Ancient Harpoon Heads of Nunavut: /£W - Parks Canada History

Ancient Harpoon Heads of Nunavut: /£W

An Illustrated Guide jf%

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Sakkutuqait (Naulatuqait) Nunavutmi

Titiraujaqsimajut Qaujimajjutiit

Robert W. Park, Ph.D. Douglas R. Stenton, Ph.D.

Canadian Heritage Parks Canada

Patrimoine canadien Pares Canada

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ANCIENT HARPOON HEADS OF NUNAVUT:

AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE

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Sakkutuqait (Naulatuqait) Nunavutmi Titiraujaqsimajut Qaujimajjutiit

Robert W. Park, Ph.D.

Douglas R. Stenton, Ph.D.

Ancient Harpoon Heads of Nunavut

Text and illustrations © Robert W. Park and Douglas R. Stenton and

Parks Canada - 1998

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieved system or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise (except brief

passages for purposes of review), without the prior permission of the

copyright holders.

Page ii


PREFACE

Despite a broad interest in Inuit culture and history on the part

of educators, northern residents, and visitors to Nunavut, there

exists a shortage of basic information on many aspects of Arctic

archaeology. Excellent guidebooks to individual archaeological sites

are available (e.g., for Qaummarviit near Iqaluit, and Mallikjuak

Island near Cape Dorset) but are highly specific to those particular

sites. This guide is intended to complement existing resources by

presenting information on an interesting archaeological topic that

has relevance almost everywhere within Nunavut: harpoon heads.

We intend this guide to serve as a resource for northern educators

and as a source of information for the large component of the general

public with an interest in Nunavut archaeology. Readers interested

in learning even more about harpoon heads or about other aspects

of Nunavut archaeology will find both a guide to further reading

and the addresses of several cultural organizations at the end of

this guidebook.

We would like to dedicate this work to the memory of Dr. Moreau

S. Maxwell, who introduced one of us (DRS) to Arctic fieldwork and

encouraged both of us to learn about the archaeology of Nunavut.

We would also like to thank Allan Angmarlik for his assistance with

Inuktitut terminology.



March, 1998

Page Hi

Ancient Harpoon Heads ofNunavut

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Il lustrations vi

Harpoons and Harpoon Heads 1

Nunavut Archaeology 8

First Peoples 8

Inuit Ancestors 10

Harpoon Heads and Arctic Archaeology 13

Material Attributes 14

Antler 14

Ivory 15

Whale Bone 15

Metal 15

Metric Attributes 15

Functional and Stylistic Attributes 16

End blade 16

Barbs 17

Side Blades 18

Line Hole 18

'Thin' versus 'Flat' Harpoon Heads 19

Socket 20

Lashing 22

Spurs 22

Symbolic Attributes 23

Decoration 25

Page iv


Nunavut Harpoon Head Types 27

Independence I and Pre-Dorset Harpoon Heads 27

[Independence I] 28

[Pre-Dorset] 29

[Pre-Dorset] 30

Dorset Harpoon Heads 31

Tryara Sliced 32

Kingait Closed 33

Nanook Wasp Waist 34

Dorset Parallel 35

Dorset Type G 36

Dorset Type Ha 37

Dorset Type J 38

Thule Harpoon Heads 39

ThuleType 1 40

Natchuk 41

Thule Type 2 43

Thule Type 3 44

Sicco 45

Thule Type 4 46

Thule Type 5 47

Whaling 49

Harpoon Heads Today 51

Protect ing Nunavut's Archaeological Heritage 51

Guide to further reading 52

Guide to Cultural Organizations 53

Page v


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Thrusting harpoon 2

Throwing harpoon 3

The parts of a harpoon head 5

Nunavut archaeology timeline 9

Thule whaling scene 10

End blades 17

Line holes 19

Sockets 20

Open socket lashing types 21

Spurs 23

How harpoon heads "toggle" 24

Decorated harpoon heads 25

Map of Nunavut archaeological sites 26

Harpoon Head Type Il lustrations

[Independence I] 28

[Pre-Dorset] 29

[Pre-Dorset] 30

Tyara Sliced 32

Kingait Closed 33

Nanook Wasp Waist 34

Dorset Parallel 35

Dorset Type G 36

Page ui ••.• ,£_ "


Dorset Type Ha 37

Dorset Type J 38

ThuleType 1 40

Natchuk 41

Thule Type 2 42

Thule Type 3 44

Sicco 45

Thule Type 4 46

Thule Type 5 47

Whaling 48

Page uii


Page viii

Ancient. Harpoon Heads of Nunavut

INTRODUCTION

Harpoon heads are among the most interesting and important

artifacts made and used by circumpolar peoples. They provide

archaeologists with many insights about the lives of the people who

made them, and about the archaeological sites in which they are

found. This guide draws upon the results of nearly a century of

a rchaeologica l r e s e a r c h , and provides an overview of t h e

development of this technological innovation over 4000 years of

human history in Nunavut.

HARPOONS AND HARPOON HEADS

In most parts of Nunavut the hunting of sea mammals has

always formed the cornerstone of the economy of Arctic peoples.

Seals, walruses and whales have provided generations of Inuit and

their predecessors with food, fuel, and numerous other useful

products such as baleen, bone, ivory and skin. As a result, the

harpoon (unaaq), which was the principal implement used to hunt

these animals, has for thousands of years been vital to human

survival in the North.

In ancient t imes, when the most effective killing weapon

possessed by a hunter was a lance (anguvigaq) that was thrust or

thrown into the body of the animal, it was difficult to kill sea

mammals instantaneously, especially large ones like whales.

Wounded animals usually dive beneath the surface and swim away

immediately, making it almost impossible for the hunter to deliver

a second, killing blow or even follow the animal to recover its carcass

if it eventually dies from the wound. The invention of the harpoon

solved that dilemma. With skill or luck a single thrust with a harpoon

_T:3h ' Page 1


Page 2

Thrusting Harpoon


Page 3

Throwing Harpoon

Ancient Harpoon Heads of'Nunavut

may kill an animal, but the full ingenuity of the harpoon's design

comes into play when the animal is not killed by the initial thrust .

By embedding a harpoon head (sakku) into the flesh of the animal,

where it acts as a kind of'anchor,' the hunter is able to prevent the

wounded prey from escaping while he gets close enough to kill it.

The harpoon is a complex instrument not only in terms of its

design and technology, but also in the interaction of its various

components. In addition to the harpoon head, described below,

harpoons usually consist of at least four separate vital parts. The

largest is the 1-2 metre long shaft (tigulia), which may be made of

wood or, in its absence, of whale bone. Most harpoons have a socket

piece (qijuksirvik) attached to the distal end of the shaft. The socket

piece is equipped with a cup-shaped depression into which the base

of a foreshaft is inserted. The harpoon head is attached to the tip

of the foreshaft.

Harpoons that were intended to be thrown at the prey are

equipped with a "loose" or "moveable" foreshaft (qaatilik)—i.e., one

that is designed to come apart from the socket piece as soon as the

animal is struck. This separation helps to ensure that the harpoon

head detaches itself from the foreshaft and becomes set firmly in

the animal's flesh. A loose thong links the foreshaft to the harpoon

shaft, ensuring that the foreshaft does not sink and become lost

once the two separate. Harpoons intended for thrusting have a "fixed"

foreshaft (ipiq)—i.e., the foreshaft is rigidly and permanently

attached to the harpoon shaft. A thrusting harpoon does not require

a loose foreshaft because a backward tug on the harpoon shaft as

soon as the animal is struck serves to detach the harpoon head from

the foreshaft.

The final critical part of the harpoon gear is the harpoon line

(alinga), which is affixed to the harpoon head's l ine hole (ijjirvik)—

the harpoon line is what allows the hunter to restrain the harpooned

animal. In addition to these key components the harpoon shaft may

Page 4


also be equipped with a finger rest (tikaagut), which ensures that

the hunter can propel the harpoon with as much force as possible.

Harpoons intended for use on the ice also have an ice pick (tuuq),

often made of ivory, mounted at the base of the shaft—this is

especially useful for chipping ice away to enlarge a seal's breathing

hole after the seal has been harpooned.

The harpoon head itself is at least as complex as the rest of the

harpoon. When a hunter throws or thrusts a harpoon at an animal,

the harpoon head has to be sharp enough to puncture the skin and

penetrate deep inside the animal's flesh. But it also has to be

designed in such a way that it does not simply pull or cut its way

back out through the entrance wound once the injured animal starts

putting a strain on the line. For sharpness, the tips of self-bladed

harpoon heads taper to a finely shaped point, whereas other types

Page 5


have a slot (savillirvik) into which a sharp stone or metal end-

blade (savilinga) is inserted. To prevent the harpoon head from

pulling out of the wound, some are equipped with backward-pointing

barbs (aki) while others are equipped with basal spurs (pamiaq)

that cause them to "toggle," or rotate ninety degrees within the

wound.

When hunting from shore, from the floe-edge (sinaa), or at a

seal's breathing-hole (aglu), the harpoon line is held by the hunter,

who uses his strength to keep the animal from escaping. Eventually

he can pull it close enough to deliver the killing blow with a club or

lance. Anthropologist Knud Rasmussen, who grew up in Greenland

and who was part Inuk himself, describes the harpooning of a walrus

in this fashion off the southeast coast of Melville Peninsula near

the end of January 1922:

...Then suddenly Aua himself gave a start—he had been keeping a good look out all the time—and pointed to where Miteq was s tanding with his harpoon raised. Jus t ahead of him was a tiny gap in the ice, the merest puddle, with barely room for the broad back of a walrus that now appeared. Miteq waited till the head came up, and then, before the creature had time to breathe, drove his harpoon deep into the blubber of its flank. There was a gurgle of salt water, a fountain of spray flung out over the ice, and the walrus disappeared. But Miteq had already thrust his ice-axe through the loop at the end of his harpoon line, and the walrus was held. We hurried up and helped to haul it in, despatched it, and set about the work of cutting up. This was completed before dark... There was great rejoicing at our arrival; a full-grown walrus means meat and blubber for many days... There was no longer any need to stint the blubber for the lamps, and there was food in plenty for ourselves and the dogs.

Page 6 ' • :."•"..-V~"—'


When hunting from a kayak or umiak it would be dangerous for

the hunter to hold the harpoon line the way Miteq did, since the

sudden pull of the panicked animal on the line might tip the boat

over. Therefore, the harpoon line is attached to a drag float (avataq)

made from an inflated sealskin, much like a big balloon. As soon as

the animal is harpooned the hunter tosses the float overboard. The

direction of movement of the drag float on the water, or i ts

reappearance after being dragged underwater by the diving animal,

tells the hunter where to paddle his boat in order to harpoon the

animal again or stab it with a lance when it resurfaces to breathe.

Even if the hunter is unsuccessful in wounding the animal again

when it resurfaces, he tries to force it to dive again before it has

time to recover its breath. By doing this repeatedly the animal

becomes so exhausted and winded that it can no longer dive. The

hunter can now approach and deliver a killing blow with the lance.

The drag float attached to the harpoon head ensures that the carcass

can be recovered even if it sinks.

Page 7


NUNAVUT ARCHAEOLOGY

As shown in the diagram on the next page, archaeological

research has revealed that Arctic peoples have been using harpoon

technology for over 4000 years.

