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N0.1 llOL. · Il MONTHLY

AUGUST 15, 1919 NET 216 THE

ANGLO~FRENCH f.s~~7B"R."E\7IE"7"

{ ) RliVUB FRA!';CO.BRJTANNIQUB

,~.,tcAti.~ O NTE NT S Augwt H)t9'No 1 "\btll

Sir \\'alter Scott . Prof. Tfl. P. Ker I

Summer . .lrthur E. lloyd 1llaunsell 1+ Ikrniercs ,\ ven turcs de Crusoe Charles Dernmes 15 Poplt1rs . .-lmy Randall 20

Seara Flow : \\'ho \I as to blame ? .lrthur Pollrn 21

Le Tra\'ail des Femmes pendant et apres la Guerre Andre /'ernitru 2+

Sputral . . . John Drink-.cater 3+ ' Purpura I.apillus ' . . . Flauian 36 La pcche a b )louche en France J . .i'Or Swdair +2 Rahnho/strasst . . Jam~s Joyce ++ The Perils of Bureaucr:icy Robert Hu111er +5 Lt Chant dt Chari11g Cross . Paul .lloranJ j.? Dreams. . . . . • lrthur E. Lloyd :llau11sell 53 Un Hotel Angl:us ;i Paris en r i9.? • J.udiwic Fortolis 5+ Herman )!t-lvillc • . Hclbrook Jarkson 59

Editorial Literature Seil-nee ,\rt .

RECORDS \i\D RE\ IEWS 6+ 69

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ONTENTS Augwt 1919'No l "\blll:

Sir \\'alter Scott Prof. TV. P. Ker t

Summer Ar:1111r E. Lloyd .llazmsell 1+ Dcrnieres Avcntures de Crusoe Charles Derennes 15 Poplars A my Randall 20

Scapa Flow : Who was to blame ? A rthur Pollen 21

Le Travail des Femmes pendant et apr~s la Guerre Andre // ernieres 24

Spectral 7 oh11 Drinkwater 34 ' Purpura Lapillus' Flavian 36 La peche a la Mouche en France J. d'Or Sinclair +2 Balmho/strasse James 7oyce 4+ The Perils of Bureaucracy Robert Hu11ter 45 Le Chant de Choring Cross Paul Morand 52 Dreams . Arthur E . Lloyd J'v/aunsell 53 Un Hotel Anglais a Paris en 1792 Ludovic Fortolis 54 Herman ftklvillc . /lo/brook ]ackso11 59

Editorial Literature Science Art .

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THE ANGLO-FRENCH

REVIEW

-

No. I. Vol. II MONTHLY AUGUST 1919

SIR W ALTER SCOTT

W HEN I was asked to choose a subject for a lecture at t he Sorbonne, there came into my mind somehow or other the incident of Scott's visit to Paris when he went

to see I vanhoe at the Odeon, and was amused to think how the s tory had travelled and made its forrune :-

'It was an opera, and, of course, the story sadly mangled and the dialogue in great par t nonsense. Yet it was strange to hear anything like the words which (then in an agony of pain with spasms in my stomach) I dic tated to \\ illiam Laidlaw at Abbotsford, now recited in a foreign tongue, and for the amusement of a strange people. I little thought to have survived the completing of this novel.'

It seemed to me that here I had a text for my sermon. The cruel circumstances of the composition of ' Ivanhoe ' might be neglected. The interesting point was in the contrast between the original home of Scott's imagination and the widespread triumph of his works abroad-on the one hand, Edinburgh and

' A lecture at the Sorbonne, May 21, 1919, in t he series of Conjere11us Lou is Liard.

..

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW Ashesticl, the traditions of the Scottish border and the Highlands, the humours of Edinburgh lawyers and Glasgow citizens, country lairds, farmers and ploughmen, the Presbyrerian eloquence of the Covenantcrs and their descendants, the dialect hardly intelli­gible out of its own region, and not always clear even to nati\'CS of Scotland; on the other hand, the competition for Scott's no\ els in all the markets of Europe, as to which I take leave to quote the e\'idence of Stcndhal :-

'Lord Byron, auteur de quelqucs heroides sublimes, mais toujours les memes, et de beaucoup de tragedies mortellcmcnt cnnuyeuses, n'cst point du tout le chef des romantiqucs.

'S'il SC trouvait un homme que Jes traductcurs a l:i toise SC disputassent egalement a Madrid, a Stuttgard, !I Paris et a Viennc, l'on pourrait avanccr quc cct homme a devinc lcs tcndances morales de son epoquc.'

If Stcndhal proceeds to remark in a footnote that 'l'hommc lui-memc est pcu digne d'enthousiasme,' it is pleasant to remember that Lord Byron wrote to M. Henri Bcyle to correct his low opinion of the chilracter of Scott. This is by the way, though not, I hope, an irrelevant remark. For Scon is best revealed in his friendships; and the mutual regard of Scott and Byron is as pleasant to think of as the friendship between Scott and \\' ordswort h.

As to the truth of Stendhal's opinion about the \·ogue ol Scott's novels and his place as chief of the romantics, there is no end to the list of witnesses who might be summoned. Perhaps it may be enough to remember how the young Balzac was carried away by the novels as they came fresh from the tran;;;lator, almost immediately after their first appearance at home.

One distinguishes easil~· enough, at home in Scotland, between the novels, or the passages in the no\·cls, that are idiomatic, native, home-grown, intended for his own people. and the nO\·cls not so limited, the romances of English or foreign history­' Ivanhoe,' ' Kenilworth,' 'Quentin DunYard.' Ilut as a maner of fact these latter, though possibly easier to understand and better suited to the general public, were not in\·ariably preferred. The novels were ' the Scotch novels.' 1\lthough Thackeray, when he praises Scott, takes most of his examples from the less characteristic, what we may call the English group, on the other

SIR WALTER SCOTT hand, Hazlit t dwells most willingly on the Scotch novels, though he did not like Scotsmen, and shared some of the prejudice of Stendhal-' my friend Mr. Beyle,' as he calls him in one place­with regard to Scott himself. And Balzac has no invidious preferences : he recommends an English romance, ' Kenilworth,' to !Us sister, and he also remembers David Deans, a person most intensely and peculiarly Scots.

One may distinguish the Scotch novels, which only their author could have written, from novels like ' Peveril of the Peak ' or 'Anne of Geierstein,' which may be thought to resemble rather too closely the imitations of Scott, the ordinary historical novel as it was written by Scott's successors. But though the formula of the conventional historical novel may have been drawn from the less idiomatic group, it was not this that chiefly made Scott's reputation. His fame and influence were achieved through the whole mass of his immense and varied work ; and the Scots dialect and humours, which make so large a part of !Us resources when he is putting out all his power, though they have their difficulties for readers outside of Scotland, were no real hin­drances in the way of the Scotch novels : Dandie Dinmont and Bailie Nicol J arvie, Cuddie Headrigg and Andrew Fairscrvice were not ignored or forgotten, even where 'Ivanhoe' or 'The Talisman ' might have the preference as being more conformable to the general mind of novel readers.

The paradox remains : that the most successful novelist of the whole world should have had his home and found his strength in a country with a language of its own, barely intelligible, frequently repulsive to its nearest neighbours, a language none the more likely to win favour when the manners or ideas of the country were taken into consideration as well.

The critics who refuse to sec much good in Scott, for the most part ignore the foundations of his work. Thus Stendhal, who acknowledges Scott's position as representative of his age, the one really great, universally popular, author of his day, does not recognise in Scott's imagination much more than trappings and tournaments, the furniture of the regular historical novel. I re compares Scott's novels with 'La Princcsse de Cleves,' and asks which is more to be praised, the author who understands and reveals the human heart, or the descriptive historian who can fill pages with unessential details but is afraid of the passions.

In which it seems to be assumed that Scott, when he gave

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW his attention to the background and the appropriate dresses, was neglecting the dramatic truth of his characters and their expression. Scott, it may be observed, had, in his own reflexions on the art of nO\'cl-writing, taken notice of different kinds of policy in dealing with the historical setting. In his lives of the novelists, reviewing 'The Old English Baron; he describes the earlier t)'pe of historical novel in which little or nothing is done for antiquarian decoration or for local colour; while in his criticism of .'.\Irs. Radcliffe he uses the very term- ' melodrama '-and the very distinction-melodrama as opposed to tragedy-which is the touchstone of the novelist. Whatever his success might be, there can be no doubt as to his intentions. He meant his novels, with their richer background and their larger measure of detail, to sacrifice nothing of dramatic truth. ' La Princesse de Cleves,' a professedly historical novel with little 'local colour,' may be in essentials finer and more sincere than Scott. This is a question which I ask leave to pass over. But it is not Scott's intention to put off the reader with details and decoration as a substitute for truth of character and sentiment. Here most obviously, with all their differences, Balzac and Scott are agreed : expensive both of them in description, but neither of them inclined to let mere description (in Pope's phrase) take the place of sense-i.e. of the life which it is the business of the novelist to interpret. There is danger, no doubt, of overdoing it, but description in Balzac, however full and long, is never inanimate. He has explained his theory in a notice of Scott, or rather in a comparison of Scott and Fenimore Cooper (Revue Parisiemu, 18+0), when. the emptiness of Cooper's novels is compared with the variety of Scott's, the solitude of the American lakes and forests with the crowd of life commanded by the author of' \Yaverley.' Allowing Cooper one great success in the character of Leather-stocking and some merit in a few other personages, Balzac finds beyond these nothing like Scott's multitude of characters; their pbce is taken by the beauties of nature. But description cannot make up for want of life in a story.

