Portable Biogas Plant

Portable Biogas Plant

E c o t e c h - L P U

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C o n t a c t N o . 7 8 3 7 3 1 9 4 4 3

E m a i l :

e c o t e c h l p u . s o @ l p u . i n ; e x . m a i l m e @

g m a i l . c o m

1 / 1 7 / 2 0 1 3

Gaurab Raj (Project Manager)

Reg. No. 11001492

B.Tech ME (Batch of 2014) Biogas has multiple benefits. It can be used as Cooking –gas. It can be

too used for the production of electricity. Moreover, it is environment

friendly. This residue of Biogas-Plant can be used as Fertilizer also.

Natural gases are limited and biogas plant can be better replacement

for natural gas.

July 20, 2013 [PORTABLE BIOGAS PLANT]

Gaurab Raj, 11001492 Page 1

Table of Contents

List Of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................... 2

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................................ 3

Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Production ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Typical Composition of Bio-Gas ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Biogas from Kitchen Waste ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Production Estimation Table ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Major Advantages: ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

Opportunity at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab .................................................................................. 7

Our Survey Abstract: ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

Methodology: ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Calculation: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Survey Conclusion: .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

Making of Portable Biogas Plant ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Aim: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Project Team: .................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Faculty Advisors/Assistant: ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Material Used: ................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Tools Used: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Procedure: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................... 19



List Of Figures

Figure 1 Completed Unit of Portable Biogas Plant ......................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2 PVC cans after removing top portion. ............................................................................................................... 15

Figure 3 PVC pipes after Cut ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 4 Gas Chamber fit with Guide pipes, Slurry inlet pipe and Gas Outlet pipe. ....................................................... 16

Figure 5 Gas Chamber Placed vertically inverted over Digester Chamber fitted with Garbage plastic bag................... 16

List of Tables

Table 1 Production Estimation table (Source: ARTI Biogas )............................................................................................. 6

Table 2 Boys Hostel Survey sheet (Source: Ecotech-LPU), 27th march- 4th april 2012 ................................................. 10

Table 3 Girls Hostel Survey sheet (Source: Ecotech-LPU), 27th march- 4th april 2012 .................................................. 11

Table 4 Project Team ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

Table 5 Faculty Advisors and assistant............................................................................................................................ 13

Table 6 List of Material Used for project ........................................................................................................................ 13

file:///C:/Users/depankar/Desktop/Portable%20Biogas%20Plant.docx%23_Toc363907326

file:///C:/Users/depankar/Desktop/Portable%20Biogas%20Plant.docx%23_Toc363907327



Acknowledgement We take immense pleasure in thanking Brig. G.S. Dhillon , Chief security officer of Lovely

Professional University and Ms. Manjit Kaur, Chief A.O. for Hostel for having permitted us to

carry out survey permission in mess to calculate necessary data.

This project would never be completed without support and Guidance of Department of

Chemistry, School of ME, LPU. Words are inadequate in offering our thanks to Dr. Niraj

(Associate Professor & COD, Department of Chemistry, School of ME, LPU); Dr. Sitansh

(Assistant Professor, Department Of Chemistry, School of ME, LPU); Dr. Mukul (Assistant

Professor, Department Of Chemistry, School of ME, LPU); Dr. Praveen (Assistant Professor,

Department Of Chemistry, School of ME, LPU).

We wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Jiteshwar Anand, Project Officer, Student

Organization Cell for his Guidance and useful suggestions, and support..

Finally, yet importantly, We would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved

parents for their blessings, My Colleagues and entire Ecotech-LPU fraternity for their help

and wishes for the successful completion of this Project.

-Gaurab Raj

-Kislay Kumar

- Ashutosh Kumar



Summary

Everyone is talking about biogas - politicians and ecologists, technicians and economists, laymen and experts. Biogas has become fashionable. The energy crisis of the next few years is the shortage of fuel for the daily needs of millions of people. Simple biogas plants are intended to help solve this problem. It is time to set about this task in a "professional" manner in the best sense of this word.

Simple biogas plants are complicated enough to require total involvement with their specific technology. After all, a biogas plant can only help to solve the problems of the future if it works! But many plants work badly. They are operated wrongly, are deficient in detail and are often incorrectly scaled.

