glucose
u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
u occurs in cytosol
16
AP Biology
Glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
u occurs in cytosol
16
AP Biology
Glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
16
AP Biology
Glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
u occurs in cytosol
16
AP Biology
Glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
That’s not enoughATP for me!
§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
u occurs in cytosol
16
AP Biology
Glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
In thecytosol?
Why doesthat makeevolutionary
sense?
That’s not enoughATP for me!
§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
u occurs in cytosol
16
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective
17
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes
u first cells had no organelles
17
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes
u first cells had no organelles§ Anaerobic atmosphere
u life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere
u energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2
17
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes
u first cells had no organelles§ Anaerobic atmosphere
u life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere
u energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2
§ Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern lifeu ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
17
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes
u first cells had no organelles§ Anaerobic atmosphere
u life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere
u energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2
§ Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern lifeu ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
Enzymesof glycolysis are“well-conserved”
17
AP Biology
Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes
u first cells had no organelles§ Anaerobic atmosphere
u life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere
u energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2
§ Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern lifeu ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
You meanwe’re related?
Do I have to invitethem over for the holidays?
Enzymesof glycolysis are“well-conserved”
17
AP Biology
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-COverview
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-COverview
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-COverview
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
Overview
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
OverviewATP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
OverviewATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
OverviewATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
OverviewATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
OverviewATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
2H
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
NAD+22H
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
NAD+22H2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
NAD+22Pi
2H2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
NAD+2
2Pi
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
enzyme
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
enzyme
enzyme
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
enzyme
enzyme
enzyme enzyme
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
enzyme
enzyme
enzyme enzyme
enzyme
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
10 reactionsu convert
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
u consumes:2 ATP
u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3PC-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
Overview
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
ATP2
ADP2
ATP4
ADP4
NAD+2
2Pi
enzyme
enzyme
enzyme enzyme
enzyme
enzyme
enzyme
enzyme
2Pi2H
2
18
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary ENERGY INVESTMENT
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicENERGY INVESTMENT
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
G3PC-C-C-P
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonic
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
like $$in the bank
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
NET YIELD
like $$in the bank
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH
net yield
4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
NET YIELD
like $$in the bank
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH
net yieldü2 ATP
4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
NET YIELD
like $$in the bank
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH
net yieldü2 ATPü2 NADH
4 ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
ENERGY PAYOFF G3P
C-C-C-P
NET YIELD
like $$in the bank
-2 ATP
19
AP Biology
Pi
3
6
4,5
ADP
NAD+
Glucose
hexokinase
phosphoglucoseisomerase
phosphofructokinase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
isomerase
glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
aldolase
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1
2
ATP
ADP
ATP
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
CH2
C OCH2OH
P O
CH2 O P
OCHOH
C
CH2 O P
OCHOH
CH2 O PO
CH2OP
O
PO
CH2
H
CH2OHO
CH2 POO
CH2OH
P O
1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)Glucose “priming”uget glucose ready to
split§ phosphorylate
glucose § molecular
rearrangementusplit destabilized
glucose
20
AP Biology
Pi
3
6
4,5
ADP
NAD+
Glucose
hexokinase
phosphoglucoseisomerase
phosphofructokinase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
isomerase
glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
aldolase
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1
2
ATP
ADP
ATP
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
CH2
C OCH2OH
P O
CH2 O P
OCHOH
C
CH2 O P
OCHOH
CH2 O PO
CH2OP
O
PO
CH2
H
CH2OHO
CH2 POO
CH2OH
P O
1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)Glucose “priming”uget glucose ready to
split§ phosphorylate
glucose § molecular
rearrangementusplit destabilized
glucose
20
AP Biology
Pi
3
6
4,5
ADP
NAD+
Glucose
hexokinase
phosphoglucoseisomerase
phosphofructokinase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
isomerase
glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
aldolase
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)
1
2
ATP
ADP
ATP
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
CH2
C OCH2OH
P O
CH2 O P
OCHOH
C
CH2 O P
OCHOH
CH2 O PO
CH2OP
O
PO
CH2
H
CH2OHO
CH2 POO
CH2OH
P O
1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)Glucose “priming”uget glucose ready to
split§ phosphorylate
glucose § molecular
rearrangementusplit destabilized
glucose
20
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy HarvestPiPi 6
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy HarvestPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy Harvest G3P
C-C-C-PPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy Harvest G3P
C-C-C-PPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+
§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production
§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P
w “substrate level phosphorylation”
§ ADP → ATP
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy Harvest G3P
C-C-C-PPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+
§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production
§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P
w “substrate level phosphorylation”
§ ADP → ATP
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy Harvest G3P
C-C-C-PPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+
§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production
§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P
w “substrate level phosphorylation”
§ ADP → ATP
21
AP Biology
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
Payola!Finally some
ATP!
