Presented by: Pir Qasim ShahAssigned by : Dr. Gohar ZamanIslamia College Peshawar

BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

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Definition and recognition of behavior motivating aspects of behavior characteristics of reinforcement primary behavior reduction techniques characteristics of enhancing positive

behavior by establishing behavioral momentum

ObjectivesBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Anything an organism or living being does

Must be observable and measureable Includes: Actions, verbalizations,

manifestations (a clear appearance) of emotions and thoughts

What is Behavior?Behavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Individualized – different people do different things

May be adaptive, inappropriate, disruptive and/or dangerous

May be socially acceptable or unacceptable

Must be operationally defined – Must have a reason

Other CharacteristicsBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Communication – some are intentional, others may be more subtle or subconscious

Positive reinforcers Food, comfort, playing or doing something

fun Negative reinforcers

Pain, rejection, avoidance, undesired activities

Functions of BehaviorBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Baseline data Parents, service providers, co-workers Medical evaluations, psychiatric and

psychological evaluations Environment Individual Plan Daily schedule or routine

Sources for Determining Functions of Behavior

Behavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Involuntary – reflex, neurological, medication side effects

Biological, psychiatric, medical condition Learned/functional – Antecedents-

Behavior-Consequences (ABC) Environmental Triggers

Combinations of any or all of these can intensify behavioral responses

Motivation of BehaviorBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Antecedent – the lead up; What is happening before the incident?

Behavior – the meltdown; What happened? What did they do?

Consequence – the aftermath; What happened as a result?Behavior Change

CycleBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Anything that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again

ReinforcementBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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• Relative power – may be a power struggle • Person dependent – certain person could

trigger behavior time and time again• Availability – opportunity presents itself• Situation dependent – certain situation could

trigger behavior• Time dependent – certain time of day or

month could trigger behavior• Equal to effort expected – efficiency and

strength of reinforcer• Habituation and satiation – could be a habit

or “need” of individual

Factors to ConsiderBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Definition – shortly after the occurrence of the target behavior something is delivered (praise, attention, item, etc) which increases the chance that the behavior will occur again

* Most likely to result in long-term behavior change

Positive ReinforcementBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Elements of Effective Praise Be sincere Label what was good Deliver where others can hear Smile and use positive body language Variety in reinforcement Individualize your responses to fit what

that person likes

Positive ReinforcementBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Engaging in a target behavior results in escape or avoidance of an unwanted event (stimulation) that increases the chance that the target behavior will occur again

Contingent removal of an unwanted stimulus immediately following a behavioral response that increases the chance that the target behavior will occur again

Negative ReinforcementBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Extinction Redirection Feedback

Behavior Reduction StrategiesBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Ignoring a specific behavior Ignore behavior, NOT THE PERSON

(share behavioral aspect from Drucker’s book)

Extinction bursts Dangers of inconsistency – no way for

behavior to become extinct if all staff are not communicating and working as a TEAM

ExtinctionBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Engaging an individual in a preferred activity that requires that person’s full attention; physically and mentally

Always redirect a person to a preferred activity that is incompatible with challenging behavior Example: engages person’s hands if

person is hitting Redirection may be done verbally as

well as non-verbally

RedirectionBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Reminders of positive outcomes if the individual engages in desired activity

Reminders of natural outcomes/consequences of challenging behavior

Reflection of feelings: “It makes me sad when you call me names.”

Reminders of skills or coping mechanisms that the individual possesses

FeedbackBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

18Behavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

Behavioral Momentum Set the stage for success Control antecedents Restructure the

environment Avoid problem

situations Allow escape from

triggers Set a positive

atmosphere Allow time for success Use appropriate

approach/communication skills

Shape pro-social behavior

Successive approximations

Start with reinforcing high probability behavior, then move to lower probability behavior

Re-frame the behavior to make it positive

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Data Collection Team meets to decide if plan is necessary Behavioral Momentum Plan referral sent in

requesting a plan to be formulated Behavioral Consultant meets with team and

participant Plan constructed Plan must be approved by Standing Committee Must be signed by licensed professional,

Standing Committee representative and individual (informed consent)

Behavior Plan ProcessBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Model appropriate behavior Provide accurate feedback and

encouragement Consistently implement formal behavior

plans Provide opportunities for practice and

generalization skills Provide environments, activities, and

expectations that are reasonable, functional, challenging, interesting and flexible

Listen and be aware of all that is going on around you

What is your role?Behavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

21Overcoming Obstacles to Behavioral Change

Behavioral Change

Presented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Alberto, P. & Troutman, A. (2002). Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

Organizational Behavior by Fred Luthans 10th ed, Understanding Psychology by Fieldman 10th ed

Catania, C. (1992). Learning. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Durand, V.M. (1991). Functional Communication Training. New York, NY: Guildford Press.

Feindler, E. And Ecton, R. (19880). Adolescent Anger Control; Cognitive Behavioral Techniques. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.

ResourcesBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah

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Q & A Session!

Thank youBehavioral ChangePresented by: Pir Qasim Shah