Simple biogas plants have been constructed in Third World countries for about thirty years. We have been able to learn from the biogas pioneers for thirty years. But good and bad solutions are featured side by side without comment in articles and books. The same mistakes are repeated over and over again. This need not be the case. The designer of a biogas plant must be able to distinguish between valid and invalid solutions. Now it’s time to come through some solid idea. More professional yet scientific approach to the new era of Biogas Production and distribution.

I and my team had vision to make Lovely Professional University “Pollution Free and Energy Independent University”. It’s our First approach to our vision “Establishment of Fully Fledge Operational BIOGAS PLANT”.

In this report I have presented the opportunity and possibility for BIOGAS PLANT in Lovely Professional University along with general information related to BIOGAS. We have been thorough survey to find out kitchen waste that is produced every day from mess of campus hostel and result was astonishing and surprising. Detail analysis of survey along with methodology used is presented on this report.

This report covers step by step procedure we followed for making Portable Biogas Plant.



Introduction

The term “biogas” is now used throughout the world rather than “methane gas” to describe the fuel

produced through anaerobic fermentation of manures and vegetable matter in digesters. Biogas is

generally between 40 and 70 percent methane, with the remainder consisting of carbon dioxide, hydrogen

sulfide and other trace gases.

Production

Biogas plant can be produced via

>> Kitchen Biodegradable waste.

>>Human Manure

>> Cow-Dong

>>All sort of Bio Manure

Kitchen Biodegradable waste is more efficient and effective for the production of Biogas Plant.

Typical Composition of Bio-Gas

Compound Chem %

Methane CH4 50–75

Carbon dioxide CO2 25–50

Nitrogen N2 0–10

Hydrogen H2 0–1

Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0–3

Oxygen O2 0–0

Biogas from Kitchen Waste

The methanogens (methane producing micro-organisms) belong to a group of bacteria called Archebacteria. They evolved when the earth’s atmosphere did not have any oxygen. After the evolution of green plants, the oxygen content of the atmosphere started to rise. Being unable to survive in an oxygen rich atmosphere, the methanogens retreated to places that were devoid of oxygen. Today they are found in marshes, rice paddies, at the bottom of water bodies and in the intestines of animals. They survive in the intestines of animals by eating what the animals eat. The methanogens can easily digest sugar, starch, fats and proteins. They can also digest cellulose, albeit rather slowly, but they cannot digest lignin at all. Their digestive mechanism is similar to that of many other organisms, up to the point of converting the food into acetic acid. In the case of organisms breathing oxygen, the acetic acid gets converted into carbon dioxide and water (CH3COOH+2O2 = 2CO2+2H2O), whereas the methanogens convert it into methane and carbon dioxide (CH3COOH = CH4+CO2). The methanogens are universally present in the faeces of all animals, because they are thrown out of the body along with the faeces. Faecal matter is not their food.

Because the methanogens can digest all forms of human food and also cellulosic biomass, they are ideal for producing methane from kitchen waste. Because the methanogens reside in the intestines of animals, they work optimally at temperatures equal to the body temperature of animals, which is about 38 degree C. They also need a medium having pH value of around 7. At this temperature and pH, they can convert human food into biogas within a period of about 24 hours.1 kg (dry weight) of human food yields about 1 kg (about 800 litres) biogas. To get the same quantity of biogas from dung, one needs about 40



kg dung, and a fermentation period of about 40 days. Because of the lower quantity of feedstock and lesser fermentation time, the size of the kitchen waste biogas plant is much smaller than that utilizing dung. According to theoretical calculations, biogas should normally contain volumetrically about equal amounts of methane and carbon dioxide, but actually the methane content is generally around 60%. Pure methane has the same calorific value as LPG (about 11,000 KCal per kg), but because of the presence of carbon dioxide, the calorific value of biogas is only about 4000 KCal per kg. Therefore, to get the same heat as from an LPG burner, a biogas Stove is designed to deliver volumetrically about 3 times as much gas per unit time as LPG.

The waste material to be fed into a biogas plant should contain only digestible organic material. Other organic products like plastic, rubber, petroleum, bones, hair, horns, hooves or wood (i.e. lignin), cannot be digested by the methanogens. If highly lignified material like agricultural waste is to be converted into methane, one has to use a biphasic digester. In this system, the waste is first subjected to aerobic decomposition, after which it is leached out with water and the leachate is fed into the anaerobic digester. The aerobic organisms in the leachate die due to lack of oxygen in the anaerobic digester and their cells serve the methanogens as food.