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
phosphoglyceratekinase
phosphoglycero-mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
O-
O
C
PH
CHOH
O-
O-
O-
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
P
O
O
O
OO
O
CH2
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
Energy Harvest G3P
C-C-C-PPiPi 6
DHAPP-C-C-C
u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+
§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production
§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P
w “substrate level phosphorylation”
§ ADP → ATP
21
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
P is transferred from PEP to ADPükinase enzymeüADP → ATP
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
P is transferred from PEP to ADPükinase enzymeüADP → ATP
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
ATP
22
AP Biology
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
P is transferred from PEP to ADPükinase enzymeüADP → ATP
I get it!The Pi camedirectly fromthe substrate!
H2O9
10
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
enolase
pyruvate kinaseADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
CH3
O-
O
C
O-
C
C
C
P
OO
O
CH2
§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)
ATP
22
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
ATP4
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
ATP4
2 NAD+ 2
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis
§ Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADHu some energy investment (-2 ATP)u small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
ATP4
2 NAD+ 2
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis
§ Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADHu some energy investment (-2 ATP)u small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)
§ 1 6C sugar → 2 3C sugars
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
ATP4
2 NAD+ 2
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis
§ Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADHu some energy investment (-2 ATP)u small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)
§ 1 6C sugar → 2 3C sugars
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
All that work! And that’s all
I get?
ATP4
2 NAD+ 2
23
AP Biology
Energy accounting of glycolysis
§ Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADHu some energy investment (-2 ATP)u small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)
§ 1 6C sugar → 2 3C sugars
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP
glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C
All that work! And that’s all
I get?
ATP4
2 NAD+ 2 Butglucose has
so much moreto give!
23
AP Biology
Is that all there is?
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
Hard wayto makea living!
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
Hard wayto makea living!
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
glucose → → → → pyruvate
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
Hard wayto makea living!
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
glucose → → → → pyruvate6C
24
AP Biology
Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…
u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
Hard wayto makea living!
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
glucose → → → → pyruvate6C 2x 3C
24
AP Biology
But can’t stop there!
25
AP Biology
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
raw materials → products
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
raw materials → products
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
raw materials → products
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
But can’t stop there!PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
raw materials → products
25
AP Biology
7
8
H2O9
10
ADP
ATP3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
Pyruvate Pyruvate
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
H2O
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiPi 6
Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
But can’t stop there!
§ Going to run out of NAD+
u without regenerating NAD+, energy production would stop!