Balzac &hows dearlr that he understood the danger of description, and how impossible, how unreasonable, it is co make scencr)' do mstead of story and characters. He does not occm to think that Scott has failed in this respect, while in his r~marks on Scott's humour he proves how far he is from the critics who found in Scott nothing but scenery and accoutrement> and the

'+

SIR WALTER SCOTT rubbish of old chronicles. Scott's chivalry and romance are not what Balzac is thinking about. Balzac is considering Scott's imagination in general, his faculty in narrative and dialogue, wherever his scene may be, from whatever period the facts of his story may be drawn.

Scott's superiority to his American rival comes out, says Ilalzac, chiefly in h is secondary personages and in his talent for comedy. The American makes careful mechanical provision for laughter : Balzac takes this aU to pieces, and leaves Scott unchal­lenged and inexhaustible.

Scott's reputation has suffered a little through suspicion of his politics, and, strangely enough, of his religion. He has been made responsible for movements in Churches about which opinions naturallv differ, but of which it is certain Scott never dreamed. Those ,,;ho suspect and blame his work because it is reactionary, illiberal, and offensive to modern ideas of progress, are, of course, mainly such persons as believe in ' the march of intellect,' and think meanly of each successive stage as soon as it is left behind. The spokesman of this party is Mark Twain, who wrote a burlesque of the I loly Grail, and who in his ' Life on the Mississippi ' makes Scott responsible for the vanities and superstitions of the Southern States of America :-

'The South has not yet recovered from the debilitating· influence of his hooks. Admiration of his fantastic heroes and their grotesque " chivalrr" doings and romantic ju\•cnilities still sur;-ives here, in an atmosphere in which is already perceptible the wholesome and practical nine­teenth century smell of cotton-factories and locomotives.'

It is useless to moralise on this, and the purport and significance of it may be left for private meditation to cnucleate and enjoy. But it cannot be fully appreciated, unless one remembers that the author of this and other charges against chivalry is also the historian of the feud between the Shepherdsons and the Grangcrfords, equal in tragedy to the themes of the chansons de gait: of Raoul de Cambrai or Carin le Loherain. i\Iark T\\ain in the person of Huckleberry Finn is committed to the ideas of chivalry neither more nor less than \\'alter Scott in 'Ivanhoe' or' The Talisman.' I am tolc.l further-though this is perhaps unimportant-that Gothic ornament in America is not

s

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\'IEW peculiarly the taste of the South, that even at Chicago there arc imitations of Gothic tO\\ers and halls.

Hazlitt, an unbeliever in most of Scott's political principles, is also the most fervent and ell.-pressive admirer of the novels, quite beyond the danger of modern progress, his judgment not corrupted at all by the incense of the cotton-factory or the charm of the locomotive. Hazlitt's praise of Scott is an immortal proof of llazlitt's ~incerity in criticism. Scott's friends were not H<l7litt's, and Scott and Hazlitt differed both in personal and public affairs as much as any men of their time. But Hazlitt has too much sense not to be taken with the Scotch novels, and too much honest)" not to say so, and too much spirit not to put all his strength into praising, when once he begins. Hazlitt's critical theory of Scott's novels is curiously like his opinion about Scott's old friend, the poet Crabbe : whose name I cannot leave without a salute to the laborious and eloquent work of M. Huchon, his scholnrly frcnch interpreter.

Hazlitt on Crabbe and Scott is a very interesting witness on account of the principles and presuppositions employed by him. In the last hundred years or so the problems of realism and naturnlism have been canvassed almost too thoroughly between disputants who seem not always to know when they are wandering from the point or wearying their audience with verbiage and platitudes. But out of all the controversy there has emerged :it least one plain probability-that there is no such thing as simple transference of external reality into artistic form. This is what Hazlitt seems to ignore \'err strangely in his judgmcnt of Crabbe and Scott, and this is, I think, an interesting point in the history of criticism, especiaU~· when it is remembered that Hazlitt was a critic of painting, and himself a painter. He speaks almost as if realities passed direct into the verse of Crabbe; as if Scott's imagination in the novels were merely recollection and tr:inscription of experience. Speaking of the difference between the genius of Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, he sa~·s:

' It is the difference between originality and the want of it, between writing and transcribing. t\lmo:>t all the finest scenes :ind touches, the great master-strokes in Shakespeare, :ire such as must have belonged to the cla~s of invention, where the secret Jay between him and his own heart, and the power cxerred b in adding to the

6

SIR WALTER SCOTT given materials and working something out of them : in the author of" Waverley," not all, but the principal and characteristic beauties arc such as may and do belong to the class of compilation-that is, consist in bringing the materials together and leaving them to produce their own effect ....

'No one admires or delights in the Scotch Novels more than I do, but at the same time, when I hear it asserted that his mind is of the same class with Shakespeare, or that he imitates nature in the same way, I confess I cannot assent to it. Xo two things appear to me more differcnr. Sir \\"alter is an imitator of nature and nothmg more ; but I think Shakespeare is infinitely more than this ... . Sir \\' altcr's mind is full of information, but the "o'tr i11/ormi11g power'' is not there. Shakespeare's spirit, like fire, shines through him : Sir Walter's like a stream, reflects surrounding objects.'

I may not at this time quote much more of Hazlitt's criticism, but the point of it would be misunderstood if it were const rued as depreciation of Scott. What may be considered merely memory in contrast to Shakespeare's imagination is regarded by Hazlitt as a limitless source or visionarr hfe when compared with the ideas of self-centred authors like B)'ron. This is what Hai.Jin says in another essay of the same series:-

' Scott" docs not 'spin his brains' but something much better.·· He" has got hold of another cluc--that of :\'ature :ind historr-and long mar he spin it, ' even to the crack of doom!'" Scott's success lies in not thinking of himself. " And then again the catch that blind Willie and his wife :ind the boy sing in the hollow of the heath-there is more mirth and heart's case in it than in all Lord Byron's Don 711nn or J\fr. Moorc's Lyrics. And why 1 Because the author is th inking of beggars and a beggar's brat, and not of himself, while he writes it. lie looks at Nature, sees it, hears it, feels it, and believes that it exists before it 1s printed, hotpresscd, and labelled on the back By the .i11tl:or of 'W auerley.' He docs not fancy, nor would he for one moment have it supposed, that his name and fame compose all that is wonh a moment's consideration

7

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW in the universe. This is the great secret of hls writings­a perfect indifference to self." '

Hazlitt appears to allow too little to the mind of the . .J11thor of 'TT' ai·erley '-as though the author had nothing to do but let t he contents of hls mind arrange themseh·es on bis pages. What this exactlr may mean is doubtful. \\"e are not disposed to accept the theorr of the passive mind as a sufficient phllosophical explanation of the Scotch noYels. But Hazlitt is certainlr right to make much of the store of reading and reminiscence they impl}', and it is not erroneous or fallacious t o think of all Scott's writings in verse or prose as peculiarly the fruits of his life and experience. His various modes of "riting arc suggested to him by the way, and he finds his art ,,;th no long practice when the proper t!mc comes to use it. Alter all, is t ills not what \\aS meant by Horace when he said that the subject righcly chosen will proddc \I hat is wanted in ar t and style ?

Cui lecta potmter erit rrs N ec f awndia deseret hunc nee lucid11s ordo.

It was chosen br Corneille as a motto for Ci1111a ; it would do as a summarr of all the writings of Scott.