Operators of a biogas plant must keep in mind that this is a living system. Introduction of any toxic or bactericidal material into the biogas plant would kill the methanogens and the system would stop producing methane. Overfeeding should also be avoided. A biogas plant harbours several other micro-organisms besides the methanogens. If the biogas plant receives more feed than the digestive capacity of the methanogens, the undigested food serves the non-methanogenic organisms as nutrition, causing the latter to increase their numbers. Increase in the population density of non-methanogenic organisms causes reduction in that of the methanogens, inhibiting the formation of methane.

Production Estimation Table Table 1 Production Estimation table (Source: ARTI Biogas )

Description 0.5 m3digester 1 m

3digester 2 m

3digester

Maximum food waste that can be accommodated:

1-2 kg 4-5 kg 10-12 kg

Gas production capacity:

~ 100 gm LPG equivalent per day

250-300 gm LPG equivalent per day

750 gm LPG equivalent per day

Space required: 1 m2, open to

sunlight throughout the day

2 m2, open to sunlight throughout the day

4 m2, open to sunlight throughout the day

Water required: 10-20 lit/day (if operated only on food waste)

20-30 lit/day (if operated only on food waste)

30-40 lit/day (if operated only on food waste)

Labour required 30 min/day 30 min/day 1 hr/day

Approximate Cost (including installation, excluding transport)

Rs.15,000 Rs.25,000 Rs.40,000

Major Advantages:

It generates a clean cooking fuel that can replace LPG.

It also generates organic fertilizer in the form of spent slurry.



It is easy to use and maintain because it is above ground.

There is no smell, mosquitoes, dogs, vermin, flies, etc.

All the organic waste is disposed off at source.

Payback period is expected to be 4-5 years only, whereas the life of the biogas plant is 20 years.

Opportunity at Lovely Professional

University, Phagwara, Punjab Lovely Professional University is India’s Largest in terms of number of students in Single

Campus (i.e. 25,000+). LPU has probably world’s largest Residential Facility Residing around 18000

Students and Staffs in one campus. LPU has its area Sprawled in 600+ acres and still expanding.

Moreover there is nearby villages Hardashpur, Maheru and Chaheru. Near by town Phagwara

and Nearby City Jalandhar. We can collect Kitchen waste and can utilize them for Biogas Production.

LPU situated at Punjab, Grain House of INDIA having adequate amount of water and sun light supply which

add fuel to our Vision of Establishing “Mega BIOGAS Plant”. To Find out other opportunity and possibilities

like amount of kitchen waste produced and amount of gas consumption we conducted survey in Hostel

Mess of Boys and Girls. Survey abstract data is presented in the tables below:

Our Survey Abstract:

Methodology:

We form team of 2-3 each to work together and divided workload among team. We had 7 day time for

survey for boys’ hostel and 7 day time for girls’ hostel. We determine particular time so that it do not

disturbs academic hour of our team member as well as working hour of mess contractors and workers. We

had our survey timing after 9’o clock night and during day time when mess workload is low.

Success of the vision not only depend on resources and possibilities, foremost thing for the success is

Strong Determination, Good Cause and Support.

We had one to one interview with mess contractor and workers followed by thorough inspection inside

Cooking and waste section to calculate average amount of kitchen waste produced per day and average

amount of LPG consumed per day.

0.5 m3 ARTI Biogas Plant



We used following format for one-to-one PI

Survey Team

SAMPLE

Name of Interviewer:

Name of Interviewee:

Designation:

Mess:

Date:

No. of Feeder:

PI Question 1. How many gas cylinders are you using at once?

……………………………

2. How Much LPG gas is consumed per day?

…………………….

3. How much do you pay per cylinder?

……………… …………

4. How many Containers are you producing per day?

……………………………

5. When is waste thrown every day?

…………………..

6. Whom do you sell Waste?

…………………………………..

7. At how much Rs. Do you sell?

………………..

8. Are you environment lover?

…………………….

9. How much kitchen(Vegetable cutting) waste is produce?

………..….