FIRST PEOPLES

The oldest archaeological sites in Nunavut date to approximately

2300 B.C. when the climate was somewhat warmer than it is today.

These e a r l i e s t s i t es belong to two c u l t u r e s known as

Independence I and Pre-Dorset. Independence I is restricted to

the High Arctic and nor thern Greenland, and seems to have

appeared slightly earlier than Pre-Dorset, which is known from

throughout Nunavut. Independence I disappears around 1800 B.C.

but Pre-Dorset continues until around 700 B.C. by which time it

had undergone a number of significant changes and became

transformed into what archaeologists call the Dorset (Tunit) culture.

World famous for their exquisite miniature carvings, perhaps the

paraphernalia of shamans, the Dorset people appear to have adapted

very successfully to a climate that had become colder than today.

The Dorset people nourished for almost two thousand years but by

about A.D. 800 the climate had again entered a warming phase and

the effects of this change on the numbers and distributions of animals

may have put the Dorset way of life under considerable stress. For

reasons that are not well understood, Dorset populations appear to

have undergone a dramatic decline and by A.D. 1000 they had

virtually disappeared from most parts of their Arctic homeland. The

Dorset occupation of Nunavut is usually subdivided into Early Dorset

(circa 700 B.C. - 200 B.C.), Middle Dorset (circa 200 B.C. - A.D.

500), and Late Dorset (circaA.D. 500 -A.D. 1000) periods.

Page 8


Page 9


INUIT ANCESTORS

During the centuries when Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures

flourished in Arctic Canada, cultural developments amongst the

peoples living on the Siberian and Alaskan sides of the Bering Strait

led to the emergence of what is known as the Thule culture. The

Thule possessed a new form of economic and social adaptation that

centered on the open-water hunting of large sea mammals from

skin boats. In winter, family groups occupied large semisubterranean

houses, and subsisted largely on stored food obtained by hunting

bowhead whales. Beginning around A.D. 900, small groups of Thule

pioneers expanded eastward from Alaska into the Canadian Arctic

and Greenland. Over the succeeding centuries and as the climate

Drawing of Thule hunters in an umiak harpooning a bowhead whale. This scene was incised into a

snowknife approximately 600years ago by Thule people living at Porden Point, Devon Island.

again cooled, their descendants created distinctive local adaptations

to the different regions of the Arctic and developed into the Inuit

groups who first encountered Europeans. However, Inuit oral

traditions also record interactions with a people referred to as Tunit.

These traditions are thought to relate to encounters between the

Thule and the last of the Dorset people. The Thule occupation of

Nunavut is usually subdivided into three phases: Classic Thule (circa

Page 10


A.D. 900 - A.D. 1200), Postclassic Thule (circa A.D. 1200 - A.D. 1600),

and Early Historic limit (circa A.D. 1600 - 1800).

The most well preserved artifacts from archaeological sites in

Nunavut are usually found in the ruins of the semisubterranean

winter houses built by the people of the Thule culture. The collapse

of the walls and roofs of these structures have preserved many fragile

artifacts, including harpoon heads, deep within permafrost. Artifacts

lost or abandoned in the much less substantial dwellings that were

occupied by the peoples of the earlier cultures, especially the tent

rings of the Independence I and Pre-Dorset peoples, were buried

much more shallowly if at all. This fact, plus the longer time for

weathering and decomposition of artifacts made of bone, antler or

ivory, means tha t objects such as harpoon heads are less often

preserved at these older sites. In fact, Independence I and Pre-Dorset

harpoon heads are comparatively rare.

Page 11


Page 12


HARPOON HEADS AND ARCTIC ARCHAEOLOGY

Harpoon heads have many distinctive characteristics, referred

to as attributes (nalunanngijjutingit), that are used to identify,

describe and classify individual specimens—in archaeology, this

technique is called 'typology.' When many individual specimens are

found that all exhibit the same attributes, archaeologists group them

into types (qanuittuuningit). For convenience, these types are often

given names (e.g., "Tyara Sliced" and "Thule type 2").

For Arctic archaeologis ts , harpoon heads are especially

interesting artifacts for two reasons. First, some of the attributes of

each harpoon head type reveal the intended method of hunting (e.g.,

open-water hunting as opposed to breathing-hole sealing) as well

as what kind of sea mammal it was used to hunt (e.g., whether it

was used to hunt large whales or small seals). This in turn provides

valuable information about the activities of the people who lived at

the archaeological site where the harpoon head was found.

Second, because harpoon heads were so important for hunting

sea mammals, hunters usually invested considerable effort and skill

in their manufacture, sometimes decorating these already complex

implements in in t r ica te ways. H u n t e r s also appear to have

experimented continuously when making new harpoon heads,

altering slightly the size, proportions, or location of individual

attributes in an effort to obtain even better results when hunting.

Some of these experiments clearly proved to be successful, and

archaeological research has shown that harpoon head characteristics

gradually changed over thousands of years. For that reason, the

association of certain attr ibutes and types with particular time

periods (which can be determined through radiocarbon dating) allows

Page 13


archaeologists to identify both the cultural affiliation and the

approximate age of the site or feature from which the harpoon head

was excavated.

The attributes that are useful to classify any harpoon head from

Nunavut include the material from which it is made (material

attributes), its size (metric attributes), its shape (functional

and styl is t ic attributes) , and the presence of any decoration

(symbolic attributes).

MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES

Perhaps the most basic attribute used to describe a harpoon

head is the material from which it has been manufactured. Three

primary raw materials were used during the pre-contact period:

antler, ivory and whale bone. Each of these materials was readily

available as a byproduct of wildlife resources. Metal was also used

in limited amounts during the pre-contact period (e.g., native copper,

meteoric iron), especially for harpoon end blades.

Antler

Caribou antler is a strong and durable raw material that could

be readily obtained fresh through annual hunts; shed antlers could

also be collected from the tundra. It is an ideal material for making

resilient, sharp harpoon heads, especially self-bladed varieties.

However, some Inuit belief systems prohibited contact between

products of the land and the sea. Since caribou antler is a product of

the land, for some groups it may not have been an appropriate

material for harpoon heads. Interestingly, at least one archaeological

site has been investigated in which none of the harpoon heads were

made of antler, although the material was used extensively in the

manufacture of arrowheads (which would have been used for hunting

land mammals such as caribou and muskoxen).

Paee 14


Ivory

The ivory used to manufacture a harpoon head was obtained

from walrus tusk. This is a very hard, dense material, and more

difficult to work than antler. However, in the hands of a skilled

craftsperson it yielded tools and weapons of exceptionally high

quality and durability.

Whale Bone

The most common type of whale bone used in the manufacture

of harpoon heads was obtained from the bowhead whale (Balaenus

mysticetus). The bowhead skeleton can provide an enormous quantity

of dense, hard bone well suited for the manufacture of large and

small harpoon heads. The largest harpoon heads, made for whale

hunting, were invariably made of whale bone. However, this material

has the reputation of being somewhat more difficult to shape than

antler or ivory.

Metal

Modern harpoon heads are often made of a combination of brass

and steel but, prior to contact with Europeans, native copper was

frequently used by the 'Copper Inuit' (from the Coronation Gulf area)

for harpoon end blades and rivets. In other areas, particularly the

eastern High Arctic, meteoric iron was used for similar purposes.

An important source of meteoric iron was the Cape York meteor in

no r thwes t Green land . Copper and iron were highly valued

commodities, and may have been traded over vast geographic

distances.

METRIC ATTRIBUTES

Metric a t t r ibu tes are measurement s taken on individual

harpoon heads. The most common metric attributes recorded include

length, width and thickness. Archaeologists sometimes take other

r~t Pane 15


measurements, such as the width of the end blade slot, or the

diameter of the line hole. Any of these measurements can be used

alone or in combination with other attributes to define or describe a

particular type of harpoon head. In this guide we have provided

information on the length of the harpoon head types we describe.

FUNCTIONAL AND STYLISTIC ATTRIBUTES

Functional and stylistic attributes are of particular importance

in the analysis of harpoon heads because they provide the foundation

for the typologies currently used by Arctic archaeologists. Functional

a t t r i b u t e s gene ra l ly involve t h e p re sence or absence of

characteristics which are clearly involved in the successful operation

of the harpoon head. Thus, functional attributes include such things

as the presence of a socket with which the harpoon head fits onto

the foreshaft, the presence of a spur which causes the harpoon head

to toggle in the wound, and the presence of a line hole to which the

harpoon line is attached. Yet, the socket can be open or closed, there

can be one or two spurs, and the line hole can be single or paired, all

without markedly affecting the successful functioning of the harpoon

head. Choices between equally effective alternatives, made by the

manufacturers of harpoon heads on the basis of tradition or personal

preference, can be termed stylistic attributes.

End blade (Savilinga)

To penetrate the skin of an animal, the distal end of a harpoon

head could simply be sharpened or beveled to a point. Such harpoon

heads are termed 'self-bladed.' However, an even sharper (and

replaceable, should it break) tip could be achieved by the use of a

separate end blade. Harpoon end blades were fashioned from a

variety of stone materials including chert, quartz, and slate, as well

as from bone or ivory and, where available, metal (e.g., copper,

Page 16


meteoric iron, smelted iron). Endblades are usually triangular in

shape, have bifacially flaked or ground and beveled edges, and range

in size from 1 to 2 centimetres in length for the chipped stone Flaked stone end blades

blades used in Dorset harpoon

heads, and up to 5 centimetres

or more for the ground and

polished Thule specimens. The

or ienta t ion of the end blade

relative to the line hole is also

an a t t r ibute included in type

classification. The end blade can

be inserted either parallel or

perpendicular to the plane of

the line hole.

On Dorset harpoon heads,

the chipped stone end blades

were simply wedged into a cut

slot. Many Thule harpoon heads

were also slotted for end blades

but these blades typically were made of ground slate or metal and

had one or two drilled holes so that they could be held in place using

small rivets (pauguaq).

Polished and drilled

slate end blade Iron end blade

Barbs (Aid)

Some harpoon head types are equipped with one or more

backward-pointing barbs cut into their lateral margins. These barbs

were designed to catch in the flesh of the harpooned animal to ensure

that the harpoon head did not pull out of the wound. Raw material

type may have influenced the size and shape of barbs; harpoon heads

made of whale bone, which is rather brittle, tend to have shorter

and thicker barbs. By contrast, ivory harpoon heads often have long,

Page 17


sharply-pointed barbs, the design of which undoubtedly relates to

the strength of the material. Barbs are an attribute of some harpoon

heads from all but the Dorset time periods.

A single barb on a harpoon head is described as unilateral; two

or more barbs on opposite edges are described as bilateral. A harpoon

head is said to be symmetrically barbed if they are positioned

opposite each other (like a mirror image), and asymmetric in any

other configuration.

Side Blades (Kiinnirvik)

As the name suggests, side blades are thin chipped or polished

stone blades that are wedged into a slot cut into one or both of the

lateral edges of the harpoon head. Presumably, their intended

function was to make the entrance wound wider and perhaps cause

the animal to lose blood more quickly, and therefore tire more rapidly.

Harpoon heads with side blades are rarely found in Arctic Canada,

and are restricted to the Pre-Dorset and very early Thule periods.

Curiously, even after the use of sideblades on harpoon heads stopped,

hunters sometimes cut a shallow groove into the lateral edge of the

harpoon head in the same location. These seemingly decorative

grooves are sometimes referred to as 'vestigial' side blade slots.

Line Hole (Ijjirvik)

The harpoon line, which is used to retrieve the animal, passes

through one or more holes gouged or drilled through the body of the

harpoon head. The perforations may be round, oval or roughly

triangular in shape depending on the method of manufacture. Three

basic types of line holes are recognized: single, double and transverse.