u another molecule must accept H from NADH§ so NAD+ is freed up for another round
PiNAD+
G3P
1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH
NAD+
NADH
Pi
DHAP
raw materials → products
25
AP Biology
NADH
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
26
AP Biology
NADH
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
with oxygenaerobic respiration
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
with oxygenaerobic respiration
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
with oxygenaerobic respiration
without oxygenanaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
with oxygenaerobic respiration
without oxygenanaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
lactic acidfermentation
with oxygenaerobic respiration
without oxygenanaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
lactic acidfermentation
with oxygenaerobic respiration
without oxygenanaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
alcoholfermentation
26
AP Biology
NADH
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
lactate
ethanol
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
CO2
acetaldehyde
H2O
Krebscycle
O2
lactic acidfermentation
with oxygenaerobic respiration
without oxygenanaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH
recycleNADH
which path you use depends on who you are…
alcoholfermentation
26
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ Animals, some fungi
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ Animals, some fungi
pyruvate → lactic acid3C 3C
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ Animals, some fungi
pyruvate → lactic acid3C 3C
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
NADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ Animals, some fungi
pyruvate → lactic acid3C 3C
§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+
NADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
§ Animals, some fungi
pyruvate → lactic acid3C 3C
§ beer, wine, bread
§ cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)
NADH NAD+
NADH NAD+
back to glycolysis→→
back to glycolysis→→
27
AP Biology
Alcohol Fermentationbacteria
yeast
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentationbacteria
yeast
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
bacteria yeast
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
bacteria yeast
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
§Dead end process
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
§Dead end process§ at ~12% ethanol,
kills yeast
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
§Dead end process§ at ~12% ethanol,
kills yeast§ can’t reverse the
reaction
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
Count thecarbons!
§Dead end process§ at ~12% ethanol,
kills yeast§ can’t reverse the
reaction
bacteria yeast
back to glycolysis→→
28
AP Biology
Lactic Acid Fermentationanimals
some fungi
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Lactic Acid Fermentationanimals
some fungi
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3C
animalssome fungi
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
animalssome fungi
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
§Reversible process
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
§Reversible process
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
Count thecarbons!
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
§Reversible process
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
→Count thecarbons!
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
§Reversible process
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
→Count thecarbons!
O2
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
recycleNADH
§Reversible process§ once O2 is available,
lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
→Count thecarbons!
O2
animalssome fungi
back to glycolysis→→
29
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2
fermentation
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2
fermentationanaerobicrespiration
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2O2
fermentationanaerobicrespiration
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2O2
mitochondria
fermentationanaerobicrespiration
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2O2
mitochondriaKrebs cycle
fermentationanaerobicrespiration
30
AP Biology
Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate
O2O2
mitochondriaKrebs cycle
aerobic respiration
fermentationanaerobicrespiration
30
2006-2007AP Biology
31
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
31
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
31
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
31
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ADP
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ATP
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
32
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ATP
But… Have we done that yet?
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
32
2006-2007AP Biology
33
2006-2007AP Biology
NO!There’s still more
to my story!Any Questions?
33
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
34
AP Biology
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
35
AP Biology
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate
35
AP Biology
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate
35
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → → → → CO2
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate
35
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → → → → CO2
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate
3C35
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → → → → CO2
Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis
§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation
of sugar to CO2
2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate
3C 1C35
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
36
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
36
AP Biology
Mitochondria — Structure
37
AP Biology
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
mitochondrialDNA
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
mitochondrialDNA
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
mitochondrialDNA
37
AP Biology
intermembranespace inner
membrane
outermembrane
matrixcristae
Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle
u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane
§ cristaeu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix
§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes
§ free in matrix & membrane-bound
mitochondrialDNA
What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?
37
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – FunctionDividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – FunctionDividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?Endosymbiosis!
Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?Endosymbiosis!
Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
Membrane-bound proteinsEnzymes & permeases
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?Endosymbiosis!
Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
Membrane-bound proteinsEnzymes & permeases
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Mitochondria – Function
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?Endosymbiosis!
Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?
Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases
Membrane-bound proteinsEnzymes & permeases
Oooooh!Form fits function!
bacteria!
38
AP Biology
Oxidation of pyruvate
39
AP Biology
Oxidation of pyruvate
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
3C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
3C 2C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
3C 2C 1C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
u 3 step oxidation processu releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!)u reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-)u produces 2 acetyl CoA
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
u 3 step oxidation processu releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!)u reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-)u produces 2 acetyl CoA
§ Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
u 3 step oxidation processu releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!)u reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-)u produces 2 acetyl CoA
§ Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle
Wheredoes theCO2 go?Exhale!
39
AP Biology
pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2
Oxidation of pyruvate
NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]
§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
u 3 step oxidation processu releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!)u reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-)u produces 2 acetyl CoA
§ Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle
Wheredoes theCO2 go?Exhale!