The \\'averley 1\ovels may be reckoned among the works of fiction that have had their origin in chance, and have turned out something different from what the author intended. Read­ing the life of Scott, we seem to be 1ollowing a pilgrimage where the traveller meets with different temptat ions and escapes various dangers, and takes up a number of duties, and is led to do a number of fine things which he had not thought of till the time came for attempting them. The poet and the no\·clist arc re­vealed in the historian and the collector of antiquities. Scott before 'The lay of tht last .llinstrtl looked like a young adventurer in the study of history and legend. who had it in him to do solid work on a large scale (like his edition of Dryden) if he chose to rake it up. He is not a poet from the beginning like Words­worth and Keats, dC\'Oted to that one service ; he turns no\·clist late in life when the success of his poetry seems to be O\'cr. His early exreriments in verse arc queerlr suggested and full of hazard. I t needs a foreign language-German-to encourage him to rhyme. The fascination of Burger's l morr is a reflection from Engli~h ballad poctrr ; the reflected image brought out

8

SIR WALTER SCOTT what had been less remarkable in the original. The German devices of terror and wonder arc a temptation to Scott; they hang about his path with their monotonous and mechanical jugglery, their horrors made all the more intolerable through the degraded verse of Lewis-a bad example which Scott in­stinctively refused to follow, though he most unaccountably prnised Lewis's sense of rhythm. The close of the eighteenth century cannot be fully understood, nor the progress of poetry in the nineteenth, without some study of the plague of ghosts and skeletons which has left its mark on 'lhe Ancient 1lfari11er, from which Goethe and Scott did not escape, which imposed on Shelley in his youth, to which Byron yielded his tribute of 'I he Y ampire. A tempting subject for expatiation, especially when one re­members- and who that has once read it can forget ?- the most glorious passage in the 'Memoirs of Alexandre Dumas' describing his first conversation with the unknown gentleman who after­wards turned out to be Charles Nodicr, in the theatre of the Porte Saint-Martin where the play was 'lhe //ampire: from which theatre Charles Nodicr was expelled for hissing 'I he // ampire, himself being part-author of the marvellous drama. I hope it is not impertinent in a stranger to express his unbounded gratitude for that delightful and most humorous dialogue in which the history of the Elzevir Press (starting from Le Pastissur f ra11fois) and the tragedy of the rotifer are so adroitly interwoven "ith the theatrical scene of Fingal's Cave and its unusual visitors, the whole adventure ending in the happiest laughter over the expulsion of the dramatist. I may not have any right to say so, but I throw myself on the mercy of my readers: I remember nothing in an; chronicle so mercurial or jovial in its high spirits as this story of the first encounter and the begin­ning of friendship between Charles Nodier and Alexandre Dumas .

The Vampire of Staffa may seem rather far from the range of Scott's imagination; but his contribution to Lewis's ' Tales of Wonder' show the risk that he ran, while the White Lady of Avenel in 'The Monastery' proves that even in his best years he was exposed to the hazards of conventional magic.

Lockhart has given the history of 'I he Lay of the Last Minstrel, how the story developed and took shape. It is not so much an example of Scott's mode of writing poetry as an explanation of his whole literary life. 'I he Lay of the' Last JI i11strel was his first original piece of any length and his first great popular success.

9

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW And, as Lockhart has sufficiently shown, it was impossible for Scott to get to it except through the years of exploration and editing, the collection of the Border ballads, the srudy of the old metrical romance of Sir 'Iristrem. The story of the Goblin Page was at first reckoned enough simply for one of the additions to the Border ?ilinstrelsy on the scale of a ballad. Scott had tried another sort of imitation in the stanzas composed in old English and in the metre of the original to supply the missing conclusion of Sir 'lristran. It was not within his scope to write an original romance in the old language, bur Coleridge's Christabe/ was recited to him, and gave him a modern rhythm fit for a long story. So the intended ballad became the Lay, taking in, with the legend of Gilpin Horner for a foundation, all the spirit of Scott's knowledge of his own country.

Here I must pause to express my admiration for Lockhart's criticism of Scott, and particularly for his description of the way in which the Lay came to be written. It is really wonderful, Lockhart's sensible, unpretentious, thorough interpretation of the half-unconscious processes by which Scott's reading and re­collections were turned into his poems and novels. Of course, it is all founded on Scott's own notes and introductions.

\\'hat hnppened with the Lay is repeated a few years after­wards in '\\'avcrley.' The La·y, a rh}'ming romance; '\\·avcrlcy' an historical novel; what, it may be asked, is so \•cry remarkable nbout their origins? \\'as it not open to any one to \\Tite romances in verse or prose ? Perhaps; but the singularity of Scott's first romances in \'crse and prose is that they do nor begin as literary cxreriments, but as means of expressing their amhor"s knowledge, memory and treasured sentimenr. Hazlitt is right ; Scott's t·xpcrience is shaped into the \\'averlcr XO\·cls, though one cnn distinguish later between those stories that belong properly to Scott's life and those that arc invented in repetition of a pattern.

Scott's owo alleged reason for giving up the writing of tales in verse was thnt Bvron beat him. But there must ha\'c been something besides this: it is plain that the pattern of rhyming romance \\aS growing stale. The Lt1y needs no apology; .llarmion includes the great tragedy of Scotland in the Battle oi Flodden :-

' The stubborn sptarmm still made good Thetr dark impentlrablt! wood, Each stepping tQhere his comrade stood,

'I he 111s/ant that he fell. ro

SIR WALTER SCOTT No thought was thue of dastard flight; Link'd in the serried phalanx tight, Croom fought like 11oble, sqttire like knight

As f ear/essly and well ; 'Iill titter dark11ess closed her wi11g O'er their thin host a11d wou11ded king.'

And 'Ihe Lady of the Lake is all that the Highlands meant for Scott at that time. But Rokeby has little substance, though it includes more than one of Scott's finest songs. 'Ihe Lord of the Isles, though its battle is not coo far below Marmion, and though its hero is Robert the Bruce, ret wants the original force of the earlier romances. \\'hen Scott changed his hand from verse to prose for story-telling and wrote ' \\' averley,' he not only gained in freedom and got room for a kind of dialogue that was impossible in rhyme, but he came back to the same sort of experience and the same strength of tradition as had given life to the Lay. The time of 'Waverley' was no more than sixty years since, when Scott began to write it and mislaid and forgot the opening chapters in 1805 ; he got his ideas of the Forty-five from an old Highland gentleman who had been out with the Highland clans, following the lead of Prince Charles Edward, the Young Chevalier. The clans in that adventure belonged to a world more ancient th:rn that of' Ivanhoe' or 'The Talisman'; they also belonged so nenrly to Scotc's own time that he heard their story from one of themselves. He had spoken and listened to another gentlemnn "ho hnd known Rob Roy. 'The Bride of Lammermoor ' came to him ns the Icelandic family histories came to the historians of Gunnnr or Kjartan Olafsson. He had known the storr all his life, and he wrote it from tradition. The time of 'The Heart of i\lidlothi:m' is earlier than '\\'averley,' but it is more of a modern novel than an historical romance, and even 'Old !\lonalitv,' which is earlier stilJ, is modern also; Cuddie Headrigg is no more antique than Dandie Dinmont or the Ettrick Shepherd himself, and even his mother and her Co,·enanting friends arc not far from the fashion of some enthusiasts of Scott's own time-e.g. Hogg's religious uncle who could not be brought to repeat his old ballads for thinking of 'covenants broken, burned and buried.' 'Guy 1\lanncring ' and 'The Antiquary' are both modern stories : it is not till ' I van hoe' that Scott definitely starts on the rcgulnr historical novel in the manner that was found so easy to imitate.

II

THE ANG LO-FRENCH RE\'IEW If ' Rob Roy ' is not the ,-ery best of them all-and on

problems of that sort perhaps the right word may be the Irish phrase .\'abodish ! (' don't trouble about that ! ') which Scott picked up when he was visiting :\Iiss Edgewonh in Ireland­' Rob Roy' shows well enough what Scott could do, in romance of ad\·enture and in humorous dialogue. The plots of his novels arc sometimes thought to be loose and ill-defined, and he tells us himself that he seldom knew where his story was carrying him. His young heroes are sometimes reckoned rather feeble and featureless. Francis Osbaldiswne. like Edward Waverlt:y and Henry :\Torton, drifts into trouble and has his destiny shaped for him by other people and accidents. But is this anything of a reproach to the author of the story ? Then it must tell against some novelists who seem to work more conscientiouslv and carc­fullr than Scott on the frame of their story-agai~st George Meredith in Evan Harrington and Richard Fevercl and Harry Richmond, all of whom are driven by circumstances and sec their way no more clearly than Scott's young men . Is it not really the strength, not the weakness, of Scott's imagination that engages us in the perplexities of Waverley and Henry Morton even to the verge of tragedy-keeping our of tragedy because it is not his business, and would spoil his looser, larger, more varied web of :i story r Francis Osbaldistone is less severely tried. His story sets him travelling, and may we not admire the skill of the author who uses the old device of a wandering hero with such good effect ? The swry is not a mere string of ad,·cn­tures-it is adventures with a bearing on the main issue, with complications that all tell in the end; chief among them, of course, the succcssi\'c appearances of :\Ir. Campbell and rhe counsels of Diana \"croon. The scenes that bring out Scott's genius most complete!}' -so they have always seemed to me--are those of Francis O,;baldistone's stay in Glasgow. Seldom has any n ,,•eJisr manai::t•d so easih- so mam· different modes of interest. There is the piace-in different lights-the streets, the river, the bridge, the Cathedral, the prison, seen through the suspense of the hero's mind rendered in the talk of Bailie Xicol Jarvie and Andrew Fair~crvicc; made ali\'e. as the saying is, through ~uccessive anxieties and dangers; thrilling \\ith romance, rct at the same time nc\·cr beyond the range of ordinary common sense. Is it not a triumph, at the \"ery lowest reckoning, of dexterous n:irra­tive to bring together in a viYid dramatic scene the humorous

1%

SI R WALTER SCOTT character of the Glasgow citizen and the equal and opposite humour of his cousin, the cateran, the Highland loon, ~Ir. Campbell disclosed as Rob Roy-with the Dougal creature helping him ?