Single line holes are positioned centrally along the long axis of the

harpoon head, approximately one-third to one-half way from the

proximal end (e.g., Thule), or near the lateral margin of the head on

the side opposite the spur (e.g., Dorset). Double line holes are

Page 18

Ancient Harpoon Heads ofNunavut.

Single line hole harpoon heads

Double line hole harpoon head

Transverse line hole harpoon heads

positioned on either side of the central axis. Transverse line holes,

as the name suggests, arc formed by the intersection of two holes

cut across the ventral face of the harpoon head. Harpoon heads with

transverse line holes are typically thicker than those having single

or double holes.

'Thin'' versus 'Flat'Harpoon Heads

Archaeologists make a distinction between thin harpoon heads

and flat harpoon heads based on the orientation of the line hole.

Thin harpoon heads have their greatest thickness at right angles to

the axis of the line hole whereas harpoon heads are said to be flat

when they have their greatest thickness in the same axis as the

Page 19

Ancient Harpoon Heads ofNiinavut

line hole. Harpoon heads with transverse line holes tend to be

categorized as flat.

Socket (Ihurvik)

The harpoon head socket is a hole or slot at the proximal (base)

end of the harpoon head, for the purpose of fitting the head onto the

distal end (tip) of the foreshaft. There are two basic types of harpoon

socket: open and closed.

A closed socket is one that is cut or drilled into the proximal

(base) end of a harpoon head and in plan view the interior of the

socket is not visible. Because the Dorset culture did not use drilling

technology, sockets on Dorset harpoon heads take the form of narrow

Open sockets Dorset Thule

Closed sockets Dorset Thule

rectangular slots, cut with a stone tool called a burin. Closed sockets

on Thule and Inuit harpoon heads were made by drilling a circular

hole using a bow drill.

An open socket is a rectangular slot or notch cut into the ventral

face of the proximal end of a harpoon head, into which the distal

end of the foreshaft is inserted. In plan view, the interior of the

Page 20


Open socket lashing types

Page 21


socket is visible. The distal end of the socket may be square or

rounded, and in some cases includes a narrow slot for a bone wedge.

These sockets resemble the letter T .

The very earliest harpoon heads from Nunavut do not possess a

socket—instead, they feature a tang which would fit into a socket

in the distal end of the harpoon shaft or socket piece.

Lashing (Nimiq)

Harpoon heads with an open socket require some form of lashing

to ensure that the harpoon head remains securely fastened on the

foreshaft until it penetrates the flesh of the animal. Sinew or baleen

were commonly used as binding materials, which passed through

gouged slots, shallow notches, or holes drilled on both sides of the

socket. Slots are a labour intensive type of lashing method to produce,

and more susceptible to breakage during manufacture or use.

Lashing notches are typically several millimetres deep, and in some

cases may result from the breakage of a specimen that originally

had lashing slots. Harpoon heads with two or three pairs of drilled

lashing holes are quite common in the Thule archaeological record.

Spurs (Pamiaq)

Spurs are backward-pointing, tapered projections from the

proximal (base) end of harpoon heads. Dorset culture harpoon heads

often have two basal spurs; Thule harpoon heads typically have one

spur. Spurs are an essential part of harpoon heads designed to

"toggle." After penetrating the body of an animal, its at tempts to

escape or the deliberate tug by the hunter places tension on the

harpoon line. This has the effect of drawing the harpoon head

backwards and, in non-barbed harpoon heads, it would come right

back out the entrance wound if it were not for the spur(s). They

catch in the flesh of the animal and, since the harpoon line is fastened

to the line hole which is located near the middle of the harpoon

Page 22


Spuj^s

Single symmetrical

spur

head, the combination of the spur catching and the tension on the

harpoon line causes the harpoon head to 'toggle'—i.e., rotate 90°. In

the toggled position it is far too wide to come back out the narrow

entrance wound and thus forms a very secure anchor within the

harpooned animal's flesh.

SYMBOLIC ATTRIBUTES

Harpoon heads occasionally d isplay m a r k i n g s t h a t a re

sometimes classified as decoration or ornamentation. It is very likely

that these markings had important symbolic meaning's to the people

that made and used them. The 'vestigial side blade slots' described

above presumably had symbolic import as well. And as noted above

with respect to the use of antler, even the material from which a

harpoon head was made may have had symbolic meaning.

Page 23

Single asymmetrical

spur

Double asymmetrical

spurs

Double symmetrical

spurs


How harpoon heads "toggle"

The harpoon head is inserted...

The harpoon head separates from the

foreshaft and tension comes on the harpoon line, causing the spur

to catch

The harpoon head pivots around the line

hole into the toggled position

Page 24


Decoration

Decorative attr ibutes observed on some harpoon heads may

occur alone or in combination and take the form of incised parallel

lines, incised curvilinear lines, inverted 'Y' shapes incised distal to

the line hole, incised triangles, and raised lateral ridges. Decorated

harpoon heads are relatively rare in the Pre-Dorset and Dorset

periods, although some Dorset harpoon heads have fine incised lines

that depict facial features of animals or humans. Decorated Thule

culture harpoon heads are generally restricted to sites of the early

Classic Thule period of circa A.D. 900 - 1200.

Thule harpoon heads exhibiting incised "Y-motif decoration [left] and curvilinear decoration [right/

Page 25


Some archaeological sites and site localities in Nunavut at which harpoon heads have been found

Page 26

1. Lady Franklin Bay 2. Bache Peninsula 3. Port Refuge; Porden

Point 4. Truelove Lowland 5. Brooman Point 6. Resolute 7. Maxwell Bay 8. Bettison Point 9. Learmonth 10. Nunguvik; Saatut 11. Button Point

12. Mitimatalik; Qilalukan

13. Ekalluk River 14. Lady Franklin Point 15. Clachan 16. Malerualik 17. Igloolik 18. Naujan 19. Kuk 20. Silumiut 21. Rankin Inlet 22. Native Point

23. Mill Island 24. Cumberland Sound 25. Crystal II;

Qaummaarviit; Tunngatsivvik

26. Lake Harbour 27. Belcher Islands


NUNAVUT HARPOON HEAD TYPES

The following section describes some of the more common types

of harpoon heads found at archaeological sites in Nunavut. The list

of site locations provided for each type, keyed to the map, is not by

any means exhaustive but will serve to give the reader a sense of

the distribution within Nunavut of these types.

INDEPENDENCE I AND PRE-DORSET HARPOON HEADS

These earliest harpoon heads have been recovered in very small

numbers and, unlike later Dorset and Thule types, are not common

or variable enough to have been given widely accepted type names.

Page 27

Ancient Harpoon Heads ofNunauut

Culture: Independence I (2300 B.C. to 1800 B.C.)

Attributes:... Thin, tang base, with the line hole placed asymmetrically

near the base; a single barb, often bifurcated, on the

same side as the line hole; an inserted end-blade parallel

to the axis of the line hole

Length: 6 to 9 cm

Material: Ivory, antler

Function:.... Hunt ing small to medium size sea

mammals, especially seals

Locations:... Port Refuge; Truelove Lowland

Comments:.. Because the line hole is placed so near

to the base of the harpoon head, this

kind of harpoon head will not toggle in

the wound, relying only on its barb to

secure the catch. This is the only non-

toggl ing ha rpoon type found in

Nunavut.

Page 28


Culture: Pre-Dorset (1900 B.C. to 700 B.C.)

Attributes:... Thin, open socket with lashing bed; two weak basal

spurs; self-bladed, with one or sometimes two lateral

barbs

Length: 9 to 11 cm

Material: Antler

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size sea


Locations:... B e t t i s o n Poin t ; Igloolik; Po r t

Refuge

Comments:.. This a p p e a r s to be t he mos t

common type of P r e - D o r s e t

harpoon head, although found in

only small numbers.

Page 29


Culture: Pre-Dorset (1900 B.C. to 700 B.C.)

Attributes:... Thin, open socket with lashing bed; single medial basal

spur; self-bladed

Length: 6 to 9 cm

Material: Antler

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size sea mammals

Locations:... Ekalluk River; Igloolik; Port Refuge; Truelove Lowland

Page 30

Ancient. Harpoon Heads ofNunavut

DORSET HARPOON HEADS

Unlike their Pre-Dorset ancestors and their Thule successors,

the people of the Dorset culture did not have or use drilling

technology. As a result, holes in Dorset harpoon heads were created

by gouging and cutting, and line holes in Dorset harpoon heads tend

to be oval, rather than circular. For this same reason the closed

sockets on Dorset harpoon heads are rectangular or elliptical rather

than circular.

Miniature Dorset harpoon heads are sometimes found, in some

cases just one or two centimetres long. These tiny implements have

been interpreted as the paraphernalia of shamans, and were almost

certainly not actually used for hunting.

Page 31


Type name: . Tyara Sliced

Culture: Early Dorset (700 B.C. to 200 B.C.)

Attributes:... Thin; "Sliced" closed socket that is elliptical in cross

section; cut oval line hole; end-blade slot perpendicular

to the axis of the line hole; flattened cross-section on

the dorsal surface from the base to the line hole; the

base curves gently into two weak symmetrical spurs

Length: 3 to 8 cm

Material: Ivory

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size sea mammals, especially

seals

Locations:... Bache Peninsula; Ekalluk River; Igloolik; Lake Harbour;

Native Point; Nunguvik

Page 32


Type name: . Kingait Closed

Culture: Middle Dorset (200 B.C. to A.D. 500)

Attributes:... Th in ; r e c t a n g u l a r closed socket ; end-b lade slot

perpendicular to the axis of the line hole; flattened cross-

section on the dorsal surface from the base to the line

hole; notched base forming two strong symmetrical spurs

Length: 4 to 6 cm

Material: Ivory


seals

Locations:... Igloolik; Lake Harbour; Saatut

Page 33


Type name: . Nanook Wasp Waist

Culture: Middle Dorset (200 B.C. to A.D. 500)

Attributes:... Thin; rectangular closed socket; self-bladed; flattened

cross-section on the dorsal surface from the base to the

line hole; a "waisted" profile (i.e., seen face-on they are

distinctly narrower medially); notched base forming two

strong symmetrical spurs

Length: 6 to 7 cm

Material: Ivory


seals

Locations:... Igloolik; Lake Harbour; Native Point

Page 34


Type name: . Dorset Parallel

Culture: Early, Middle and Late Dorset (700 B.C. to A.D. 1000)

Attributes:... Flat; closed socket; transverse line hole; deeply notched

base forming two sharp symmetrical spurs

Length: 4 to 9 cm

Material: Antler, ivory

Function:.... Hunting walrus as well as small to medium size sea

mammals

Locations:... Bache Peninsula; Igloolik; Lake Harbour; Mill Island;

Native Point; Port Refuge; Saatut

Comments:.. This is one of the most common and longest-lived Dorset

types , ^

Page 35


Type name: . Dorset Type G

Culture: Late Dorset (A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000)

Attributes:... Thin; paired line-holes which join on the ventral side of

the harpoon head; end-blade slot perpendicular to the

axis of the line hole; deeply notched base forming two

sharp symmetrical spurs

Length: 4 to 7 cm

Material: Antler, ivory



Locations:... Bache P e n i n s u l a ; B u c h a n a n ;

Igloolik; Mill Island; Port Refuge;

Resolute

Comments:.. This is a widespread type, found at

L a t e Dorse t s i t e s t h r o u g h o u t

Nunavut. Similar but self-bladed

harpoon heads are called "Dorset

Type F."

