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Independence of Latin America
Important Concepts
Plantation Large farms Only planting one thing Slave work
Encomienda The Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for
whom they were to take responsibility. The Spanish were supposed to instruct in the natives in Spanish
language and in Catholicism. They simply enslaved the natives
Colonial Pact
Cabildo A council of land owners on every provinces
Important Concepts
Peninsulares Born in Spain
Criollo - Creole European descendents born in the colonies
Mulattos
Caudillo Political and military leader of one region Like the colonels in Brazil
Haiti Revolution
Saint Domingue 1791-1804 Influenced by the French Revolution
A Plantation Island 500,000 slaves lived there
To keep this man obedient mas ter would use very brutal methods to punish and terrorize those man
100,000 enslaved africans rose in rebelion
1791
Haiti
Toussaint L’ouverture A self-educated former domestic slave
was very intelligent, organized and articulate By 1801 had taken control of the entire island and freed all the slaves Santo Domingo
he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo December 1800 and freed the slaves there on January 3, 1801.
Constitution Dictator for life
Tricked by the French In peace negotiations L’ouverture agreed to enter a French ship He was sent to prison in french Alpes
The island again under french power After the imprisonement of L’ouverture Napoleon seized power again The french tried to restabilish slavery The rebelled
1802 Napoleon is weak
Due to the wars against England he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia, Britain, and Spain on a weakened France
Jean-Jacques Dessalines The Liutenant of L’ouverture
Took over the legacy of his mentor Independence in 1804
Destruction of the country State of semi-serfdom Destruction of the the natural resources
Simón Bolivar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Blanco Born in Caracas, Venezuela 1783
Rich Family Plantation Silver, gold and copper mines Purchising a title of nobility
Simón Bolivar
Rough childhood His father died when he was 2 years old
His mother when he was almost 9 He was them raised by a very stricted tutor
Don Simón Rodríguez ideas of liberty, enlightenment, and freedom accused of being involved in a conspiracy against the Spanish government in Caracas.
Military academy of the Milicias de Veraguas
There he developed his fervent passion for armaments and military strategy
Simón Bolivar
Studying Abroad At age 16
Madrid – 1802
María Teresa Rodríguez Died 8 month later of yelow fever
Return to France - 1804 Crowning of Napoleon
America – 1807 England – 1810
Simón Bolivar
El Libertador Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807 In 1813 he was given the comand of troops in Tunja
The Wars of independence for Venezuela begined in 1811
Mason Great leadership skills Contacts all over
Decree of War to the Death A great euphemism
permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain
Simón Bolivar
Haiti 1815 Bolívar asks for military help and aid
In the condition that he would abolish slavery
Victory New Granada becomes independent in 1819 In the battle of Boyacá
Battle in Andes Francisco de Paula Santander English soldiers
Decisive Battles
Battle of Carabobo - 1821 Independence of Venezuela
Battle of Pichincha - 1822 Independece of Ecuado
Battle of Junín - 1824 Peru
Battle of Ayacucho – 1824 Peru Sucre O’Higgins
Gran Colombia
ColombiaVenezuelaEcuadorPanamaNorthern Peru Northwest Brazil
The End of the Dream
Dictator – 1826 to 1830 "all who served the Revolution have plowed
the sea”Manuela Saenz
Simón Bolivar
Death 1830 Tuberculosis Santa Marta, Colombia
Sucre
Venezuela1795 - 18302n President of ColombiaBattle of Ayacucho
San Martín
Argentina1778 – 18501st President of Peru
Santander
Colombia1792 – 18404th president of New Granada2nd vice-president of Colombia
O’Higgins
Chile1778 - 1842Son of a former Viceroy2nd president of Chile
Mexico
Diferent characteristics The ethnicities are more freely mixed
The Cry of Dolores 1810 Padre Miguel Hidalgo
A simple but well educated man Called for rebellion in his city An army made out of indians and mestizos
80,000 man
Padre José Maria Morelos Took over the legacy of Miguel Hidalgo Fought for 4 years Defeated by Agustín Ituribe
Agustín Ituribe Proclaimed the Independence of Mexico
1821 Emperor of Mexico