10. How much can you contribute for environment?

……………….

11. How much willing are you for environment-conservation?

……………………

12. How much willing are you to use Biogas instead of LPG?

…………………

13. How much non-biodegradable waste(plastics,etc.) is produced?

……………………..



Team 1

Pankaj Mittal (11001493)

Shubham Sumit

Team 2

Shreyansh Doshi

Aman Mittal

Gaurab Raj (11001492)

Team 3

Abhishek Anand

Vishal Soren

Team 4

Neha Chaudhary

Nandani Rao



Ecotech-LPU Biogas Project Survey sheet

Boys-Hostel

Date: 27th March -4th April 2012

Table 2 Boys Hostel Survey sheet (Source: Ecotech-LPU), 27th march- 4th april 2012

BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 Total (Avg.)

Cylinder Consumed(avg.) (19 kg each)

15 13-14 8-10 12-13 15 14-15 82

LPG gas Consumed in KG

285 Kg 247-260 kg 152-190 kg 228-247 kg 285kg 266-285 kg 1585 kg

No. of container consumed (avg.)

3 (200kg/drum)

4-5 (100kg/container)

3 (1.25 quintal/Container)

5 (1-1.5 quintal)

3 (200 kg/drum)

8 (6 drums of 1 quintal & 2 drums of 1.5 quintal)

Amount of Vegetable cutting(bio degradable)

30 kg 20 kg 13.5 Kg 5-6 bags (50kg/bag)

30 kg All mixed together

Types of wastes produced

< 90 % solid waste

< 85% of solid waste

< 90% Solid Waste < 85% Solid waste

More than 90% solid waste

< 75% Solid waste

About 85 % Solid waste

Amount of Waste produced

640kg 475kg 375 Kg+13.5 Kg=388.5 Kg

625kg + 300kg = 925kg

640 kg 850kg 3918.5kg

Bio-degradable Waste Produced

630kg 470kg 375 Kg 625 kg 630 kg 840kg 3860 kg

Non Biodegradable waste Produced

10kg 4-5kg 3-4 kg of onion pills/adrak pills. Plastic

7-10 kg 10 kg All mixed together

Cost/ cylinder (as said by mess-contractor)

NA NA NA NA NA NA

Note: Data provided in this column are as per interview with Mess In-charge and internal inquiry.



Ecotech-LPU Biogas Project Survey sheet

Girls-Hostel

Dated : 10th April 2012 Table 3 Girls Hostel Survey sheet (Source: Ecotech-LPU), 27th march- 4th april 2012

GH1

GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH6 TOTAL (Avg.)

Cylinder Consumed(avg.) (19 Kg/cylinder)

4 6-7 8-9 10-11 8 7 45

LPG gas Consumed in KG/day(Avg.)

76 kg 114-133 kg 152-171 kg 190-209 kg 152 kg 133 kg 855 kg

No. of container consumed (avg.)

1 Quintal ie-70-80kg

2 quintals =200kg

170-180 kg 2 quintals =200kg

2 (170 kg)

2 (182 kg)

Amount of Vegetable cutting(bio degradable)

50-60 kg 50-60 kg 40-50 kg 70-80 kg

60-70kg 50-65kg 345 kg

Types of wastes produced








Amount of Waste produced

120 Kg=70 Kg+50 Kg

250 kg=200 kg+50 Kg

210 kg =170 Kg+40 Kg

190 Kg+70 Kg=260 Kg

230 kg 260 kg 1330 kg

Bio-degradable Waste Produced

70-80 Kg 200 Kg 170-180 Kg 190-200 Kg 170 kg 180 kg 1010 kg

Non Biodegradable waste Produced

3 Kg 2-3 Kg 5-6 Kg 15-20 Kg 10-20kg 15 kg

Cost/ cylinder (as said by mess-contractor)

Rs 1685/- Rs 1262/- Rs 1500/- Rs 1870/- NA NA

Note: Data provided in this column are as per interview with Mess In-charge and internal inquiry.

Calculation:

Since Calorific Value of Biogas (60% methane) is 4000 Kcal/Kg i.e. 3 times less than that of Calorific Value of

LPG (11000KCal/Kg). So we have to supply 3 times volume of LPG to produce Same Heat from Biogas as

that is produced from LPG.