Page 36


Type name:. Dorset Type Ha


Attributes:... Thin; open socket flanked by lashing grooves; self-bladed

Length: 6 to 11 cm

Material: Antler


seals

Locations:... Crystal II; Ekalluk River; Igloolik

Page 37


Type name: . Dorset Type J


Attributes:...Thin; laterally-placed line hole; self-bladed

Length: 6 to 11 cm

Material: Antler

Function:.... Hunt ing small to medium size sea mammals , and

possibly harpooning fish

Locations:... Button Point; Crystal II; Igloolik

Page 38


THULE HARPOON HEADS

Thule harpoon heads were first studied in the 1920s by Danish

archaeologist Therkel Math iassen , who created the number

designations still used for the most common types (e.g., "Thule

Type 2"). As a group, Thule harpoon heads have a number of

distinguishing features. Thule craftsmen made extensive use of the

bow drill unlike their Dorset predecessors, and holes created with

that implement tend to be circular and exhibit striations. This

distinguishes them from the gouged, oval Dorset culture holes. End-

blade slots on Thule harpoon heads are usually narrower than those

found on Dorset harpoon heads because Thule end-blades were made

of flat materials such as slate or metal, rather than of flaked stone.

Finally, the lashing on open-socketed Thule harpoon heads was

looped through cut slots or through drilled holes opening on either

side of the socket, or simply wrapped around sunken lashing beds.

Over time, the use of cut slots diminished, to be almost completely

replaced by the use of drilled lashing holes.

Page 39


type name: . Thule Type 1

Culture: Classic and Postclassic Thule (A.D. 900 to A.D. 1600)

Attributes:...Thin, open socket, with single asymmetrical spur; no

barbs; self-bladed.

Length: 6 to 11 cm; average 8 cm

Material: Most specimens are made of antler

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size sea mammals

Locations:... Clachan; Crystal II; Naujan; Nunguvik; Tunngatsivvik

Comments:.. In published specimens the socket lashing is most often

beds or drilled holes, r a t h e r than cut slots. Most

specimens do not exhibit decoration.

Page 40


Type name: . Natchuk

Culture: Early Classic Thule (A.D. 900 to A.D. 1000)

Attributes:...Thin, open socket, with single asymmetrical spur; one

lateral barb opposite the spur; self-bladed


Material: Antler is the preferred material

Function:.... Hunt ing small to medium size sea

mammals

Locations:... Kuk; Maxwell Bay; Naujan; Resolute

Comments:.. All specimens recorded from the

Canadian Arctic have either lashing

slots or lashing beds. Most exhibit no

decoration.

Page 41


Thule Type 2

Page 42


Type name: . Thule Type 2


Attributes:... Thin, open socket, with single asymmetrical spur; two

lateral barbs; self-bladed


Material: Most are made of antler, followed by ivory; very few are

made of bone

Function:.... Because of the potential fragility of the barbs, it has

been suggested that this type was used for open water

hunting of small to medium sized sea mammals, and

not for hunting seals through their breathing holes.

Locations:... Bache Peninsula; Belcher Islands; Brooman Point;

Clachan; Crystal II; Kuk; Lady Franklin Point; Lake

Harbour; Learmonth; Malerualik; Mitimatalik; Naujan;

Nunguvik; Porden Point; Port Refuge; Qaummaarviit;

Qilalukan; Rankin Inlet; Resolute; Silumiut; Truelove

Lowland; Tunngatsivvik

Comments:.. Along with Thule Type 3 harpoon heads, this type is

represented in almost every Thule site assemblage.

Approximately one-quarter of published specimens

exhibit incised Y-decoration. The socket lashing is most

often cut slots, followed by drilled holes. Late variants

have an i n s e r t e d end-b lade e i t h e r pa ra l l e l or

perpendicular to the line-hole; these specimens usually

have drilled lashing holes and no decoration.

Page 43




Attributes:... Thin, open socket, with single asymmetrical spur; no

barbs; inserted end-blade parallel to the line-hole, non-

waisted profile, oval cross-section


Material: An t l e r example s a re mos t

common, followed by ivory and

bone


mammals

Locations:... Bache Peninsula; Belcher Islands;

Brooman Poin t ; C l a c h a n ;

C u m b e r l a n d Sound; Kuk;

Learmonth; Malerualik; Maxwell

Bay; Naujan; Nunguvik; Porden

Point; Qaummaarviit; Qilalukan;

Rankin Inlet; Resolute; Silumiut;

Tunngatsivvik

Comments:.. As with Thule Type 2 harpoon

heads, this type is represented in

a lmos t every Thu l e s i te

assemblage.

Page 44


type name: . Sicco

Culture: Early Classic Thule (A.D. 900 to A.D. 1000)

Attributes:... Thin, open socket, with single asymmetrical spur; no

barbs; inserted end-blade parallel to the line-hole; a

"waisted" profile (i.e., seen face-on they are distinctly

narrower medially); a hexagonal cross-section, incised

decoration


Material: Most specimens are made of

ivory; antler and especially bone

examples are much less common

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size

sea mammals

Locations:...Bache P e n i n s u l a ; Brooman

Point; Maxwell Bay; Naujan;

Resolute

Comments:.. Sicco ha rpoon h e a d s a r e a

distinctive sub-type of Thule

Type 3. They are characteristic

of the very earliest Thule sites

in N u n a v u t and Green land .

Spec imens exh ib i t i ng t he

waisted profile and hexagonal

cross-section characterist ic of

Sicco harpoon heads but without

t he inc ised decora t ion a r e

sometimes called "Sicco-like."

Page 45



Culture: From Classic Thule through Historic times (A.D. 900 to

the present)

Attributes:... Thin, closed socket, with single asymmetrical spur; no

barbs; inserted end-blade


Material: More t h a n half of the specimens

examined are made of bone, followed

by ivory; only 11% are made of antler


mammals

Locations:... Bache Peninsula; Belcher Islands;

Brooman Po in t ; C l a c h a n ;

C u m b e r l a n d Sound; Kuk;

Learmonth; Nunguvik; Porden Point;

Por t Refuge; Q a u m m a a r v i i t ;

Q i l a l u k a n ; Reso lu te ; S i l u m i u t ;

Tunngatsivvik

Comments:.. The name "Thule Type 4" is really

correct only for examples with the

end-blade perpendicular to the line-

hole; however, examples with the

end-blade parallel to the line-hole are

equally common.

Page 46



Culture: Postclassic Thule into Historic times (A.D. 1400 to A.D.

1600)

Attributes:... Flat, closed socket, with two basal spurs; no barbs but

inserted end-blade parallel or perpendicular to the axis

of the line hole

Length: 6 to 13 cm; 9 cm

Material: Most are made of bone

Function:.... Hunting small to medium size

sea mammals

Locations:... Belcher Islands; Cumberland

Sound; Lady Frankl in Bay;

N a u j a n ; Po rden Poin t ;

Q a u m m a a r v i i t ;

Tunngatsivvik

Comments:.. This type clearly was modeled

on the Dorset Parallel type.

The fact that the Thule did not

m a k e th i s type before

Pos tc lass ic Thu l e t i m e s

suggests that they may have

modeled it on Dorset harpoon

heads recovered from ancient

Dorset sites.

Page 47


Whaling harpoon head

Page 48


Type name: . Whaling


Attributes:... Thin, closed socket, with single asymmetrical spur; no

barbs; end-blade perpendicular to the line-hole.


Material: Almost all examples are made of bone; none are made

of antler

Function:.... Hunting bowhead whales

Locations:... Brooman Point; Mitimatalik; Naujan; Porden Point;

Resolute

Comments:.. Whaling harpoon heads are typologically identical to

Thule TyP e 4 harpoon heads except t h a t they are

substantially larger in size

Page 49


Page 50


HARPOON HEADS TODAY

Following the arrival of Europeans in Nunavut, the rifle came

to supplement the harpoon as the most important implement used

to hunt sea mammals. Inuit, however, continue to use harpoons in

the harvesting of seals and whales. There are obvious similarities

between harpoon heads used by contemporary Inuit hunters and

those made and used by their Thule ancestors, although the modern

specimens are often made entirely of metal.

PROTECTING NUNAVUT'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

Archaeological sites and artifacts in Nunavut provide a cultural

anchor for contemporary Inuit and, for the rest of the world, a unique

perspective on over 4000 years of arctic human history. However, as

in other parts of Canada, Nunavut's archaeological resources are

threatened by both natural and cultural forces. As a result, all

archaeological sites in Nunavut are protected by laws which prohibit

the unauthorized disturbance or removal of artifacts or other objects.

If you are a resident ofNunavut or a visitor, please do your part to

preserve Nunavut's cultural heritage for future generations.

Page 51

Ancient Harpoon Heads ofNtinavut

GUIDE TO FURTHER READING

Ind iv idua ls i n t e r e s t ed in r ead ing more about, N u n a v u t

archaeology are encouraged to consult the following works:

Fagan, Brian M.

1995 Ancient North. America. Thames & Hudson, New York.

Maxwell, Moreau S.

1985 Prehistory of the Eastern Arctic. Academic Press ,

Orlando.

McGhee, Robert

1990 Canadian Arctic Prehistory. Canadian Museum of

Civilization, Ottawa.

McGhee, Robert

1996 Ancient People of the Arctic. UBC Press, Vancouver.

Schledermann, Peter

1996 Voices in Stone: A Personal Journey into the Arctic Past.

Komatik Series No. 5. Arctic Institute of North America,

Calgary.

Stenton, Douglas R.

1995 Archaeology Glossary. Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit.

Page 52


GUIDE TO CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS

Individuals interested in obtaining additional information about

Nunavut's archaeological heritage can also contact:

Inuit Heritage Trust Incorporated

P.O. Box 2080

Iqaluit, Nunavut Territory XOA OHO

Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre

Box 1320

Yellowknife, Nunavut Territory X1A 2L9

Canadian Museum of Civilization

Archaeological Survey of Canada

100 Laurier Street

P.O. Box 3100, Station B

Hull, PQ J8X 4H2

An attractive 70 x 30 cm, full colour poster showing photographs of

17 different harpoon heads on the front and descriptive text on the

back is available from the Inuit Heritage Trust Incorporated and

Parks Canada - Pangnirtung Office. The cost is $15.00 including

postage and handling.

Page 53


Page 54

ANCIENT HARPOON HEADS OF NUNAVUT:

AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE

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ppknp.

tfttiA" SA<r"

o_<rkklc_c3JP \bdAc (o.[>cAc) YbAc-!>< M>o-ro-'b-PVb boPLP

<mr<rkCc_[>bb>c [Balaenus mysticetus) P A P SkcPPc <PPP<]PP, PIPPP

s<ibYbcqbqLC Ydc-<]\Kco._5nb (o_kc_c-<] dd snb) <] rd_.nb kTPo-c rp^nb .