Scott's comedy is like of that Cervantes in 'Don Quixote '­humorous dialogue independent of any definite comic plot and mixed up with all sorts of other business. ~light not Falstaff himself be taken into comparison too ? Scott's humorous characters arc nowhere and never characters in a comedy-and Falstaff, the greatest comic character in Shakespeare, is not great in comedy.

Some of the rich idiomatic Scottish dialogue in the novels might be possibly disparaged (like Ben Jonson) as' mere humours and observation.' Novelists of lower rank than Scott-Galt in' The Ayrshire Legatees' and' Annals of the Parish' and ' T he Entail '-have nearly rivalled Scott in reporting conversation. But the Bailie at any rntc has his part to play in the story of ' Rob Roy '-and so has Andrew Fairservicc. Scott never did anything more ingenious than his contrast of those two characters -so much alike in language, and to some extent in cast of mind, with the same conceit and self-confidence, the same garrulous \Vestland security in their own judgment, both attentive to t heir own interests, yet clearly and absolutely dist inct in spirit, the Bailie a match in courage for Rob Roy himself.

Do we at home in Scocland make too much of Scott's life and associations when we think of his poetry and his novels ? Possibly few Scotsmen arc impartial here. As Dr. Johnson said, they are not a fair people, and when they think of the Waverley .Novels they perhaps do not alwa}'S see quite clearly. Edinburgh and the Eildon Hills, Aberfoyle and Stirling, come between their minds and the printed page :-

' .1 mist of memory broods and floats The Border waters fl01u,

'lhe air is full of ballad notes Borne 0111 of /011g ago.'

It might be prudent and more critical to take each book on its own '!1erits in a. dry light. But it is not easy to think of a great writer thus discreetly. Is Balzac often judged accurately and coldly, piece by piece, here a line and there a line ? Are not the best judges those who think of his whole achievement altogether-the whole amazing world of his creation-' La

13

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW Comedic Humainc' ? By the same sort of rule Scott may be judged, and the whole of his work, his \'ast industry, and all that made the fabric of his life, be allowed to tell on the mind of the reader.

I wish this discourse had been more worthv of its theme, and of this audience, and of this year of heroic memories and lofty hopes. But if, later in the summer, I should find my \\ay back to Ettrick and Yarrow and the Eildon Hills, it \\ill be· a pleasure to remember there the honour rou ha\'e done me in allo\\ing me to speak in Paris, howe\·er unworthily, of the greatness of Sir \\.alter Scott.

\\'. P. KER.

Summer Jll hm the year was full of plenty and the com red in the ear r o11 heard Love's feet pass by you, and blushed to k11ow him 11enr, And you hid ltst he might find you, half hopi11g you might find; As you wished he might not see you, so you would Lovt were

11ot blind.

ll'tll you k11ew your lips held kisses, though you strove to make them thill

As you k11roi your heart would sway yo11, so you made lo tarry still.

Like a bird that is affrigl:ttd, you hid and u:atrhed Lot·e go, 'l ill the greatu /tar rame to you, that he should ltat•t yo11 so.

And you kntu you uue a u:oman u:ith only this to fear, 'l hat Lot•t might rome onu only, who now has passed so nenr. So from out the red rom grou·i11g, you rose and /ollocud meek, II' 1th a pride that u:as the greafl!r for the blushes on your rhuk.

So you jollou'td nnd he heard your light steps upon the grass, .1nd turne,{ and smiled and kissed you, and u:ould not let you

pass. ,-/nd yo11r heart sang fairy 111usir, for you found Love t't'T)' dt'ar : lfhm the ytnr was full of plenty and the com red in the tar.

A RT H u R E. L L 0 y D ~I Au N s ELL •

••

DERN IERES A VENTURES DE CRUSOE

'Jloii voyage /111 hture11x tt f'arri[Jai m Angltttrre l'o11zih11t dt f 11i11 dt 1687, aya11t ht hors dt ma patrit trmtt-ci11q ans.'

X -DESSOUS de quoi Robinson inscrivit FIN en gros carac­teres. Vivrc sa vie est bicn ; la vivrc unc seconde fois en la contant par le detail dcvient fastidicux a la longue ...

Robinson etaic charmc d'avoir terminc scs memoires; pieux par nature et par habitudc- car, dans son ilc, prive longremps de toure socicre humainc, ii avait du sc resigner a converser avcc Dieu, - ii en profita pour rcmcrcier le ciel : 'Seigneur, pcnsait-il a pcu de chose prcs, le solcil luit bien doucement sur cc quarrier a dcmi-rustiquc de Londrcs ot\ j'ai pris ma retraite; la vie est belle ; Jes rev en us de mon comptoir brcsilien assurent mon existence, et mes cousins du Yorkshire, bicn que me croyant mort, ne m'onr pas fair, a mon retour, trop grise mine; ici s'arrete mon histoirc... Graces vous soient rendues, Seigneur ! Je n'aurai plus desormais d'histoire: ii ne me reste qu'a etrc heureux.' Er Robinson sc mit en dcvoi1 de l'etre.

Deja ii commcn\ait a sc rcndrc comptc quc le bonheur parfait ne va pas sans quelque monotonic, lorsque des evencments impren1s transformcrcnt son naissant ennui en humeur noire. Le perroquct qu'il a\·ait rapporte de son ile jacassait des l'aube de la plus assourdissante fa\on et Jes voisins cxigerent q ue Crusoe Jui tordit le cou. 11 r {ut contraint par Jes sergents du Roi apres s'etre mis dans un mauvais cas pour a\•oir rosse un de scs com­patriotes qui Jui chantait pouillcs a propos de la bcstiole. !llais celle-ci lui ctait chcrc et ii cut des remords. ' J"aurais du, pcnsait-il, plutot quc de laisscr s'accomplir cc crime, tircr sur Jes sergents du Roi commc jc fis jadis sur les cannibales.'

Peu apres, longeant dans la campagne un \'erger charge de fruits, il en cueiUit innoccmment quclqucs-uns et se mit a Jes manger en remcrciant Dicu qui couvrc Jes arbres de fruits sur les pas de ccux qui ont soi£. :Mais le maitre du lieu sur­vint, qui parla de prison et de l:\cher scs dogues sur le volcur :

15

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW 'Seigneur, murmura Robinson clans le fond de son creur, c'est done seulement dans les ilcs desertes que voue providence se manifeste pleinement a \'OS fils ? ' II de,·int misanthrope, traita publique­ment sa cuisiniere d'empoisonneuse et son savetier d'assassin. Les mcts qu'on lui servait lui paraissaient detestables et scs souliers le faisaient souffrir. II excita les rires, puis la haine, n'admenant pas Jes rires a son endroit. Il ne connut bientot plus qu 'un homme ;\ qui parlcr : John Camerell, le brocanteur. Ce n'etait point, ce brocantcur, comme !'on pourrait croire, un vieillard avaricieux et sordide, mais un garc;on de bonne mine et d'esprit eveille. Robinson s'crait pris d'amitie pour lui en conversant au seuil de sa boutique, et, depuis, sur le soir, il le vorair souvent arriver en son logis. John Camerell parlait volontiers de sa vie, laquellc avait c!tc fort diverse. Elcve pour etre d'eglise, ii avait du y rcnonccr, fautc d'argcnt; alors, il avait ete tour a tour pamph!C­tairc, balaycur et commis chcz un bonnetier qu'il avait du quitter, ayant rrop plu a son cpouse pour ne pas Jui deplaire.

' Ma barque, disait-il, fur ballottee par bicn des tcmpctes. Mais jc nc compre pas m'endormir clans le port paisiblc ou jc me repose pour )'instant. A mes moments perdus, j'ccris un traitc contrc Jes Tures, et je Jc signcrai de mon vrai nom : un nom quc j'cntends rescrvcr a la gloire.'

'Quand j'ctais clans mon ile .. .' repliquait Robinson. Ainsi, cclui-la parlant d'avenir, cclui-ci de passe, ils se confiaicnt doucc.:­mcnt l'un ;i l'autre. Mais au meilleur moment de l'entrctic.:n des bruits divers de chutes, de chansons bizarres ou de vaissrlle brisce rctentissaicnt clans la piece voisine.

'Hclas ! s'ccriait douloureusement Crusoe, c'est mon gucux de sauvagc qui est encore ivre ! '

Dans Jes premiers jours du retour en Angleterre, \'cndredi accompagnait son maitre Jc long des rues ; et, de temps ~i autrc, pour lui marquer sa soumission. ii se jetait a plat \"cntrc au­dc.:\•ant de ses pas, comme ii avait accoutumc clans l'ile. Alors Jes passants fai5aient cerclc, ahuris ; Jes chiens, inquicts, jap­paicnt ; au milieu des quolibets et des rires Robinson sc hatait de disparaitre; mais \"endredi Sa\·air ce qu'exigeaient lcs rcg)cs de la politesse puerile et honnete de sa race, et d'aillcurs Robinson courait moins ,·itc que lui.