39
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Pyruvate
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Pyruvate
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-C
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
oxidation
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
reduction
oxidation
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
reduction
oxidation
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
NAD+
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
reduction
oxidation
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
NAD+
40
AP Biology
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2
reduction
oxidation
Coenzyme APyruvate
Acetyl CoA
C-C-C C-CCO2
NAD+
2 x [ ]40
AP Biology
Krebs cycle1937 | 1953
Hans Krebs1900-1981
41
AP Biology
Krebs cycle§ aka Citric Acid Cycle
u in mitochondrial matrixu 8 step pathway
§ each catalyzed by specific enzyme§ step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule
1937 | 1953
Hans Krebs1900-1981
41
AP Biology
Krebs cycle§ aka Citric Acid Cycle
u in mitochondrial matrixu 8 step pathway
§ each catalyzed by specific enzyme§ step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule
§ Evolved later than glycolysisu does that make evolutionary sense?
§ bacteria →3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)§ free O2 →2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)§ eukaryotes →1.5 billion years ago (aerobic
respiration = organelles → mitochondria)
1937 | 1953
Hans Krebs1900-1981
41
AP Biology
4C
2C acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
42
AP Biology
4C
2C acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
2C
6Ccitrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
oxidationof sugars
42
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the carbons!
3Cpyruvate
x2
oxidationof sugars
This happens twice for each glucose molecule
42
AP Biology
4C
2C acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
43
AP Biology
4C
2C
6Ccitrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADH
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADH
43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADHATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADHATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2 NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2
CO2
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2
CO2
NADH
NADH
NADHNADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
4C
6C
4C
4C
4C
2C
6C
5C
4C
CO2
CO2
citrate
acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!
3Cpyruvate
reductionof electron
carriersThis happens twice for each glucose molecule x2
CO2
NADH
NADH
NADHNADH
FADH2
ATP43
AP Biology
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
C6H12O6
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
C6H12O6↓
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
C6H12O6↓
CO2
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
C6H12O6↓
CO2
& ended up with 4 ATP!
Whassup?
44
AP Biology
So we fully oxidized glucose
C6H12O6↓
CO2
& ended up with 4 ATP!
Whassup?
What’s the point?
44
AP Biology
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADH
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
What’s so important about
electron carriers?
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2
ugo to Electron Transport Chain!
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
What’s so important about
electron carriers?
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2
ugo to Electron Transport Chain!
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
What’s so important about
electron carriers?
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+H+H+
H+
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2
ugo to Electron Transport Chain!
Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers
What’s so important about
electron carriers?
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+H+H+
H+
ATP
ADP+ Pi
45
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO2
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
1 ADP 1 ATPATP
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
1 ADP 1 ATPATP
2x
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
Net gain = 2 ATP
1 ADP 1 ATPATP
2x
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Energy accounting of Krebs cycle
Net gain = 2 ATP = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2
1 ADP 1 ATPATP
2x
4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2
pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C
46
AP Biology
Value of Krebs cycle?
47
AP Biology
Value of Krebs cycle?§ If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs
cycle an adaptation?u value of NADH & FADH2
§ electron carriers & H carriersw reduced molecules move electronsw reduced molecules move H+ ions
§ to be used in the Electron Transport Chain
47
AP Biology
Value of Krebs cycle?§ If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs
cycle an adaptation?u value of NADH & FADH2
§ electron carriers & H carriersw reduced molecules move electronsw reduced molecules move H+ ions
§ to be used in the Electron Transport Chain
like $$in the bank
47
2006-2007AP Biology
48
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
48
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
48
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ADP
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ATP
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
49
AP Biology
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
And how do we do that?
ATP
But… Have we done that yet?
ADP P+
§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthaseu powers bonding
of Pi to ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP
49
2006-2007AP Biology
50
2006-2007AP Biology
NO!The final chapter to my story is
next!Any Questions?
50
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain
51
2006-2007AP Biology
52
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
52
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
52
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…
53
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP
53
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP
53
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP § Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to
extract more energy than 4 ATP!
I need a lotmore ATP!