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CV P A P S><rH qbkPLkkc_Pb3qb a N P <]LL 3 l T b APnPPojPPo-b

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' D - j r S ^ i T W (PAAc-P qbo-P'bo-) YdP (a.kc_V) b A P l k P P <]LL Yo-P0o_-

k k P f P ô_Ac <JPYVc-, A ^ ^ D r " boAVP qdcric3M,a-, bCVdAc SASk

Ac CAY PCPbCk<PPbPLP. bCVd SAiP AUnPc_\JPb <3dPc3c

kPo_o-<_PbPb Cape York- \JcrPbC[>P. <][><qc-c PL_D \ A T V S A C

APrPnCk<PPYLP, <1LLJ PIPC3JC CkqbP'YC[>L/<;b3<;b<c_[>qb3nb.

i>onnjc o.joPr^n^rc

i>b3nndc Q.ôpppn^r0 qbkPkkp\jp YdAc ( aP f f i i>b3fuc

i>b3qbci>c-[><;b3nb. o.M>nnjc i>b3nnjc nnpbck<rb3c N P I APbbP>c

CPo-Uo-b, ^<r , bD<r%<r b <]LL A ^ c P W . A c CV\c-n_P Ac3Vbdc W V

LTPDl* 75

bbDqbAc ( c ^ D W ) MOPT

frOTOfT, PC bAc-HC AcAPC < ] P \ A P V b , »*<?jV c AbPA°>-bC <^Po-°>-bcrb.

CMJUCC CM bcrwpccy <oqbc[>p\jNJC ATbd'p,nb [>xc&c t,nLLorc

A^bCDnCD^n1" <1P PC c L o ^ r W - P ' a.Ja.AqbPbPC[>o-<]s~,Oc bbd< (o.I>cl><)

P ^ D c P b c r b Nccr W I M W , Cdbb[>nPLOc bbdAc (a[>cAc) <iCMPc.

<Dfppc <M_J So.PLa-^rv aj<TbTN!rrbrc

A ^ L ^ P C ^ sbdAc (aDcff)

WK*CW1 J P OAVSO- qbÂci)^PnJc qbt>P7DdVL.C DPO^C^Dr

AcCVbc-n_P-Jc. <lDflYV o j c W M P f * bbd< Vbp7qb>c W L ^ W ^ V

ACVa-^PAP >*<j*d-c A C V ^ r V V f l J ' CAbdo-%L bbd^c

<][>(_cncn<]PC[>x bDr<T^c. CALAH ^ J , Gnw^jf O ^ T ^ M I M * ><w\n>c:

3 m sbdJc dHffPVU* AAqbJc, <r<iqbv%rc bvncnpvqbDa-b a-vnp

AJ<]crc-qb<c, <1LL_. A ^ W A r M i CC-HJS' ÂPAD>a-<]qb3rb. CALAbb J<lq bnCJ,

y/\c bqbp7pvqbDsb <ia-Ca- \>xcc A^c-^pnPL^cr, <ia>PTb VPCMCM

<r<]qbPW* PL AWKMi <]CDP[>PVqb3r D " € i V LqPPVqbDnb, Cbd<l

CALAbbj<i*n*JPC sbJ< o.^c.^ 03qbc[>cn<]pnrNj<iQqbc^pc. C A K A V

0P^P c3cr b CLcrbPPbPVL bbdcrb la>C.Vb) b a x T c r l ) ^ A<-qbdPcr L<rb3J

>*?_iVc ALrbdc APLba- <Dqb3J, Cbd<] CAWWb*>£ b a P L m V

aj>ObPN!n<rb.

b P f l x V d ^ J o-Cf\C W U J C , bbd PD>c_qb) ^qba.<]qbqbDqb > * < j r V

. o X P i V j f . Cbd<] CALAC3C bbdAc (a,[>Âc) CAzl><?b>c 3r>3AVc- c ' .

pp<w, po.qbvqbbrb w t j PCC <iPCPVsbDrb) ALrbdc SAC-HO-"

<1qbpbPA0<>bDro-c. \bdAc ciyô KAC-M" p - p f m c 3 r b t>7SLrb

<1qbPbPA[>d0-Qqb3rcr(:, PC <1%Lcrb, 3Lbo7crb, <]LL [>_>bbcrb, P L J © • © W R 1 1

a.bxAc <]LL M>d-C, E>T3VC 3bc , <]LL <]PoPPLALLc, bASPA0 (P\A> <][>Ocrc,

LWOU* 76

b\DqbAc (o.[>oD';bAc) JJCL^T

SAciÂc bCVdAc, bAb>Ac ^nCOa-bJAR bAe-0^ 'A"bJ<\J>e ' . b X J c

<ILL 3<]jc A^bnqVLAnb » « < J V C r p v n q Y L R n b

<ILL paqbqbnc[>p<rb3nbt

«LL^> CAbd<] bbdAc (a[>c_Ac) 3crc

<Dqb<bCrcAPc <l^ro-qbqb3c 1 cm-

Tc nPc3J 2 c m - J c , <K_> 3<-c

<]3qb<bCra-°bPc 0°bPa-qbP,1Qqb3c 5

cm-crb »<Rj>Vc T V ^ V L o f l

CV bbd'< ( Q . ^ ^ ) bAcHC

^ P ' C C Y L a H <!LL A ^ A H

Cd^J a.ô>P^C[><;bC[>P'0bJc>qb

<!Ac3qbCl>c-c iALLC. bAc-H

c>rv)

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(afreO*) b A c ^ b W ^ A<rbl>-

DA*b?onb. <irpc bbdAc (^[>eAc)

b a - ^ b V " W bAc-qAqbqb>c

PRo- Cbd<] bAcAPc O J ^ c ^ X

>*<f_iVc bAbbt>cA>nb <]LL «a>pT b

bYLYcr\ T P ^ V ><]J<]qbqA[>cr<]qbi)Vb.

SAcH t>3_d

T V b V b R <]LL >3PLAo-bAc-M, fc^b*

bAaH bASbb

L Y V j ' c r 6 >3qbqb3flb >C3LJC >3b

4 F

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<u3AVdo.j. cbd<] bbdbb^b-[>^c (o.[>c.bba.b-[>^c) <][>c_cn"A<]Cc_[>qRc qb^nr

<JMV<rL>LC <]LL.o V ^ A C H C - ^ M J C 0PV; bbdAc VbvAqb) b^b-tYL^

4TAJ>< bCVVcr" AcVbqbbbAb>c, o.AVbbo-b 0LL AYcrqbbcrb <3PV\KC .

3bc Cd J P C , bbdAc V tVA c ) 3b\JV>nb bcRbYLdA CPCcrb PaVqb3a-b

« r b A D c , Cbd<] b^RLa-M 1 0 Lc-3AVRC bdRVC CMiqb3<V<ba-b. <1PC

WW j 7

\bcD%Ac ( c ^ D W ) W > T

LY^DR 78

Q.oaTTNC^NJV A C . Y V v d ^ (Q.I>CV) So-ô^ro-v C L T "

Ac-qbdPsbsbnr rcDx»c, Do-^cwcn j j A C Y ^ } j f i k .

\bdr (Q.I>C.T) <IP:XM <]cr>dbJc ^ U o J W & y * L « ? V <irp>WAj>vc

<lPqbqb3c <KTl b PV \^La-SqbC[>LLC... Cbd<] \bdAc (o.[><_Ac) <IP<ro_Vb

<rbvsqbct>LL.c i^j cqciqb"Dnnjc c ^ m D S , «LLo <]p<indc W L X C

<]pc-o_v^bc[>n^rc3(:.

P\A> <\{]%l [>qbqbd>LLc, PVbV-T W - j f l " A^bnqbPL°>c >'<jaerc

Y V S M . j n k [^S.[>dVOc Sbd< (afrc-M S A c - ^ b ^ <]qbPdLV<!qbDcrb.

AdLQ_sb>qb, cbd<] A P Y V <i°bPcrqbb[>ncnbd<iqbDrcr[> bDc <ILL ALLqb a-qdn^c

<]o^ppn^ct>ssAVbsra-[>^qbt < K cqbL-bncna-sbM> o-_D. s w io.[>cAc)

PVAc-c bo-C^ >PI><*C%D"LUr c w r ^ W ^ P c f . <!LL » <!DqbC[><PVbDnb

3d-c P N r Y V 0LL^> W (AÂC / V Y V ) , bLaa.°>q\ SbdAc

PVAqbqbcCPVqbDrcr[>n^Pc, <3\W bh c Ac.Vbdc ^ J W < V R C PVAPb-L / \w»orJ e . cbd<] cdRpnra-DAat>L/qb3c Ad_vbdc <nqbqbnc»Aj>c ? V A C

AL'n_sbPRrcDo-b'.

>d.< OC- L, aRn_ic irobwcw*. JAA&Y* «a>vqJc y<j,-&c

<1C[>P[> PC3JC AbPqAbJc, KkJ< («.>e.><) AJ4J<OO-. Cbd<! >n*Tc

« L J P C \ K W . 0LL^PC[>^LJnb &*<j,V£ qd<Nl\lVqj<r, L<rbDJ SCL-

^ N i n r V U . A0>-bPAc-qbqb%bo>c A''PqAc AcCn-HVL^: ARqAD<]c-c, LqPaa-b

ARbAc-c, <]LL Sbd< Sc^C A ^ t N « U c ARqA<-c. <JOVTb X V W P A'RsAc-c

A R W C Ka-s.Jb <K,nbPbdc POPIAX, ALLqb Kbd< (aJ>eJ>*) CPaH < A J J

AM,P<]qbn J J , <]C0P'^LVc W - U * nPcDJ AP<]a-c (P ' j , Se-). >*<Jaa-c

Tnqb<P<]cr <]P^bC D^<]cAbqb (Pqo, Dcrc). Lq?Vb ARqA<rc W i C ba.cr<]Jc

\bdTbAc Ut>OqbAc) . oa^T

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<K~.[>PTb A''P\A<rb \bd (o.f>cbb) So-Jc A b ' V * A''PqA^b

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>DPL^nb AWA.cWL>c, AcrbLf1bbPLr_)nb \bd< (o.>t><) So- C A^PXPUJA

bbdAc (<xLVAc) Ab>Wc-b A X A X AbAa-X[>bAb>c CA b doM c <]C[>PTb

>*<?jVc L?Vb AWAc-V.

'<rcDc' <1LL 21VVC' W/Jc UPcffl

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bbdcrb (CLOCV"), L C X J AWAft cd^LMi*. <]rcDc SbdAc (crbVAA Pc-Vb<qbqb>c

Sa-Jc K\)r'Wo-b O y - l AyÂ>Loc <M-^ \bdAc (a.[>oAc) SOcrXCIVXJX

CV P c V X X CAbaXAV1 ATMAUC Ao-X. KbdAc (a.[><_Ac) K V W P

LVVZX 19

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A^bJ0 A'^qAqbqbDc bcD<rbqbC[>P:\Jt><:.

DW ^ d * (Q.>«L><) JqA%b AP<]C q Pf l % U c AJc-DqbPL'>qb, C V A ^ P V d ^ J

ji'XU AAqbJc. LqPc-_3<]C[>t>b \ b d ^ c ( o - ^cV ) D ' ^ r < \ j A j ' s i b : <]d-qbDqb 0LL

qdqPt>qYLPqb.

qdqPt>PfVLPc DqAc Ac_^LflqbC[>o-dc>qb >*<J,VC >C3LJC >Db-[Vdc>qb

\bd< (o.l>e.l><) AP<!C q P n ^ U c <lLLo ' N M J T J P i Y M * CdbM>^Pc_c. Cbd<]<r

Dcrc > c Dn q b^P C Xcr [><xTV, \bd°TC (<x[>c>PC) ^ D P - D V P<<o.boCDcrb

3qAc-0qbPL<>c, qdqP[>qbC[>Pra-qb q P^JbJ c . CbdO qdqP»PfVLPc \.bdAc (a_\>cN:)

b^b[><>bDrcrc JcYP <]LL AJYP A ^ c - ^ C ^ C X c r 0 > C D L J C qbA">q bco^nb .