' Bcnis soient Jes fctiches, pensait le sam·age, et le plus grand ,le tous qui s'appcllc Dicu, puisqu"ils ont mis Crusoe sur ma route. Sans lcs fctichcs, Dicu et Crusoe, jc dormirais sur le sol et non sur

16

DERNIERES AYENTURES DE CRUSOE un lit moellcux ; je mangerais encore lcs plus vieux et les plus maigrcs de mes freres au lieu de scmir fondrc clans ma bouche la chair de moutons bien cngraisscs, et j 'ignorcrais les vcrtus de ccs breuvagcs nommes vin, rack ou ale, qui remplissent mon cccur <le force et inspirent a mes jambes des danses pleines de noblesse et de bcaute .. .' Sur quoi, le cceur gonAe de reconnais­sance, ii sc prosternait de nouveau sur le sol, aux pieds de son maitre. Un jour, l'ayant fait avec trop <le hate, ii fut cause quc Crusoe chut.

'Vcndrcdi, gronda cclui-ci en sc relevant furieux et meunri, tu cs mon domcstique et non mon esclavc ; puisque ton amc sans dignitc se refuse a le concevoir, jc tc marqucrai du moins, dans ton interet, par un cruel souvenir, le peinc que ta basscssc me fait.' Et ii roua de coups l'infortune sauvage, qui revint au logis en poussant de longs hurlcments de douleur.

Bientot, Crusoe ne sortant plus, Vcndredi erra dans le quartier, pitcux comme un chieu sans maitrc. On affirma qu'il mourait de faim, qu'il ctait chaque jour battu comme platre, et, commc on dctestait Crusoe, il devint sympathiquc. On le nourrit et on le caressa comme un animal curieux ; ii rcndit mille services, lava la vaisselle, charma les commcrcs en tranchant d'un coup de dents la tete d'un canard vivant destine a la broche ; les besogncs lcs plus rcpugnantes ne l'cffrayaient pas, et ii n'ctait pas cxigcant pour le paiement : ii dansait :i la peusee de lecher unc assiettc sale; pour un verre de biere, on lui faisait accomplir les plus rejouissantes excentricites. Bicntot, la contenance de son estomac dcvenant legcndairc, par curiosite, pour voir jusqu'ou ccla irait, on le gorgea a,·ec le rebut des aliments et Jes foods de bouteillc. 11 acceptait tout, la bouche ouvcrte jusqu'aux orcilles par un sourirc de gratitude infinic.

II :ivait une amie veritable, Kate Kcensby, une fille du voisin:ige, pauvre et de rnauvaiscs mccurs ; une naive sympathie s'crnit crnblic entre le Sauvage et la gucuse dont les limes etaient au mcmc niveau. Lorsque Kate avait quelque moonaie, ellc achctait du gin et appelait Vendrcdi; la bouteille bue, Vendredi, auprcs de Kate, scmait vaguement du fond de son ivresse, unc main caresser sa tcte crepue et l'cxcase arrondissait ses yeux blancs. Ainsi \ 'endrcdi etait hcureux et ii se rendait d'aucaot plus compte de son bonheur quc celui-ci ne l'accablait pas com­plctcmcnt; car ii y manquait quelquc chose : la tunique rouge a galons d'or qui pendait a l'etal de John Camcrell.

17 c

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW 'Jc vois souvent, di t un jour celui-ci a Robinson, vorrc

Sauvage radcr de\'ant ma bout ique. Il conremple apparemmenr un arc bresilicn que j"achetai recemmenr a un matelot. Dans son ame a\'ilie, ;\ la \"UC d'un objet qui Jui rappelle sa tcrrc natalc, ii y a place encore pour un reve ,·ague et douloureux. ·

' HC!as ! que n 'ai-jc laiS$C cc raurre gar\On dans sa patrie ! • s'ecria Robinson plein de tristesse.

Sa tristcsse avait d 'ailleurs d 'autres causes que scs remords au sujct de \ "cndredi. II sentait de jour en jour la haine autour de lui grandir et de,·enir mena\ante. II ne s'C:tonna point, un soir, d'enrendre J ohn Camerell, accouru fort dfan:, lui dire :

' Fuyez, pour I'amour de Dieu ! Des gens prctendent :woir vu le <liable chez vous et, sous pretexte de sorcellcric, veulenr vous faire pcnd re ! '

Robinson cut un sourire a mer en designant lcs defroqucs du p rctcn<lu <liable : sa vcste et son bonnet de peau de chcvrc qu'il rcvctait parfois dcpuis quelque temps, pousse par une sortc de nostalg ic.

' Gar<lcz ccla, dit- il ;\ son ami, et gardez auss i mes mC:moircs en souvenir de moi.'

P uis ii rcveilla \ 'cndredi, qui cuvait son vin dans un coin, et tous dcux, :\ la favcur de la nuit, partirent ...

' Senhor, disait ;\ Robinson le capitaine du vaisseau portugais OU ii s'etait embarque peu aprcs, vous etes bien le plus drolc de corps quc j'aie con temple de ma vie. Yous arrivcz sur mon pont a )a nuit noire Ct VOUS pa~·ez passage pour \"OUS et \'Otre l:tquais sans meme me demander vers quelles terres nous faison. \'oilc. Et, depuis !ors, vous ne semblez vous departir de votre tristc"t' familierc que lorsque quelque bourrasque fair rage. commc en cc momcnt-ci.'

· C:ipitainc. dit Robinson distrait, crorez-\·ous pas qu' il ~ ait quclq ttc terrc inconnue dans ccs paragcs ? '

• Senhor, dit le capitainc, si clle est inconnuc c'cst apparcm­ment quc nous ne sa\·ons pas qu"clle existe; et pui;:quc jc nc sai~ pas si die cxiste, comment ponrrais-jc affirmer qu'cllc n\~xi>tc pa-; ? '

\ insi parla le capitainc, qui erait sage. Cepcndant l'ourngnn faisait rage, lcs mats gemissaient, Jes James SOUlcYecs en tOllt scns faisaicnt cra,1ucr lcs ais de la coquc.

18

DERN IERES A VENT URES DE CRUSOE ' Capitaine, dit Robinson radieux, je crois que le navire est

prcs de sombrer.' 'Morbleu, dit le capitaine, voila qui passe la mesure. Senhor,

etes-vous clement 1 Regardez votre laquais qui pleure a chaudes larmcs... Mieux vaudrair, certcs, qu'il nous aidat. Mais, tout sauvagc qu' il est, it fait plus quc vous preuvc de bon sens.'

' Jc sais depuis deux jours lcs causes de ses larmes, dit tran­quillcmcnt Crusoe. II ne crairrt pas la mort, il rcgrette Kate Keensby et une tunique :i galons <lores.'

Le capitaine n'eut pas Jc loisir de s'ahurir davantage, car unc vague l'cmporta. Au memc instant, le vaisseau echouait sur un bane de sable. 'Terre ! terre ! ' criait la vigie comme par hasard. Deja l'eau bouillonnait au ras des bastingages : ' Voita qui est bien,' pensa Crusoe. Et ii se precipita dans la mer en entrainant Vendredi.

Naturellement, apres avoir risque la mort mille fois, tous deux abor<lcrent dans unc ile. Alers Robinson, errant sur le rivage, rcndit grikcs au cicl et plaignit scs infortunes compagnons de voyage qui, sans nul doutc, avaient trouvc la mort sur le vaisseau :

'Jc nc manqucrai pas de m'attcndrir longuement sur eux, dit-il :\ Vcndredi, quand nous irons dcmain, apres un sommeil reparatcur, chercher Sur )e vaisseau lcs objets indispensables a notrc vie.'

Et ii se souvint qu'il y avait du rhum dans la cambuse et des armcs dans la cabine du capitainc.

Hclas ! apres trois jours d'attentc, ii connut quc le vaisseau s'ctait pcrdu corps et biens. II n'cn restait nulle trace a !'horizon et les vagucs n'apporterent meme pas de debris. Les deux naufragcs soutinrent peniblement lcurs forces en mangeant des coquillagcs ou en buvant d'une eau saumatre. Ils allerent a la dccouvcrte: l'ile, aride et desolce, n'offrait aucune ressource : 'Seigneur, s'ccria Robinson, vous n'ctcs pas gcntil ! Jc ne voulais pourtant que vous fournir unc fois de plus )'occasion de manifestcr votrc providence.' Mais le Seigneur ne repondit pas. Cc qui d'ailleurs nc prouve ricn centre sa bonte, car en agis­sant ainsi ii avait ses dcsscins, lesquels, commc on sait, sont impcnetrables.