Therefore, 1 KG of LPG=3 KG of Biogas.

This Implies, 1 KG of Biogas is equivalent to 0.3 KG of LPG

As per Experimental data from ARTI Biogas Plant, 5 KG of Food Waste Yields 300 gm (0.3 KG) Equivalent

LPG/ day.

This Implies, 1 KG of Food Waste Yields 0.06 KG Equivalent LPG/Day.

As Per Data Abstracted from ARTI Biogas Plant,

0.5 m3 digester can accommodate 1-2 KG of Food Waste.

1m3 digester can accommodate 4-5 kg of Food Waste.

2m3 digester can accommodate 10-12 kg of Food Waste.

From Observation, More is size of Digester better is its accommodating capacity. We can assume that 1 m3

of digester can accommodate 6 kg of food waste. Thus, producing 0.36 Kg equivalent LPG.

This Implies, to accommodate 1 kg of Food Waste it requires average of 0.167 m3 capacity of digester.

Survey Conclusion:

Total Bio degradable Waste produced from Boys hostel is estimated to 3860 Kg per day and that from girls

hostel is 1010 kg per day. Summing up total biodegradable waste become 4870 kg/day.

This is equivalent to 230 kg (1 KG of Food Waste=0.06 Kg of LPG) equivalent LPG gas per day. Biogas caloric

value is 4000 kcal per kg as compared to that of 11000 kcal per kg for LPG. Caloric value of Biogas can be

increased by its PURIFICATION.

Resources in LPU



Making of Portable Biogas Plant

Aim:

To make Portable Biogas Plant for experimental purpose.

Project Team: Table 4 Project Team

S.No. Name Registration Number Designation

1. Gaurab Raj Pandey 11001492 Project Leader

2. Kislay Kumar

3. Ashutosh Kumar

4. Abhishek Anand

Faculty Advisors/Assistant: Table 5 Faculty Advisors and assistant

S.No. Name UID Designation

1. Dr. Niraj Uphadhaya COD & Associate Professor, Department

of Chemistry-ME, LPU

2. Dr. Sitansh Assistant Professor (Chemistry)

3 Dr. Mukul Assistant Professor (Chemistry)

Material Used: Table 6 List of Material Used for project

S.No. Name Unit/s Dimension

1. Empty PVC can 1 60 kg

2. Empty PVC Can 1 50 kg

3. PVC Pipe 1 28 mm internal dia. * 100 cm length


5. PVC Pipe 1 32 mm external dia. * 40 cm length


7. M-Seal 10 50 gm

8. Ball Valve 1

9. T-Joint 1

10. Cap 1

11. Elbow Joint (brass) 2

12. Nipple 1

13. Barb 1

14. Flexible LPG Gas Pipe 1 1 m

15. High Pressure Pipe 1 1 m



16. Teflon Tape 1 set

17. Plastic Bucket 2

18. Bunsen Burner 1

19. Garbage Plastic bag 2

Tools Used:

1. A hack saw blade for cutting the cans & pipes.

2. A Sharp knife

Procedure:

1. Bought two PVC cans of size 60 kg and 50 kg respectively and cut its upper portion as shown in figure 2. 60

kg PVC can was used as Digester and 50 kg PVC can was used as Gas Chamber.

Figure 1 Completed Unit of Portable Biogas Plant



2. Cut three PVC pipes to the respective dimension as following:

a. Gas chamber Guide pipe: 28mm internal dia., 100 cm long

b. Digester Guide pipe: 20 mm internal dia., 160 cm long

c. Slurry inlet pipe threaded with ball valve fitting: 32 mm external dia., 40 cm long

d. Slurry outlet pipe: 28 mm internal dia., 25 cm long

Figure 3 PVC pipes after Cut

3. Holes were made on Gas Chamber to tightly insert PVC pipes of 30mm, 8mm and 32mm. PVC pipes and gas

outlet pipe were inserted to their respective positions and sealed with M-SEAL as shown in figure 4.

Figure 2 PVC cans after removing top portion.



Figure 4 Gas Chamber fit with Guide pipes, Slurry inlet pipe and Gas Outlet pipe.

Digester Guide pipe was inserted to Gas Chamber Guide pipe as shown in figure 4 and was fixed to base of digester

via melting plastic. M-SEAL was used to prevent any sort of leakage. Slurry outlet pipe was also fitted to digester

chamber making hole of 30 mm.