Cbd<]<- J>qAYc <]drqbDc P<<n.LcfcDrb qdqP[>qbC[>PLc>c \bd'< ( a f r c M

AP<]C qPf1°"bdc V W V L j f l * . C V J M , AAqbJc bt>frAt>cr<]qiOJc.

L'A^L* 20

VcDW (<^DqbAc) JH&T

LWbDLqb 21

V D W (CLÔDW) -DQ-^T

I)qAV Cdbbqb. bbd< (aJ>e.fr«) i>qAV P<<n_[>b- PVqbDqb >*<J>*o-c

<]bL^PC[>PU-><7-, <]LL > Ad_Vbdc \ [ W P V A V \ K q b . Cbd<1 i ) s ^P c T-

VMVJ^:)6.

JX&T sbdAc VEVAC) vbt>qbbqb:>rcrc iw r -Tc f - pd<io-<r, w v i y

Aa-P^0<T<]qbDrb AAqbJc.

SbdAc V[VAC) i)qA<rc <]d-qbDo-b o-rqAqbn.<lqbqbDc CV \bd (aJ>C*)

AAqbJc K A a P a V I J J a-q^fl[>< a- qPW ^ X l c ^ P V U c - . DbDAc A<C>PC

<3LL_D dqbbAc o-rqbd^c[>bôt>qb3, cbd<"onb a-rwrnj1. F ^ V

>D^PHJC DWVC W)J e . (THAC-POO- <ldc-LLa.b A<-n_o_qb>qb, <M_^ Sa>l>-

f T j P 0 <DqbC[>nV,PV>acrc PS3AVn3]qbqcrqb\[>Vc. Cbd<1 a-r qAY c

AJ(r[>PnPLV<]bVP\Kc, <3LL > A<LVbdc a - r W 1 PSVP^CIVVV. bbdAc

V[>oAc) LqPVb AVPcrV>Vc >DPLPcrb crrqA<TC bqbP^b^b>c I)<V

Aqdnr<r3qb^rv.

<r<«

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bbd rc (Qj>c>Pc) Lqpvb «PVWO; ivc \bdvc (Q.[>C>PC) <]ci>pqrb <r<iqb^bDc.

<r<ic AVn-^bcov <PPCCI>VWC "svpc[>a-<]q^nb". a-vnc^ w w

b ^ n d ^ j j , CVL a-vn^ T L V O W V \>*<s&c ^ v v d w •wW-Lo1

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<]LL^, 0Pqb^PcDcr, APVJC <]J3AVci!7qbDqb CRTbVVVC a-Nflfr* crTÛo1

[>a7\JLLC <]bL CV ^cPM, .oAPIA-li AV q AVV, >o.< <PfKj4<r

L<AqbDLqb 22

VdDqbAc (o.[>oDqbAc) J X ^ T

<PD<c-b A ' J U X T " <P<rrLtrb <r<3<rb.

sbdJc (Q.[>c-qJc), bnc:>nb crxrLC o . n v u <]LL O ^ L C J P C ^ L \bd_ic

( C L O C ^ ) ' S V P O A j y ' - P"AD SV%Lc-qb3cr [>o-bDo-. K V V L i l J J AP°HJC

<UDAW<M<rb bl'MVrLP 0LL CALALLC afV\J>q b o - ^ f l ^ TALC A^< r .

\bdAc (o.t>oAc) AcVbdc ObcbdLAJ'>c qbt>M^[>^nqbc-qbDnb <lLcVLo-YV.

ALLqb OdO <]bcCbPc o.VI>(r,iVI>?CI>c>c CANLoM. W H r V «LL O ^ X a - V .

bo-sd0 b A c - w c - Dpqbqbnci>^[>qbdqr^c. O L L ^ qd<Lo- oqbt>c[>AL L C - O J

A J I * aNAc, Cbd<] <Tc5 b W (a.l>Âc) PAb-t>APc 3Pqb^t>qbdqr^c.

L<AqbDbqb 2 3

SbdD%Ac (a. f rOW) JBO^T

LWOU* 24

SbdD';bAc (o.[>oOqbAc j2>T

j /woo- 1 ftvt'j/i' fcvvwo-;

LfA^DU* 25

^ ' -CKWLVM'V o - j ^ r w r qb[>7>[VLdc Ac>rv sbd<r dOcV) ATbdc b doi>qbDbM>,>c >*<j"d-c <]d%rvb A^bdnqbqbDnb

<ILL^> D T V ^ C A qd<NL'W lOcr\ <]LL "Y"-\J<lcrb T ^ J k V L y A^sAM,.oc Lc-OP, <ILL^

OAKY" Oa-°bbi7qb3nb. YdAc (Q.I>CAC) <]bcVL7c A C b ^ ^ f V Dd-C

d ^ v ^ r v - f v «LL.J OO-V, cbdrc : w Yd<-<]rd-c (a.[>c.<r<]rdrc) <rci)na-b qp^jwwionb. o<-c

sbj<r<ir<rTt' ( a ^ ^ r a ^ n <]bcVL.dc AObbdVM^ D<-C pMv^ro-Y'o-900-1200 iW Ai>dLc-qbfl7>d.

sbdDqbAc (o.[>o:nAc) *CJ>T

ALVC %<L%W<re <LL^> A'CVWAW J><L>T SVcr' (a.Oc.V) SoVM/>VCVAVc

LWDL^ 26

1. Lady Franklin Bay 2. Bache Peninsula 3. Port Refuge; Porden

Point 4. lYuelove Lowland 5. Brooman Point 6. W A ' D * 7. Maxwell Bay 8. Bettison Point 9. Learmonth

10. _o\JAb; SCDC

11. Button Point

i2.rcnLOb; r^j-tf 13. Ekalluk River 14. Lady Franklin Point 15. Clachan 16. L<rP<lc-b

17. A^c-b

18. a.0kc

19. db

20. ^ r i> c

21. V f * * c V 22. Native Point 23. Mill Island

24. n ^ p w 25. Crystal II; WLA";

SO^l/VA" 26.PTPC

27. So-Pj-a' W ^ M *

SbdDqbAc (cxtVDW) M&T

Od<] C L ^ O X Y P L X bbdcrb (o_[>cVb) ACqbLdVbM>^(Tb Q.cr I><,bDcrb

V L V M V V -£>Q-'>C A^<]cr. n W ^ t Y L c - ' M ^ Ac>Pc qbqLqbqAr6-c a ^ o W l X qbÂcDo-b WbcjyLMiC ( Q - O C ^ ^ L M X I ) , L<rbDPc â>J<]c, a n ^ X - X

PP<]<r [>qb<rLqbDc DPd^VPVa-<]qbDc qbÂOcrqL>LC b a - W l X .oaX AXlcr.

ATd ,bDc I <LLo D6-c t">c-VC SbdXc (o.>cM,c)

Cbd« ADqb»<L\Nc bbdAc (a.D>cAc) C L O - W I X qbchVt>^>c <\LL, <3Yqbqa/lb

Sbdcrb (o.t>cVb) V b T c r V P\Jcr<]<r Ddrc ^ V V V 0LL " W , ACbbd^PcP

\>*<j>"&c AC q bbP°XJ c A L r bd c d.LLPb[>PaaqbXb <]flqbqbnCt>Pb>Pc_c.

L<AqbDbqb 27

\bdJqbAc (a.[>c_DqbAc) ^<L> c r

Ae»<W: ATd>Dc I (2300 RfOJ 1800 Wt A^^VLo-^^flVJ)

Q. Q. rV/?Vc;..<irc0(:, AÂH D ^ L J J C>vLbKAV SLNb; <lC0PTb

<r<ic-b, drvrfVLbô^ A ^ A U C \<T<UC; bAc- u bwicoboqb

, AÂUC DPOcrO*.

OVU 6 nfOJ 9 cm; ALAL^b0c 20 cm

P/WlX* . %* 0LL aNb

<jjn%c: <]\wnr<rqb rp^nv <),

CALAc0c \bdc (aO<_Ac) \VPVfcDc APO* A^<]cr,

dPHaOKI* [>a-JVbDc. CVDw" CVPVHÔ*

bbd (a[>Lb) t ^b lVLL .DO.^ A^dcr.

LWOL* 28

\b<DqbAc (c^T'bA0) JKL^T

\M£F>L%*: 3o-c r ^ V ^ M * (1900 nPcDJ 700 JVP A^[>qVLcr<PbfraJ)

w i > A w v i ; <ircDo^nb, i ) w c <]a-qioc crrmqbonb; Lqpvb rppvb

<Rk-b; y>0AV<r\ «C[YTb , <1LL A<LV, LqPV\ 0PVS b

CP<r% 9 HPc0J 11 cm

<jjn%c: ^ J o v r i r v " rp^ricrc <]cTa.Td.oc

ALTDCa-S AJ<riorb o.cnv.

o.r[>LL%L';b:.... Bettison Point; ASob; Port Refuge

A W A / y C V Dd-C P '>Vq b<°bP^ c \ a V

LWJP" 29

w w (Q.t>oD,bAc) ^ y r

A^y/v.- D<TC ^ v b o r c (1900 OPCOJ 700 rvv A^[>q7Lcr<]qbrraJ

%/>AA>/>WVC: <irci)^nb, jqA°7c <id-^rcDc, oco^r" <Nqbqbonb; ^>c>DAV<rb

C7VU 6 0PcDJ 9 cm

<jjn%c: « \ w n r c r b rpvo-c <idaQ.qp^c ALqn>Ccrc

Locations:. Ekalluk River; A_j<rb; Port Refuge; Truelove Lowland

LvVOU* 30

Sb<DqbAc (Q.t>o3qbAc) JML>T

O W o . n b Z>d-C / V , b < Y V 0 L L^ _ W C A ^ r V t V ^ , 36-c

o-i>qb3nqbv°br,-Lc. CL°-Q. A J J , :V C S W C (o.»c>rc) >D*-rc y w c ^ j y , <]LL^ 3crc A W A Y * <L jPCI>^LDAV b > c . <3LL_>PCcon_[>a.nb. C L V t A V

A^nr J J _vc s w c _VA^PC W F V W C p<<a.vb\[>r>c <]LL^

DP<r<lVbM>\jnb.

rp^hc 3<rc sbd^rc (<rt>c>pc) Ac_vbdc ba-b-iYL.^ < ] Y a - v \ i ^ c <c tVT b

LVA4.V p<rroo-b. cbd<L>ri.<rMx:, <]LL^ «\wc>^cc,b<vb-PcDnb.

L<AqbDbqb 31

\bdDqbAc (a.[>c_0qbAc) iXL>T

zj<-^/uc Da-c /yc , bor c (700 ivd A^[>qYLa-<rbnvj OPCOJ 200 rW A^^^VLo-d^fl^J

W^>/>\r?V^<rcDe; VVL^ b " ^dWriPLxV jqAc-c; SAc-<AU L<-YLvqb

AYWm.Dc; SVfTVW* A'"P\AMC a.dJc; LW ^Pc i)Vb

<rbqb>

CPc-% 3 0Pc0J 8 cm

aXrv: «\Ja.p'cocxa-qb rp^no-c ^ J V P ^ ALTKCY

Locations:. Bache Peninsula; Ekalluk River; ASrb ; PLTPC; Native

Point; .o\JAb

LSTOl* 32

VcDW (Q.t><_3qbAc) ^ ^ T

Ac^JM L'Q. AJDAC <]LL AJDA11 l ^ c -Y 1 D<rc (200 >H

A i ^ v L o - ^ n v j npcDJ 500 PW Ai»PLc-qbrr_>j)

^WOAWV^: orci)^nb, i) w 1 <^PCJ-C, <3ciYTb <r<rvbDnb; opqbvnb;

SAcH iMJVVW* A^WW.