Robinson, epuise, mourut a quelqucs jours de la. \ ·endredi ctait plus jeune et robuste. Rcstc scul, ii hurla tant et rant sur un roe, au passage d'un navirc, quc les matclots l'ouirent er le recucillirent. Apres divers avatars dont nous n'a\·ons ici

19

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\TIE\V que faire, il revint :i Londres, se corrigea de son ivrognerie, achcta la tunique rouge et se maria avcc Kate Keensby. II en cut toutes sortes d'enfants dont la teintc ,·ariait du brun oli,·atre au marron tendre. C'est de sa bouche quc de rares privilegics ont rccueilli la veridique histoire des dcrnicrs moments de Robinson.

Un dernicr mot sur John Camcrell. Sous son nom reel, qui ctait Defoe, ii publia le manuscrit de Robinson en s'en attribuant le merite. Ce Jui valut quelque gloire et ii en prof.ta pour rendrc Crusoe responsable de tout un autrc \'Olumc d':wcnturcs ou le malhcurcux n'etait pour rien. Defoe n'cn mourut pas moins dans le denuement, apres avoir vecu dans la miscrc.

Ccci contribuerait :i prom·er la justice ou-cc qui est tout un - la bonte de la Providence, si Jes memoires authcntiqucs que l'on posscde de Crusoe n'y suffisaient largement.

C H A R L E S D E R E N N E S.

Poplars

l t is a long time since I saw the poplars 7ust 011t of h11d. 'l hey tlltrt stifj against the grey ho11ses, Spurting 11p from the short trunk, Like the ytl/o:g pig-tails little girls u:ear. T hrre was a u·hole row of them, And you co11/d almost hear their chatttr . Now the poplars are fanning themselt•es idly TI' ith de/irate apricot waftrs of /eat·es, ./ nd their u:hispering, with the least wind that co111ts, ls idle and full of lascif.!ioumess. 'l ht little girls art grou·n up.

A ~ y R A N D A L L .

20

SCAPA FLOW: WHO WAS TO BLA~1E?

N O event connected \\ith the war has excited more nonsensical talk than the destruction of the German war-ships at Scapa by the officers left in charge of them.

To begin with, it was universally taken for granted that the sinking of this fleet was a complete surprise: whereas as a fact, it had been confidently foretold for some time. Next, the act was de­scribed as a breach of honour by the Germans : but the Germans do not know what honour means and cannot break what they do not possess. If the J\llics in their wisdom left the German fleet in German custody and did so without securing any under­taking that it should be in their safe custody, and without speci­fying any penalty if such an undertaking were not carried out, then it is more becoming that they should lament their own want of foresight than lecture the Germans on their once more illus­trating a naturnl defect with which all the world had been for years so painfully familiar. And when all is said the fact remains that Admiral Reuter and his colleagues did not, either by themselves or by their Government, undertake to give up the ships in good condition when the Armistice came to an end. Supposing the Germans had refused to sign the Peace and the war had recom­menced, could it seriously have been said that the German officers were under a moral obligation to preserve intact ships which their enemies might use against their country 1

The truth of the matter seems to be that this question of the custody of the German fleet is on a par with se,·eral other of the naval conditions of the Armistice. For example, the British fighting navr was intensely intrigued oYer one detail of German naval equipment. ' Detail ' perhaps is an unfortunate word to use, for the equipment to which I allude must in all circumstances be a complicated, elaborate, diverse affair. I refer, of course, to the instrumental organisation for obtaining and preserving, during action, the data in accordance with which the sights must be adjusted to secure continuous hitting, and, allied to this, the instrumental system by which the guns, once the elevation and the deflection angle arc decided, can be directed and kept trained

11

THE ANGLO-FRE 1CH REVIEW upon the target. And in this matter the curiosity of French, Italian, and American naval officers could hardly have been less than that of our own. Yet, when terms were being imposed on the enemy which included the temporary surrender to the Allies of the German fighting fleet, it was not insisted that these vessels should be handed over to us with their rangefindcrs, sights, directors, calculating mechanisms, and fire-concrol com­munications complece. It is quite inconceivable chat the omission was intencional.

The shooting of the German ships throughout the war had been marked by two quite surprising characteristics. The firsc is that chc greater the range che more oucstanding was cheir accuracy. The second was this. Almosc irnmediaccly after the German ships came under effective fire chis accuracy vanished immediaccly. From these two facts alone, many, buc inconsis­tent, inferences might be drawn. For instance, ic would be compatible with the published facts to suppose char the Germans used rangefinders and instruments of extraordinary accuracy and complexity, but tha t either the fittings or the means of communic::1tion were necessarily exposed, so that there was a total breakdown in material the moment our 011n shells began to hit. On this theory, German fire control was not able to sur­vive the opening stages of an engagement, because it was neces­sarily itself the first of the enemy's casualties. But again, the known facts are compatible with a completely different theory. It is that the Germans had few, if any, fire control instruments except r:rngefindcrs, but these of quite exceptional merit, and a highly trained and skilled personnel to modify the range that had to be set upon the gun. Once under fire, it has been sup­posed, Aurry and the excitement of the action would prevent this personnel from functioning. Hence the breakdown.

:\ow it is a palpable truth, obvious to the least technical of lavmen. that the efficienc\· of a battleship in action can be almost so

0

lelr measured by the capacity of her guns to hit the enemy. The bc~t measures for securing this capacitr had been the subject of acute debate in all navies in the ten years preceding the war. That the Germans had produced a method extraordinarily good in some respects, as extraordinarily dcfecti\•e in others, was clear from our own experience. Is it to be supposed that we dclibe­r:1tely abandoned a plan of mastering this secret when its reve­lation to us was within our power to enforce ?

SCAPA FLOW: WHO WAS T O BLAME? And if the Allies were so little watchful in a matter of so much

moment as this, is it surprising that an equal want of caution was exhibited over the custody of the interned vessels ? The explanation of both blunders can only, it seems to me, be found in this. In )iovember 1918, our preoccupations were all purely military. If the Germans surrendered so many guns, howitzers, and rifles, so many wagons, so much railway stock, so much ammunition, if their forces retreated, giving us a substantial area of occupation and a firm hold of the bridgeheads, then the German resumption of the war on land was virtually impossible. And so if, at sea, we took every German submarine away, the only form of naval action open to the enemy during the previous two and a quarter years would be gone. And then what further cause for anxiety could there be ? The naval terms, in other words, appeared, one must suppose, to be quite a subordinate business.

History only can tell us whether the British Admiralty pro­posed a wider, more drastic and more satisfactory solution, and that its conditions were modified by a superior authority, or whether no more was actually asked than was in fact conceded by the beaten enemy. ln this matter we are all perfectly ignorant. We simply do not know if the Admiralty accepted responsibility for the German Fleet. If it did its guilt is grave. But that the naval terms were improvident and inadequate, not only in the two matters I have mentioned but in numerous others, is now so abundantly clear that it seems quite superfluous to throw the blame of the failure of one of these upon the enemy. The Allies, in this respect, have themselves alone to thank.

ARTHUR POLLEN.

13

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\'JE\V

LE TRAVAIL DES FEMMES PEN­

DANT ET APRES LA GUERRE

D EPUIS l"hcurc OU cclata le grand conflit qui bouleversa !'Europe, le nombre des femmes qui travaillcnt a sen­siblcmcnr augmente en France. On evaluc quc cc nombre

s'clcve maintcnant aux deux tiers des femmes, alors qu'aupara­vant il n'atteignait qu'un t iers d'ent re elles. Cet accroissement con~idcrable du travail fcminin, ou ne se trouvcnt pas comprises Jes professions clevces, tclles quc cclles d'avocat et de medecin, reservces a !'elite, a etc provoquc par deux bcsoins qui sont nes simulrancmenr et se sont mis ion heureusement au sen·ice run de l'autre; en premier lieu, le bcsoin du pays, subitemcnt prfre par les armces de la plus grande et de la meilleurc panic des activitc> dont il disposait, en second lieu, le bcsoin des femmes, donl la situation se trouva changce du jour au lcndemain, deve­nant rout au moins prccairc pour beaucoup d\:ntrc clles. 11 fallait rcmplacer les hommes clans les admini<tr::nions et Jes sen'iccs de l'Etat, clans unc multitude d'emplois publics et prh·cs. et as,urcr, en 01nre. route~ i.:, fabrications de gucrre. Cc fureat lcs femmes qui comblcrent les vidcs, et qui egalcmcnr rcndirent possible le devcloppement des ar>cnaux et des usincs d'ou sonirent nos munition•.

La femme du mobilise prit la place de son mari au :\ferro, a la Postc, au tramway, au grand magasin, a la banque. Puis, lorsquc s'ouvrit l'us ine de guerrc, les \·euvcs de la gucrre, les femmes des families les plus cprom·ces y furcnt admises Jes prc­mieres, cram considerees comme Jes plus meritantc~. Er plus la gucrre dura, plus cc contingent feminin s' accrut, alimente par J'afllux des rcfugiees, par )c5 familJcs appaunics Oll minces, par Jes jeunes filJes, lasses de \ ivotcr au vilJage, et amrees \'erS Jes grands centres par ccs nom·c:rnx debouchc>. L<: pays fit appel a toutcs Jes bonnes \'Oiont<:S, et Jes recompcnsa digncment. L'indigcncc et le chomage dcvinrent des cho~cs du passc.