53
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP § Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to
extract more energy than 4 ATP!
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
I need a lotmore ATP!
53
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP § Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to
extract more energy than 4 ATP!
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
There’s got to be a better way!
I need a lotmore ATP!
53
AP Biology
There is a better way!
54
AP Biology
There is a better way!§ Electron Transport Chain
u series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane§ along cristae§ transport proteins & enzymes
u transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
u yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!u only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
54
AP Biology
There is a better way!§ Electron Transport Chain
u series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane§ along cristae§ transport proteins & enzymes
u transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
u yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!u only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
54
AP Biology
There is a better way!§ Electron Transport Chain
u series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane§ along cristae§ transport proteins & enzymes
u transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
u yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!u only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
Thatsounds more
like it! 54
AP Biology
There is a better way!§ Electron Transport Chain
u series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane§ along cristae§ transport proteins & enzymes
u transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
u yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!u only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
O2That
sounds morelike it!
54
AP Biology
Mitochondria
55
AP Biology
Mitochondria § Double membrane
u outer membraneu inner membrane
§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport
proteinsu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranes
55
AP Biology
Mitochondria § Double membrane
u outer membraneu inner membrane
§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport
proteinsu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranes
Oooooh!Form fits function!
55
AP Biology
Mitochondria § Double membrane
u outer membraneu inner membrane
§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport
proteinsu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranes
Oooooh!Form fits function!
55
AP Biology
Mitochondria § Double membrane
u outer membraneu inner membrane
§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport
proteinsu intermembrane space
§ fluid-filled space between membranes
Oooooh!Form fits function!
55
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane spaceInnermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
NADH dehydrogenase
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
Q
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
Q
C
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
Innermitochondrialmembrane
56
AP Biology
G3P
Remember the Electron Carriers? glucose
57
AP Biology
G3PGlycolysis
Remember the Electron Carriers? glucose
57
AP Biology
G3PGlycolysis
Remember the Electron Carriers?
2 NADH
glucose
57
AP Biology
G3PGlycolysis Krebs cycle
Remember the Electron Carriers?
2 NADH
glucose
57
AP Biology
G3PGlycolysis Krebs cycle
8 NADH2 FADH2
Remember the Electron Carriers?
2 NADH
glucose
57
AP Biology
G3PGlycolysis Krebs cycle
8 NADH2 FADH2
Remember the Electron Carriers?
2 NADH
Time tobreak open
the piggybank!
glucose
57
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
NADH → NAD+ + H
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
NADH → NAD+ + H
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
Q
C
NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH NADH
dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
H
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+H+
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
e–
H+H+
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
H+H+
e–
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
H+H+
e–FADH2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
H+H+
e–FADH2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
H+H+
e–FADH2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
Building proton gradient!
58
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembranespace
mitochondrialmatrix
innermitochondrialmembrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochromebc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
H → e- + H+
NADH → NAD+ + H
pe
Building proton gradient!
What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…58
AP Biology
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
59
AP Biology
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
59
AP Biology
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
H+
59
AP Biology
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
H+ H+
59
AP Biology
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
H+ H+ H+
59
AP Biology H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+H+H+
H+
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
ADP+ Pi
H+ H+ H+
59
AP Biology H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+H+H+
H+
ATPNAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
ADP+ Pi
H+ H+ H+
59
AP Biology H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+H+H+
H+
ATPNAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work
u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
ADP+ Pi
TA-DA!!Moving electrons
do the work!
H+ H+ H+
59
AP Biology
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
O2
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
O2
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
O2
H2O
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
electronsflow downhill
to O2
O2
H2O
60
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?
electronsflow downhill
to O2 oxidative phosphorylation
O2
H2O
60
AP Biology
Electrons flow downhill
61
AP Biology
Electrons flow downhill§ Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to oxygenu each carrier more electronegativeu controlled oxidationu controlled release of energy
61
AP Biology
Electrons flow downhill§ Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to oxygenu each carrier more electronegativeu controlled oxidationu controlled release of energy
make ATPinstead of
fire!