4. Gas chamber was carefully placed vertically inverted over Digester Chamber fitted with garbage plastic bag

as shown in figure 5.

Figure 5 Gas Chamber Placed vertically inverted over Digester Chamber fitted with Garbage plastic bag

5. Cow Dung Slurry was prepared with the ratio of 60% water and 40% cow dung. Water used was Luke warm

water at approx. 35 degree Celsius. Slurry then was feed to portable Biogas plant via Slurry inlet pipe. It was

kept for 24 hours for fermentation process to start, before feeding Food Waste Slurry.

6. Food waste was brought from LPU boys’ hostel mess which was then made slurry with the ratio of 60:40 of

water: food waste. Water used was Luke warm water at approx. 35 degree Celsius. Slurry then was feed to

portable Biogas plant via Slurry inlet pipe. It was kept for 24 hours for fermentation process to start, before

actual production of biogas could take place.



Observation

S.No. Particulars Amount Water

Ratio

Feed Temp.

(deg.

Celsius)

Fermentation

Time Remarks

1. Buffalos’ Dung 1 kg 60:40 35 24 hour

Buffalo/Cow Dung

consist of high amount

of methagenous

bacteria that is

responsible for biogas

production.

2.

Food waste (Cooked Rice,

Potatoes, tomatoes,

onion, pulses etc.,)

1 kg 60:40 35 24 hour

Food waste slurry was

fed 24 hour after

buffalo dung is fed to

digester via slurry pipe.

Generally it take 24

hour for food waste to

start producing

methane.

Making of slurry

Making of slurry is one of the most important and crucial part of biogas production as quality and amount of biogas

(methane) is 90 % dependent on how well slurry is prepared. Less the number of solid particles, more better is the

slurry as digestion process will take fast and gives maximum output.

a. Buffalo dung slurry: Buffalo dung slurry was made by mixing 1 kg of buffalo dung (Fresh) with Luke

warm water at 35 deg. Celsius in the ratio of 40:60. Proper steering was done so that it get properly mingle

up with water.

b. Food waste slurry: Food waste contains solid particles like rice, pulses, potatoes etc., so it was bit

difficult to make slurry out of food waste. Moreover we were lacking crusher/grinder to crush out solid

particles. However we used local resources like bucket and wooden stick to steer and crush as much as

possible. 1 kg of food waste was mixed with water at 35 deg. Celsius in the ratio of 40:60.

Result

S.No. Description Input Output

1. Buffalo Dung+ Food Waste slurry 3.2 kg Slurry Unmeasured due to lack of

measuring device. Anyhow

expected output is 125 gm

of equivalent LPG.

Problem Faced and solutions:

Low volume of gas was produced than expected because of low quality slurry.

Solution: Prominent crusher is required for crushing solid particles in food waste.

Low pressure generation inside gas chamber.



Solution: Gas chamber needs to be lower down and weight can be put at top of gas chamber to

increase gas pressure.

Lack of proper testing equipment.

Solution: We need proper testing equipment to test percentage of methane content in biogas so as

to determine quality of biogas.



REFERENCES 1. Ecotech-LPU, www.ecotechlpu.eventpages.org, accessed on April 2013.

2. Biogas & Engines, www.clarke-energy.com , Accessed 21.11.11

3. Richards, B.; Herndon, F. G.; Jewell, W. J.; Cummings, R. J.; White, T. E. (1994). "In situ methane enrichment

in methanogenic energy crop digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy 6 (4): 275–274.

4. Richards, B.; Cummings, R.; White, T.; Jewell, W. (1991). "Methods for kinetic analysis of methane

fermentation in high solids biomass digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy 1 (2): 65–26.

5. Samuchit Enviro Tech Pvt Ltd, www.samuchit.com accessed on april 2013.

6. Village Earth, www.villageearth.org accessed on march 2013.

7. Article “Kitchen Waste Based Biogas Plant” by S. P. Kale and S. T. Mehetre (Nuclear Agriculture and

Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)

http://www.ecotechlpu.eventpages.org/

http://www.clarke-energy.com/

http://www.samuchit.com/

http://www.villageearth.org/

Documents

Portable Biogas Plant