Mais cctte ere noU\·clle nc de\•ait avoir qu'un t emps. L'hommc, demobilise, devait un jour reprendre sa place occupec temporairement par une femme. II est vrai quc tous ceax qui et<1ient partis ne reviendraienc pas, et il y ava1t encore '' deduu-e

1~

LE T RA\'AIL DES FEMMES tous Jes mutilcs, incapablcs de rent rer dans !cur emploi antericur. D'autre part, l' usine transformee OU creee de lOUtes pieces en vue d'une production de guerre, devait s'arreter :iu lendemain de !'armistice, se reduirc et s'adapter de nouveau, en vue d'une production de paix. Le nombre considerable de ccs nouvelles travaillcuses devait amener une crise, le jour de leur licenciement, - crisc a laquelle nous nous attendions forccment, et que nous traversons en ce moment. Kous ignorons encore quelle en sera !'issue definit ive et la ponce, car nous n'avons encore assiste qu'au premier acte de la demobilisation. Et puis ii est fort difficile de suivre ces femmes :i travcrs cette periodc critique, et de connaitrc !cur sort. C'est un cchcvcau ou l'on se perd. Mais les cas qui n'cchappent pas a !'observation, permettcnt d'ctablir certaines gcncralites, de demeler certaines tendances, qui, ellcs, n'etaient pas 1.ue\rues, et doivcnt fixer notre attention. Ccs tendanccs, comme nous allons le voir, montrent que la femme sort de l'epreuve de la gucrre avec un esprit completement change, et quc, scion route probabilite, cllc nc redcviendra jamais telle qu'auparavant.

Dans la presentc cnquete, deux questions sc posent naturellc­mcnt :\ !'esprit . D'abord, y a-t-il chomage I Et cnsuite, comment sc fair, la guerre tcrmincc, le reclassemcnt de ce proletariat fcminin?

Contrairement a cc qu'il semble, la prcmicre n'offre pas la meme importance que la seconde. Dans une reorganisation aussi complexe du travail, et aussi peu prcparec, ii etait impos­sible d'eviter completcment le chomage. On s'efforc;a d'en attc!nuer lcs effets, en avcrtissant a l'avancc lcs interessecs, en leur offrant partout une indcmnite de depart, fac;on detournee de •Jes amener a partir spontancment, et en retardant le plus possible !cur licenciemcnt. Ccttc indemnite, souvcnt trcs convaincantc, equivaJait, pour Jes munitionnettcs, a I 5, 20, 30 jours de saiairc, suivant Jes erablisscmcnts, et plus mcmc, scion l'ancicnnete. A !'expiration de cc dclai, l'ounierc touchait de la mairie une allocation de chomagc, si elle n'avait pas rcussi a sc rcplaccr. illais ellc se la vorait rctirer, si sa mauvaisc volontc vcnait a ctrc dccouvcrte. Les offices departemcntaux de placement, qui, fondcs pendant la gucrrc, tcndent a centraliser le marchc du travail, opcrcnt parallelemcnt avec le controlc des chomcurs, Jes dcux services s'cclairant mutucllement.

J usqu'a present, cc furcnt Jes usines de gucrrc qui licencicrcnt le plus grand nombrc de femmes. D'aprcs !'evaluation du

25

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW l\finistere du Travail, elles en employerent jusqu'a +so.ooo. Si nous generalisons cc qui se passa dans plusieurs grands crablisse­menrs tels que Renault et Citroen, nous pouvons poser en fait quc Jes deux tiers au moins ont ete licenciees. II est \'Taisemblablc de penser que la moitie d'enue elles onr repris leurs occupations menageres, a,·cc la possibilite de ne plus rravailler au dchors. Cc fut le cas des femmes mariees. N'ous verrons plus loin ce quc sont de,·enues Jes autres.

Dans les socictcs de crcclir, dans Jes bureaux du .\linistere de la Guerre, le licenciement a cte egalement assez sensible. Au Ministerc des Postes, ii n'a atteint qu'un cinquieme des femmes . Au R:l\'itaillement et a la Reconstitution Industricllc, ii n'a p;is cu lieu. Dans Jes grands magasins, ii n'est pas :\ craindre. Au Mctropolitain et aux Tramwars, Jes employees congediecs furcnt routes embauchees de nouveau, \'application de la journce de huit hcures ayant mis Jes compagnies a court de personnel. Bien micux, dans certains ministeres, dans Jes services de la Ville de Paris, lcs fonctionnai res se font si peu nombreux, par suite de l'insuffis:mce de leur traitement, que deja des cmplois de 'rcdactrices·' sont offerts au.x femmes. Signe des temps, voila quc nous voyons la portc du fonctionnarismc s'cntrouvrir dcvant clles.

D'une fa~on generalc, pendant la guerre, ce que le pars dcmanda aux femmes, cc fut un travail machinal, un effort physique, plutot que des capacites profcssionncllcs. La plupart des cmplois qui !cur furcnt donnes, n'exigcaicnt pas d'apprcn­tis$agc. Aussi trou\·ons-nous parmi cllcs deu.x categories, ccllcs qui avaicnt un metier, et celles qui n'en avaient pas. Em·isageons tout de suite le cas de ces dcrnieres, car ii constirnc la panic la plus troublantc du problemc actucl. Sans b guerrc, clles n'auraicnt pas CU a gagncr !cur vie. Elles cntrerent dans la Jutte sans a,·oir la notion d'aucun metier, et elles sortent de l'eprcuve :llls$i foible~, aus~i FCU armees. , .ictimcs des frencments, que pcuwnt-clles esperer a present, et qucls services peu\'ent-elles rcndrc ? \ oici cc quc me racontait a leur sujet, ii y a trois mois dej;i, une pcrsonnc chargcc d'un ser\'ice de placement feminin :

'lJne cinquantaine de jeunes lilies sont venues, cc matin mcmc, me demander une place. Elles sorraicnt pour la pluparr de socictes de credit, ou cllcs avaient ete employees ~\ classer des coupons ou a copier des chiffrcs.

16

LE TRAVAIL DES FEMMES Avant la gucrrc, cllcs n'avaicnt pas travaille. N'etant preparecs a aucun des meticrs de l'aiguillc, ellcs me dc­mandaient toutcs quclquc chose " dans lcs ecriturcs," dans la manutention, ou autre chose de semblable, sans savoir au justc quoi. Jc n'avais a disposer que de trois places de cc genre. Elles me quittercnt angoissees, Jes larmcs awe yeux, disant qu'cllcs ctaicnt incapablcs de payer leur pension, et nc savaicnt quc devcnir.'

Unc autre placcusc me fit unc declaration plus tristc encore :

'Nous nc sommcs pas cmbarrassees pour placer celles qui ont unc competence quclconquc. Mais, a nos ques­tions, voici le genre de rcponscs que nous obtenons : " Avant la gucrrc, jc nc faisais ricn. La vie a augmcnte, alors je suis allec a l'usinc. J e nc sais rien faire de par­ticulicr. Mais jc pourrais apprcndrc la dactylo .... " Les bureaux regorgent de demandes de places de vcndeuscs, de comptablcs, de rcprcsentantcs, de gcrantes, de dames de compagnic. J\fois Jes femmes ne vculcnt plus ni coudre, ni ctre domcstiqucs. Elles rcfuscnt d'apprcndre aucun metier, et disent qu'cllcs prCfcrcnt attcndre, qu'elles rentrcront a l'usinc, quand on y rctravaillera.

L'Office de Placement du Dcpartcmcnt de la Seine me re­pondit ceci :

' On nous dcmandc des couturiercs, des giletieres, des lingeres. Dcpuis octobrc deja, la penuric de main d'a:uvrc SC fait Scntir cfans la confection a domicile, danS le" tailleur," <lans la fourrurc, mcticrs qui, vous le savez, avaient cte cnvahis par lcs ouvricrs allemands, et que nous avons a co::ur de franciscr. y parviendrons-nous : ,

\'oici done a quoi nous assistons en cc momenr,-phenomene incroyable, mais quc lcs precedents temoignages etablissent bien, - il y a chcz nous ~imultnncmcnt chomagc et manquc de main d'muvre. On vicnt d'cn npcrcevoir la cause principale dans l'incapacitc profcssionnellc des femmes. :\lais la France a de tels besoins de resurrection, ii lui faudra, pour se rclcver, le concours de tant d'nctivitcs, quc ce chomage n'est pas cc qui doit nous inquictcr. Plus rccemmcnt, d'ailleurs, je me suis rendu compte combicn ii serait ephcmerc. Eux aussi, les