61
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi → ATP
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi → ATP
Are wethere yet?
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
ATP
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi → ATP
Are wethere yet?
62
AP BiologyH+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+We did it!
ATP
§ Set up a H+
gradient§ Allow the protons
to flow through ATP synthase
§ Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi → ATP
Are wethere yet?
“proton-motive” force
62
AP Biology
Chemiosmosis
63
AP Biology
§ The diffusion of ions across a membraneu build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
63
AP Biology
§ The diffusion of ions across a membraneu build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
63
AP Biology
§ The diffusion of ions across a membraneu build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
So that’sthe point!
63
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
64
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
64
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.
2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
64
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.
3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
64
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.
3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back indown their concentrationgradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
64
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2+
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate fromcytoplasm
Electrontransportsystem
ATPsynthase
H2O
CO2
Krebscycle
IntermembranespaceInner
mitochondrialmembrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.
3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back indown their concentrationgradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondrial matrix
21
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
ATP
64
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
65
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
2 ATP
65
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
2 ATP 2 ATP+65
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP+ +65
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP+ +
~40 ATP
65
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?§ Where did the ATP come from?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?§ Where did the ATP come from?§ What else is produced that is not listed
in this equation?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +
66
AP Biology
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
67
AP Biology
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
67
AP Biology
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs up
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chain
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
67
AP Biology
§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!
Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?
NAD+
QC
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+H+
e–FADH2
12
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome coxidase complex
FAD
e–
67
2006-2007AP Biology
68
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
68
2006-2007AP Biology
What’s thepoint?
The pointis to make
ATP!
ATP
68
2006-2007AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration
69
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
70
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
70
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
polysaccharides → → → glucosehydrolysis
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
polysaccharides → → → glucosehydrolysis
§ ex. starch, glycogen
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
polysaccharides → → → glucosehydrolysis
other 6C sugars → → → glucosemodified
§ ex. starch, glycogen
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
polysaccharides → → → glucosehydrolysis
other 6C sugars → → → glucosemodified
§ ex. starch, glycogen
§ ex. galactose, fructose
71
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Proteins
72
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Proteinsproteins → → → → → amino acids
hydrolysis
72
AP Biology
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
Beyond glucose: Proteinsproteins → → → → → amino acids
hydrolysis
72
AP Biology
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
Beyond glucose: Proteins
C—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
proteins → → → → → amino acidshydrolysis
72
AP Biology
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
Beyond glucose: Proteins
C—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
glycolysisKrebs cycle
proteins → → → → → amino acidshydrolysis
2C sugar = carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages
72
AP Biology
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
Beyond glucose: Proteins
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
glycolysisKrebs cycle
proteins → → → → → amino acidshydrolysis
2C sugar = carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages
72
AP Biology
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
Beyond glucose: Proteins
amino group = waste product
excreted as ammonia, urea,
or uric acid
NH
HC—OH||OH
|—C—
|R
waste glycolysisKrebs cycle
proteins → → → → → amino acidshydrolysis
2C sugar = carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages
72
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Fats
73
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Fats fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acids
hydrolysis
73
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Fats fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acids
hydrolysis
glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis
73
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Fats
3C glycerol
entersglycolysis
as G3P
fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acidshydrolysis
glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis
73
AP Biology
fatty acids → 2C acetyl → acetyl → Krebs groups coA cycle
Beyond glucose: Fats
3C glycerol
entersglycolysis
as G3P
fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acidshydrolysis
glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis
73
AP Biology
fatty acids → 2C acetyl → acetyl → Krebs groups coA cycle
Beyond glucose: Fats
3C glycerol
entersglycolysis
as G3P
enterKrebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
2C fatty acids
fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acidshydrolysis
glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis
73
AP Biology
fatty acids → 2C acetyl → acetyl → Krebs groups coA cycle
Beyond glucose: Fats
3C glycerol
entersglycolysis
as G3P
enterKrebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
2C fatty acids
fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acidshydrolysis
glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis
73
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
74
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
fat
74
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
fat
carbohydrate
74
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
fat
carbohydrate
§ Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrateu more C in gram of fat
§ more energy releasing bondsu more O in gram of carbohydrate
§ so it’s already partly oxidized§ less energy to release
74
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
fat
carbohydrate
§ Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrateu more C in gram of fat
§ more energy releasing bondsu more O in gram of carbohydrate
§ so it’s already partly oxidized§ less energy to release
That’s whyit takes so much
to lose a pound a fat!