CAVU 4nPcDJ6cm;

PrfWlSJ*: . i)lqb

<D/?UC.- <3\wn,[vb rp^'na-c <W^P^.DC ALLT[>Ca-b

Loca^:o»«:.AS^b ; PLrPc; VOc

LWDU5" 3,3

%J>2F>z.^* o.^b rjp<Jc ,pnti*\J4c

/ j ^ V / V 3o-c TfKkr (200 PJP A^t>qbfTaJ 0PcOJ 500 >H

AWLc-^n^j)

W ^ A V / P R orcoc; p<<n.>ôrb ~PAe-c; 3AaQ.<rb; ^ r v w b P

Q. Q>pcct>npxc Y S U J " < r v b w v b .

C/VU 6 nPcDJ 7 cm

PrfWLNj*: . 3Lrd-c

<D/W.- Ca_0T[>Ccrb rppno-b <PL odVpNV o-qpnLP<]pnrd-c,

Locations:. Ajcb ; PLrpc; Native Point

LWOP 34

SbdD%Ac (a_[><OqbAc) M & T

%ÂcDLL%Lqt: Da-11 DMVA.C

Ac-qtJ/W D&c r ^ c - C W 1 , Tn<6-CDC, 4LL P M V K N P b C t ^ (700

npc3J 1000 Ws A^c^vLc-<]qbn^j)

WAf-AVr/Yv >bPc0c; DÂMi A^<r[>qVLvqb; A V W >DVbi)b;

A^[>qYLxVb < r W O c

cTVU 4 0PC3J 9 cm

P/KPtM,*: . a!"\b <]LL i)bqb

<7AW- <lAAVbDqV[>c <]LL <]dttd-rvo-b o-<Yrio-b ALT[>Co-b.

a.n>LLW":.... Bache Peninsula; ASob; PLrpc; Mill Island; Native

Point; Port Refuge; \JC

i>%W\Ac: D>o. cLcrV[>bvc>J>qb 0 LL <ldo-[>c:b D<rV <]jqbCl><>bDra-t;b.

L<AqbDLqb 35

\bcDqbAc (^[>OqbAc) âST

WAFAY/7U: Dd-C -LJC >DbbqbDnb;

b A c - m L X X D W V h ; A.o<r[>q7LX Ln.CVb, AXPDP oFflV.

aprF-lM,"*:.... Bache Peninsula; Buchanan; ffjc1;

Mill Island; Port Refuge; WAcD'a

O W u r ? C\ a.rvL<Jb AObbPX, a.o-yi><,bDqb

0drc P\JVb<r<rc qbqLqbqArXPV .£,7>c

AXl<x. <PKXPC PPOcr \ A c H dC JO-

K W <llTbqb0c " D P qb[>cLb[>^n0bPc

F"

LWOU* 36

v d D W (a.[>0\bAc) <>.!>cr

%ÂcDLL%'b: Dcrc M > > H » ^ n M j H a

d c - W 3<TC P\JVbOrc (900 nPcDJ 1600 >H dLVLc»n J J )

I ^ ^ ^ W Y * « r e i j f i k . i ) w c <]cr bDc w > M . j n * ; . ^ D A W

C/b-U 6 nPc3J 11 cm

P/^0LL%"-. . aNb

cVra 4\j«Jnrv* rp 'no-c ^dvp-w C^TKO-S Ao<PXb

o.env

Locations:. Crystal II; Ekalluk River; i j r b

LWOi;1' 37

LWOL"* 38

TOW (<L><J,bAc) ^TOT

Ac-^PV D&c P M V O r V (900 flPcDJ 1600 rVV A V L C ^ T I J J )

%>H.H>WV*: < r i ) j n b , b.o-TObqb A^rqAc-c; ^DAVcr"

cTVU 6 nPc9J 11 cm; ALAL^bDc 20 cm

PAWLS,*: . QNAC

<D/7UC: qn>cv, <\Li^

ALLqb AWLP'a>^nb

o_r[>LL%qb:.... Button Point; Crystal I I ; A^<rb

"VdJÂ' (o.DO'bA'1) ^<^>T

i)c-c sb<wc (a.»c>rc)

i)<rc ba>rv-pc bbdAb (Q.[>ÂC)

qbi>^qbc[>r<ro'-ic.[><;YL,>c <idPcDrt>c

V j i U V A c C V S ^ ^ M c ^ d " L.n4SaJc, C V bqbFV[>qbdLdqb

<]AcJqbC[>dLvdnYVb de- > ^ r 4Dq baXbLVb (dq^, 5c- qbt>rL>[>N:nH

2). cbd< ATd'qionb, W bQ.yrcrc \bdAc (o.0oAc) <]^p^r cDo-b

qbOrLa.!>nqbqb>c. Dc-C V<?bZ)c O V C c - r ^ X a - l ^ >cDncrb, Cbd4c- Da-C

d ^ V ^ c ^ V L d * 1 CALAcLVb <13qb<cr^PcDc, <1LL y^WL-i" >CJLJC

<0>LoPCcn<]<?[>o-qbSD>d\JLLC <3LL^ qP>qbPVbqb>c. Od< ^ ^ P N i n P ^

Cbda>bc qdqPD>qYLdV Jcrc >3^bCra-YVc . 3<rc S W C (a.[>c>PO b A c ^

d-C bo.<'bCrcr<H-PVc I>A°Q.c«r Jc-C bAc-M10 ba.b-D><Y[>qYLLLC

bcDC[>crqbScrb bASb-Vj>Vc bAc-qbqbjn\ bAcH 4LLa-b ^ ^ P M ^ D n " .

p\ jv q b<rv , o-r^b D ^ L C T bqbPb-qior 5c-c b w c (O.»C>PC) -DAdL<Y_[>qb:>c

5 W V qdqP[>qbCl>o-dx><: >*<f j a6- c > :bMTlJ c a.cc-<]d3AVqb 3 q A U d c , t>«< j>V c

a-rqbC[>dL"3AaQ.<b3a- 5 W f V qdqPD>qbdW^c. A<Tc-<!crqbqbriY>Pc, JqAc

qdqp»qbc»dLYc <D q b c» c nwc?v q b : > ra - c , Aa>Pcct>a-<ic-qJn

b > C D L J C

L<AqbJbqb 3 9

SbcDqbAc (o.freD'bA1) * o . t >T

%ÂcDLL%'b: D<r H»>Mo.>flMi 1

AGV/Y LViC\lc»K* 0LL Mcn<JrVqbSqb 5c- (900-1600 r/7

AVLc-qbnGJ)

aâYVrtYA <ircDc, 5 m <]a-qb0qb, <IC[>PTb Lrv-0qbqb3o-; s1Pqb^PcDqb,

Y>9A"Wb.

<7VVU: 6 - 11 cm; <^PcrqbcYbDc 8 cm.

P/ro-O'L^:.. CLT<J" . ^GYbY OlrVtYh

tfJrtV* <]\WC[>dc V?iJ- <1LL <^d.qPd.oc o-q^fl^c Cr^ThCY.

a.rP-lM,* Clachan; Crystal II; o_t>ba; Dq0blqYAb.

AWAY; C<<r bqbPChâ- 0 W C APqbb<rOPnPLc>c >*<?jad-c >0h[>-

PLY,nb, cbdo s A c - ^ r qdqpoqbci>^p0bLqbonb. C L T < Y sqbpa>^

L<AqbDlqb 4 0

Sb<DqbAc (a.[><OqbAc) J X & T

%MACDLL%"': Q.cSb

Ac-vjfHS La A_DAC <]LL A ^ A C ( ^ r Y c -V c (900 nPcDJ 1000 rVY

Ai.f'Lc^noJ)

%AAA>Av/?Yv<]rci)^nb, r o w 0 Oa-^rns <]C[>dTb <r<].qbqb:>nb; <]pqbqbDa-

<r<M-C <KCo-; SAc-M, <]C^qb

cTb-U 7 PIPOJ 13 cm; ALAb^b3c 10 cm

PrfWlSJ*-. . DbTb WLcrqbSro-[>b-q,Oc

<JDn°-Lc: <]\Ja.PbDqbr'[>c rP^n<rb <]LL <d a aT^<r b

ALTl>Ca-b

^rt>LL%'b:.... K u k ; M a x w e l l B a y ; a»b- c ; qbt>PAcDqb

0%W\Ac: CLqrb j&M\& b a O * [>P[>qbCqbD°>-bo-c

qdqpqbPLâ-b i)qAqbqb>c. C L T < J *

«tc.VL'M,c.e.

L<AqbDbqb 41

V'cDW (o.t>^D%Ac) ^ Q . > T

W (AÂc t">c-Vc) W I » ^ n U 2

LWOl* 42

sbdmAc (a.t><L.mAc) JK&T

%j,£fy-L%'*: b<r ^ r - LYD^ f lM , 2

dc-'VFV i)c-c A-DAC r">c-Apc <1LL Tn<]6-crjc (900 PTOJ 1600 rdd

AodLc-qb(ToJ)

«W.>A\f7V^ <ircDLDflb, IPAY' dd-^rDS <lC[>r/Tb <rdqbqbDflb; dPqbqa.nb;

bAc-T d_LLnqbdLxqb A W N W .

C7VU 7 PlP'DJ 20 cm; ALAbv-T 12 cm

r v w r t * . CLT<ob o.b^rc-odc, AC>PC i)L°bJonb, qbcn.o_Ac b tvoofp.

d3V7Ub dPYC <lcCa.VApV, AdLPb-t>dL'>qb CALAC3C ALo-

d\WCD>dc3ra-[>Pd\pC ALT[>Ccrb rPvPlcr' dd'dTvo' PIP oJ,

<ILL dbobdc d D ^ C K V Y 0 ^

a.n>LL>Ln Bache Peninsula; bo-Pod' W ^ O P ' ; Brooman Point;

Clachan; Crystal II; db; Lady Franklin Point; PTPC;

Learmonth; LoPdVb; rcnLC<rb; o.[>bc; A\JAb; Porden

Point; Port Refuge; W W ; qPoobba; W ' V a - * ; qbI>dAc:)qb;

^Vbc; Truelove Lowland; 3qM,qbdAb

AW'S/Y: AcTVO'WIOoo- iV TOMb^^flApV 3--oc, Co. bbd (oJ>«*)

w ^ W * 5e- axVC^CL/TV. Cdbb[>nC[>vc ALLqb

nbLAb'op' OA'-OP' d c i v ' ^ ducbdL>c 'Y'-\Jdrb. 3 S AT C

bqbpyqb")nb qdqPl>qbdLbvbDc, dOT' >c;>njc >DdLc-onb.

Laa. bt>a-qbbAc bAcH d'qbPbdL>qbr W J < T AvPqA^boc D*d2,Ve

3o^-boo-[>b AÂM,; Odd Aqdfiro-DqbAc >C3LJC >3dWcrb

AyrqAqbd'\Kc <TL dbcbdLo.nb.