74
AP Biology
Metabolism
CO2
75
AP Biology
§Coordination of chemical processes across whole organismu digestion
§ catabolism when organism needs energy or needs raw materials
u synthesis§ anabolism when organism has
enough energy & a supply of raw materials
u by regulating enzymes§ feedback mechanisms§ raw materials stimulate production§ products inhibit further production
Metabolism
CO2
75
AP Biology
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
76
AP Biology
§ Digestionu digestion of
carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through
same pathways§ enter at different points
u cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
Cells areversatile &
selfish!
76
AP Biology
Metabolism
77
AP Biology
Metabolism§ Synthesis
u enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
77
AP Biology
Metabolism§ Synthesis
u enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
77
AP Biology
Metabolism
pyruvate → → glucose
§ Synthesisu enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
77
AP Biology
Metabolism
Krebs cycleintermediaries → → amino
acids
pyruvate → → glucose
§ Synthesisu enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
77
AP Biology
Metabolism
Krebs cycleintermediaries → → amino
acids
pyruvate → → glucose
acetyl CoA → → fatty acids
§ Synthesisu enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
77
AP Biology
Metabolism
Krebs cycleintermediaries → → amino
acids
pyruvate → → glucose
acetyl CoA → → fatty acids
§ Synthesisu enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis
& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”
w have extra fuel, build fat!
Cells areversatile & thrifty!
77
AP Biology
Carbohydrate MetabolismThe many stops on the Carbohydrate
Line
78
AP Biology
Carbohydrate MetabolismThe many stops on the Carbohydrate
Line
from Krebs cycle back through
glycolysis
78
AP Biology
Carbohydrate MetabolismThe many stops on the Carbohydrate
Line
from Krebs cycle back through
glycolysis
78
AP Biology
Carbohydrate MetabolismThe many stops on the Carbohydrate
Line
“gluconeogenesis”
from Krebs cycle back through
glycolysis
78
AP Biology
Lipid Metabolism
The many stops on the Lipid Line
79
AP Biology
Lipid Metabolism
The many stops on the Lipid Line
from Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)
to a variety of lipid synthesis pathways
79
AP Biology
Lipid Metabolism
The many stops on the Lipid Line
from Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)
to a variety of lipid synthesis pathways
79
AP Biology
Amino Acid Metabolism
The many stops on the
Amino Acid Line
80
AP Biology
Amino Acid Metabolism
The many stops on the
Amino Acid Line
80
AP Biology
Amino Acid Metabolism
The many stops on the
Amino Acid Line
from Krebs cycle & glycolysis to an
array of amino acid synthesis pathways
80
AP Biology
Amino Acid Metabolism
The many stops on the
Amino Acid Line
from Krebs cycle & glycolysis to an
array of amino acid synthesis pathways
8 essential amino acids12 synthesized aa’s
80
AP Biology
Nucleotide
The many stops on the
GATC Line
• sugar from glycolysis• phosphate & N-base
from Krebs cycle
81
AP Biology
Nucleotide
The many stops on the
GATC Line
• sugar from glycolysis• phosphate & N-base
from Krebs cycle
81
AP Biology
Nucleotide
The many stops on the
GATC Line
• sugar from glycolysis• phosphate & N-base
from Krebs cycle
81
AP Biology
coenzyme Aacetyl group
Acetyl coA
ATPFat
CO2
Protein
Lipid
NADH
NAD+
Pyruvate
Glycolysis Glucose
Krebscycle
ETC
Glycolysis
Pyruvateoxidation
Central Role of Acetyl CoA
82
AP Biology
coenzyme Aacetyl group
Acetyl coA
ATPFat
CO2
Protein
Lipid
NADH
NAD+
Pyruvate
Glycolysis Glucose
Krebscycle
ETC
Glycolysis
Pyruvateoxidation
Central Role of Acetyl CoA
§ Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & biomolecule synthesis
82
AP Biology
coenzyme Aacetyl group
Acetyl coA
ATPFat
CO2
Protein
Lipid
NADH
NAD+
Pyruvate
Glycolysis Glucose
Krebscycle
ETC
Glycolysis
Pyruvateoxidation
Central Role of Acetyl CoA
§ Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & biomolecule synthesis
§ Depending on organism’s needu build ATP
§ immediate useu build fat
§ stored energy
82
2006-2007AP Biology
Control of Respiration
Feedback Control
83
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition
A → B → C → D → E → F → G enzyme
1
→ enzyme2
→ enzyme3
→ enzyme4
→ enzyme5
→ enzyme6
→84
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition§ Regulation & coordination of production
u final product is inhibitor of earlier step§ allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme
u no unnecessary accumulation of product u production is self-limiting
A → B → C → D → E → F → G enzyme
1
→ enzyme2
→ enzyme3
→ enzyme4
→ enzyme5
→ enzyme6
→84
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition§ Regulation & coordination of production
u final product is inhibitor of earlier step§ allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme
u no unnecessary accumulation of product u production is self-limiting
A → B → C → D → E → F → G enzyme
1
→ enzyme2
→ enzyme3
→ enzyme4
→ enzyme5
→ enzyme6
→84
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition§ Regulation & coordination of production
u final product is inhibitor of earlier step§ allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme
u no unnecessary accumulation of product u production is self-limiting
A → B → C → D → E → F → G enzyme
1
→ enzyme2
→ enzyme3
→ enzyme4
→ enzyme5
→ enzyme6
→X
84
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition§ Regulation & coordination of production
u final product is inhibitor of earlier step§ allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme
u no unnecessary accumulation of product u production is self-limiting
A → B → C → D → E → F → G
allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1
enzyme1
→ enzyme2
→ enzyme3
→ enzyme4
→ enzyme5
→ enzyme6
→X
84
AP Biology
Respond to cell’s needs
85
AP Biology
Respond to cell’s needs§ Key point of control
u phosphofructokinase § allosteric regulation of
enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before
splitting glucose§ AMP & ADP stimulate§ ATP inhibits§ citrate inhibits
85
AP Biology
Respond to cell’s needs
Why is this regulation important?
§ Key point of controlu phosphofructokinase
§ allosteric regulation of enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before
splitting glucose§ AMP & ADP stimulate§ ATP inhibits§ citrate inhibits
85
AP Biology
Respond to cell’s needs
Why is this regulation important?Balancing act: availability of raw materials vs. energy demands vs. synthesis
§ Key point of controlu phosphofructokinase
§ allosteric regulation of enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before
splitting glucose§ AMP & ADP stimulate§ ATP inhibits§ citrate inhibits
85
AP Biology
A Metabolic economy
86
AP Biology
A Metabolic economy§ Basic principles of supply & demand regulate
metabolic economyu balance the supply of raw materials with the products
produced u these molecules become feedback regulators
§ they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cyclew levels of AMP, ADP, ATP
n regulation by final products & raw materialsw levels of intermediates compounds in pathways
n regulation of earlier steps in pathwaysw levels of other biomolecules in body
n regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways
86
AP Biology ATPFat
Protein
Lipid
Glucose
Krebscycle
ETC
Glycolysis
Pyruvateoxidation
Pyruvate
GlycolysisIt’s a Balancing Act
87
AP Biology ATPFat
Protein
Lipid
Glucose
Krebscycle
ETC
Glycolysis
Pyruvateoxidation
Pyruvate
GlycolysisIt’s a Balancing Act§ Balancing synthesis
with availability of both energy & raw materials is essential for survival!u do it well & you
survive longeru you survive longer &
you have more offspringu you have more offspring &
you get to “take over the world”
87
2006-2007AP Biology
88
2006-2007AP Biology
Got the energy…Ask Questions!!
88
Recommended