L<AqbDbqk 43

O O D W (cLi>cDqbAc) ^ycr

Ac-'W^L' Jcrc rOVTa-' <lLLo P\Te-c (900 nPcJJ 1600 rrV

Ai./Lc-^n^j)

W ^ A V / P ^ M P D ^rp, i ) ^p c <]o-qbDc, <]copqrb <roqbqbDnb; <jpqbvnb; KAc-H d.LLnqbPWSb

A ^ A H - D ' . 'TnW bd>^P c I ) q b " S V ^ 1 ' ^ L o P C ^ M A j t r .

CPa-% 7 nPcDJ 12 cm; ALAL^b3c 9 cm

P/W-ltiJ*:. a.^rd-c ACU^c>J>c, Ac>Pc Db^J^n"

<]LL SI>o-I> j f l " .

<7j/?^: <i\wnr"<rc rPxn<rc ^ V P ^ ALT[>C.r>c

a.n>LL%L':b:.... Bache Peninsula; Belcher Islands,

Brooman Point; Clachan; nV^<lqAb;

db; Learmonth; L_>P<l<rb; Maxwell

Bay; a[>^c; AJAb; Porden Point; qbt>LLqAb; Tc_J

bb<1; W W * :

qbDdAc3qb; ^r\>c; J^bqYAb

P W M ? PY> bbdP13c L W *MM"<TV W L > Ownqbqbo^c 2 - r b , Dc-c Q.Nqb<cCc-b-rv AObq bD c .

L<AqbDlqb 44

bbDqbAc (o.tVDW) xx&T

%j>AcDLL%U;b: Pbd

Ac-"WHf i)c-c P!>vr6-C 0 0 0 npcDJ 1000 > H Ai .PLc-^n^j)

W L P A Y A V ^ « r e i j f i * . i)qA^rc 4*»DC, <ic[>PTb <r<rbqionb; <rbvnb;

SAcH 6_LL.nqVLPqb AVqA^b^c. "TnbqbSbdP-xc" (Plo, b^bo-c

cd\\orc qpn^bJc xr b ba-bJc

<]bc_bPLxqb.

C7V4 7 nPc3J 15 cm; ALAbxbDc 10

cm

P/KP-IM,*: . CLTb cdbb[>nci>pc bo.brcr[>x<:

Dbr^[>b\3rib; o.bxAc <lLLz> <r[>a-c

Az,<lqbDrb ACqbbP^Pa-qbbt>c>c.

<JDP%C: <]%Jo.p'nra-c rPxn<Tc odad.qpx^c

ALTfrCoc

arA'TUx .... Bache P e n i n s u l a ; Brooman

Po in t ; Maxwel l Bay; o.[>bc; qbhPAcDqb

t>%wb\Ac: <\w pbd bbdAc (Q . I>CA C )

o.3c^pcDcr Q.z,^rb)nqbqb>qb "Jc-qbt>Mb[>-Pn^b 3-\J°>qb. Cbd<]

A C q b b x b > c 3 r c P>"<rC

a.Xqb<cCrcr^rV J3Q.!>C AoOcr <1LL

<]dPcDcr. bbdAc TnW b d>x c <JLLz>

bcrbdc q d o b x b q b q b d > ^ n b

o.z>cL^r,'xC[>c>c <mqbqbD^ pbd bbd

( c h c q b ) PPvla- ba-bJ c T ^ J b q b P L x c - b

ubcqb°°>-rcDc PTb <rwonb; <rti>PcDc;

SAcH A^^CO^

C/bAfc 5 nfOJ 12 cm; ALAHbDc 9cm

P/WlA* . <P<'a_J<rbOrc CdbM>(lCI>Pc bt>o-ro-0 c,

Ac>rc Dl\j\^nb; 11% aNrvt»c

<jjnv: <i°>-jQ.Pnrcrc rp^n<rc ^ V T P / ALTKo-b

a.r[>LL°lU;k:.... Bache Peninsula; Belcher Islands; Brooman Point; Clachan; PI^PO"^; db; Learmonth; ; .o\JAb ; Porden Point; Port Refuge;; sbOLLsAc; f^JV,

WA c : r b ; .%r[>c; i^l/VA"

AW",//.- <in>l " > WL^&NfnU 4" d.LLb>qb

pp<ia- i>bi)npoJ cAbdû bAo-Yc

A b P ^ P C So-Sc-^LqbD<rb; PP<]<T<r, AbPqAYc

bAcH-rr L C T - V L ^ CALbbAVSb A C W > C .

LWbDbqb 46

bbDqbAc (o.[>OqbAc) AOST

Ac-"W%C LVc-bt^bA1 1 i)c-c nPc3J A3qb[>o-qbb^c (1400 nPc3J

1600 rVr* AJ6/Lc-qbncA.J)

WAkAYr/Vb bcDc, iÂM V P W M ^ , LqPVb <rWOnb; 4PM^rcDc

Pr<l<r bAc-M, K V M A l P V D * F C 3 V Dfd-oo-.

C/b-H 6 nPcDJ 13 cm; A L A L ^ b D c

9cm

prfwiXj*:. CLT<J' bi>a-ra-i>pc

cyw.- «\wnrd-c rp^no-c ^ d v p ^ ALTD>Ca-b

^rP-tN,*.... Belcher Islands; n.^r<]qAb; Lady Frank l in Bay; a.D>b-c;

Po rden Po in t ; qbl>LLqAc;

i>^LsVAb

[>%[>/kw ><M LC-VL> C Do-c bo.<>bcra-ei-rvb

b°mdc AbPqAqbqb3flb. ^ [ b rLâ -Y c

L<rOrc ALb I)c-C b ^ V ^ P O -

Ta-[>cr0brVb CALAc-'M,Pcrb LVC

Pvv»<%pc npcDrc, APLoqb>qb

Dcrc ^LFALrM^cF Q.a-b-[>crda-b

bbda-b (c^c_Vb) ^ n J O r V ^ O L

LWDL" 47

VtCbA' ( c ^ D W ) ^ T

sv raAc*; </"a/bjqvi>c

L(A,bDL,k 4S

d c - ^ W La AÂC <1LL A_DAC <">C-%PQ Dec (900 HPCDJ 1600 iW

AVLc-^n^j))

wurPim*: <irci)^nb, D W <i<r^rcDc, <ict>r/Tb <roqbbbDnb; «pqbqa.nb;

cYb-U 15 HPCDJ 24 cm; ALAb^bDc 20 cm

p /ww.CLT b cdbM>nci>^c Soxvn1" <DqbDnb si>o-Tb; o.bdro-qbcqb^PcDqb.

<JDfl%c: <]q<'bPbDqbPt>c

cLn>LL%L'b Brooman Point ; r c n L O b ; ^t>Vc; Porden Point; qbl>PAcDqb

A W S z P : CAC) <Pi-qb<^>b>c i)<rc \bd°>-PVb

4-o-b, PP0o-<r ^ 'MV' - 'OAVAS

LWOL* 49

VJDW (o-OoDW) *<J>T

LWDL^ 50

WDW (aD>oDqbAc) j .a .^T

>^f Kbd<r«\K<rs,Oc (c>^<r<\Kc-MOc)

<x»bdLP ALb AUrvt>crqb<[><Pbcrb 4\Ja.Pbn j r <LVP-TP-C<rb a -XOV.

A-otf, PP<lo-<r, <33<ibcCAa:b>c Q.Obdflcrb o f d V f l J P 6 <]LL T ^ j l V ^ n tJ P c .

a.Jd>rcn<iqb3rb ^ r v w bbdAc o ^ r A.bV <DqbCKb:>2P 4LLo

OdboM, ^c-^y _ W Saâ-V, PP<2 LVd b a ^ ^ O ' bASbAVKP'Ob

i.ayr s>v«vb Accvsvk AsdnrL^<rb

qbsLqbqArboqbAc < M _ . AccvbAc Pa.bdnrd-c jtoST Ac-qbdPqbnjc pst>np-

v\>°>c t ^ r A ^ C , <]LL^> J>o.^<<rLJc, obM>^pc3o- Cdbbt>ncndqb <r<-,Jo-c

4,000-Yad-c3o-b IPPtPCPX WbqAD><rqbXo-t>n\\oJ. PP<lo-c-, P'^ ba-CF

<lAc3qbPLcr0*-bC OP^POOS ^>a.>T AcCVbAc <lcCa?bDr<>c CbPVb ATbdc

bqbPqb3^c 4 L Lo Ac-qbdPqbflJc <]bt>qb3A2n^c. CLV A J J , ^ T qbqLqbqAr<rc-Lc

L<rbnjc b>Lrbi>'>c, <]Yqbcc>PL rc-_3o- ^ x ^ r X b ^ r n w ^ PVC

AqdnDqb[Vvb AbAXAc-LNICDX. -DQ-^T WbPA c D ^ i V c

>d.n.<]qbPL3PAaQ.PAc, <ihc <]p[>(:CAoLncnqbci>rc .oa^T Ac-qbdPqbmc Aqdnr-

bt>do-b, 03qbct>c-<]q^nb p\j<rcnv Aô-<]qb3^c.

L<AqbDbqk 51

\bdOqbAc (afVDTA) ^V>T

>sb<rL ,bC>bVPVOc t><b«rLUAc

F*<DAaAc WDÔOT AcCVVa_crTb Tt>PP<]bbVPLxc WaH DV4.\0 j f l *

WY*S»CI>y:

Fagan, Brian M.

1995 Ancient North America. Thames & Hudson, New York.

Maxwell, Moreau S.

1985 Prehistory of the Eastern Arctic. Academic Press ,

Orlando.

McGhee, Robert

1990 Canadian Arctic Prehistory. Canadian Museum of

Civilization, Ottawa.

McGhee, Robert

1996 Ancient People of the Arctic. UBC Press, Vancouver.

Schledermann, Peter

1996 Voices in Stone: A Personal Journey into the Arctic Past.

Komatik Series No. S.Arctic Institute of North America,

Calgary.

Stenton, Douglas R.

1995 Archaeology Glossary. Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit.

LNbj\JA 52

Sb<DqbAc (o.[>o3qbA<:) .DCC>T

PbJOAao.Ac 3PPr<]bbVPWc J J ^ T AcCVba-b N c A l D S ^ f l x V O P

A ^ A C Aqdn>pvb o.i>vqbDqbnc nrM,c

nnqbbbdA°bLc 2080

Aqb^>Ac, J , a . > c X 0 A 0 H 0

[>P»qbCqbX C J L , L W ( P W N H C )

nnqbbbdAQbbc 1320

MJO-A* â.V<lqb X1A 2L9

bo.Cr CJ^LW (CMC)

AcCqa-b.cr^c baCr

100 Laurier Street

P.O. Box 3100, Station B

Hull, PQ J8X 4H2

*AC^r^D'" <K,^n>c!b (4Pvrvc*) GASA/OW56 <jr<ivbJcrb n-o-b

<JW^rcJcrb W^<7V/AP<r6 (cl>^<r<IV/Lxla-b) <7Yo-%'bDcr 70 x 30 cm

r\JA/'&<rn.Mc, <%<r'bDr, VU 0 0 6 f AJ>AC / I W Y V a A V ^ V A

t / ] O r Y V f . CW <7Aq6q<Oc $75.00, 4 c % * > W C A 0 Y V * <7V1

L<AqbDbqk 53

W W (aô^bA0) a&T

LWDL"* 54

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Ancient Harpoon Heads of Nunavut: /£W - Parks Canada History