1.7

THE ANGLO-FRE~CH RE\'IEW syndicats ounicrs feminins se sont occupes de ccs inaptes, et ils ont constate que bon nombre d'entre clles a\·aient trOu\·c :\ s'cmployer a des bcsognes bien payees et ne demaodant aucunc aptitude spcciale, - dans la parfumerie, notamment, a raison de 1 fr. 20 l'hcurc. dans la chocolaterie, l'alimentation, l'Clectricitc. En chcrchant bicn, les placements arri\·eront roujours :\ lcur trou\'er des tachc~. ?llais n'est-ce pas gacher de la main d'reuvrc qui pourrait etre mieux utilisec : Plutot que de Jes laisser ' bricoler' toutc lcur vie, ne ,·audrait-il pas mieux faire d'clles de naics ounicrcs : On se preoccupe vfrement de la question clans lcs milicmc feministes . On v a reconnu la nccessitc d'orit'lzter ces femmes sufrant leurs aptitudes, en cream, a cet cffct, un scr\'ice special. independant du placement, -institution qui, :\ tout point de vue, rendrait de grands services, et n 'a jnmais cxistc rn France. On a. en second lieu, jetc Jes prcmicrcs bases cl'un certain nombrc d'atcliers nouveaux, non pas d'apprcn­tissagc, puisqu'il nc s'agit pas d'cnfants, mais d'adaptation rnpidc aux mcricrs manucls qui ont le plus besoin de main d'reunc qualifiee, pour SC dcvelopper a l'heure actuelle. Le Conscil National des Femmes travaille opiniatrcment dans ccttc voie, avcc le concours des Y.W.C.A. de France. II a commence par unc sorrc de consultation economique, destinec a lui assurer In collnboratinn des industricls, et a provoquer un renounau dans routes ks branches de notre industric nationale, qui ne pcu\'cnt s'epanouir autant qu'il le faudrait, par suite de cettc pcnuric de main d'ornnc, et auxquclles les femmes rourraicnt s'adaptcr, ou sc porter en plus grand nombrc. Xous en a\·ons dcj:i cite quclqucs·unc<, auxqucllcs ii convicnt d'ajoutcr la bijoutcric, l'orfevrcric, la maroquincrie, Jes fleurs et rlumes, la mode en gros, le cartonnage, la brodcrie, l'amroule electriquc.

Agir ainsi, Ce n 'est pas sculcment dot:or d'un metier, d'un ~a~nc­pain ccs inapks. C'cst procurer a la France de la main d'crune cxperimcntC::..., J' .. iacr .t rerrendre sa place dans la rro.luccio.n mondialc, et faire a.·uvre nationale en memc temps qu'humam­cain.·. )Jais rc\'rnons au present, car ces cfforts·l:i nc portcront leurs fruits que dans l'avcnir.

L'om riere, citcc plus haut, que l'on poussc :i coudre chci: clle, ou :i apprendrc un metier, fait-cllc un maurnis calcul, si l'on sc place :i son point de \'Ue, en preferant sc rcscffcr pour l'usine de paix ? Elle n 'est pas seule clans cc cas. Qui :rnrait pu croirc quc bicn d'autrcs avcc elle ne demanderaicnt qu'a y

:8

LE TRAVA IL DES FEMMES rcntrcr, aprcs ces annees de rude labcur, passecs a tourner, a mamcr, ;\ charger de lourds obus, lcs mains maculees de graisse et d'huilc, la respiration haletantc et saturee de poussicres malsaincs 1 11 est vrai que les avis sont partages sur ce point. Les milieux catholiques, hostilcs ;\ l'cmploi de la femme a l'usinc, affirmcnt quc nos ' munitionncttcs.' qui t tcrcnt avcc joic !cur tache cpuisantc, pour reprcndrc au foyer la vie familiale. D'accord s'il s'agit des femmes mariccs, et d 'unc foible minorite qui avait la possibilite de se consacrcr aux soins du menage. :\fais, parmi ccs ouvriercs, ii y en avait qui, auparavant, travail­laient a domicile, a quclque article de confection OU de lingerie, arrondissant ainsi le salaire de !cur mari. :\e cherchons pas a dcm~lcr ou ii vaudrait mieux les pousscr, maintenant que la vie est dc\•Cnuc plus apre, Ct ce qui convient le mieux a la femme, de l'usine ou du travail a domicile. Cc serait soulever un gros problcme, 01'.i, sans trouver de solution immediate, nous verrions se heurter <lcux theses, celles des milieux catholiqucs et t radition­nalistcs, qui condamncnt l' usine, comme ctant nuisible a la santc de la femme, a la famille, a !'education des enfan ts, et d'autrc part, celle des partis avanccs, qui ne croient pas, quoi qu'on fasse, ;\ !'amelioration du tr:wnil a domicile, cxposant l'ouvricre nux detestables conditions d'hygicnc des taudis, et Ja fon;ant ;\ s'cpuiser dans une luttc toujours incgalc avec le travail en atelier et scs moycns de production plus puissants. Contentons­nous de constatcr et de nous expliquer cctte preference marquee des femmes pour un metier ou ellcs rcmplaccrent les hommes, -preference qui s'exerce au detriment de tous ccux qui, j usqu'alors, avaicnt ctc csscntiellcment feminins, couture, lingerie, broderie, etc. Cc qui Jes attire, dira-t-on, cc sont lcs hauts salaires qu'elles ont rc~us . 11 s'cst forme dans le public d'etrnnges legendes sur nos ' munitionncttes.' Elles auraicnt gagnc cournmment des vingt et vingt-cinq francs par jour, vivant grassemcnt, s'habillant comme des bourgcoiscs, sc faisant onduler pnr un coiffcur, pour aller au cincmn, et ainsi de suite. La veritc, c'cst qu'ellcs gagnaient en moycnnc dix a douzc francs. Seulcs lcs mccaniciennes allaient jusqu\1 dix-huit et vingt francs. C'ctaicnt des ouvrieres d'un nivcau surcricur, qui possedaient le metier a fond, a la suite d'un minuticux apprentissage, et qui formaicnt un petit nombre. II ne ~crnit done pas exact de dire quc lcs femmes sont portees a retourncr ;\ l'usinc, parce qu'ellcs }' ont ctc couvertes d'argent. Non, cc n'cst pas rant !'elevation du salairc que sa regularire qui

29

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW Jes seduit. Cc fait est reel et indiscurable, et il nous fait touchcr du doigt unc aspiration generale et tout-a-fait typique du pro­letariat fcminin d'apres-guerre, qui cherche a remplacer le salairc journalier, instable et aleatoire, par quelque chose de plus fixe et de plus assure, sc rapprochant de la mcnsualite de l'employc. Cctte tendance, nous pouvons etre surs d'a,·ancc de la \'Oir s'ctcndre aussi bien a la femme mariee qu'a la femme celib::irairc, a present que la journee de travail est limitee a huit heures, en attendant d'etre encore ecourtee. L'experience du tra,·ail a J'usine aura compleremem change ses habicudes et ses idecs d'::i,·::int-gucrrc. Apres avoir travaille des heures sans fin, pcnchcc sur unc m::ichinc a coudre qu'elle actionnait peniblcmcnt de ses jambes, ou perdu une panic de sa journee a livrer chci. unc entrepreneuse qui l'exploitait, sans meme lui assurer un gain sr::iblc et permanent, elle est capable de faire a present la difference, et ellc n'hesite pas daos son choix. Elle opter::i d'autam plus volonticrs, que la maison qui coulait hicr des obus et fabriqucra demain des automobilcs, a ere sacisfaitc de son activite stimulee par unc emulation plus grande chci. cllc que chcz l'homme, et nc demandera pas mieux que de Jui rouvrir scs portcs. Elle considerera aussi toutes Jes mesures et lcs institu­tions de protection sociale, garderies d'enfants, cooperati\•cs de consommation, restaurants economiques, foyers-cantines, qui sc sont greffecs sur Jes usines depuis la creation des surintendantcs, et qui lui donnent beaucoup de facilites er d'avanrages dont cllc ne jouirait pas, en restant chez elle.

La mcme tcndance apparait plus clairemcnt encore, lorsque nous cxaminons cc qui s'cst passe, dcpuis le debut de la guerrc, clans l'indu~tric de la couture parisienne, et d'une fai;on gc!ncr::ilc clans lcs industries de luxe qui cmploiem principalemcnt la main d'ceu' re feminine. En 191+. la couture subit un arret brusque, qui la paralysa pour plusicurs annees. On sait combicn die avait ctc fiori~sante jusqu'alors, et de quel rcncm ellc jouissait :\ l'ctrangcr. Flle employait. rien quc dans la region de Paris, plus de zoo.OOO femme~. Du coup, il y eut plus de la moitic des maisons qui fcrmerent. 11 y en cut qui reduisircnt ii rien lcs salaircs, d'autres qui lcs maiminrent au memc nh·cau, et qui, :ifin de g:irder leurs ounicrcs, leur firent confcccionner d~s g::ints et des chaussons de laioe pour rarmee, parvenant seulcmcnt ,\ counir lcurs frais gfocraux, car Jes affaircs etaienr limitccs :\ des arr::ingcmcnts de toilettes.

30

LE TRAVAIL DES FEMMES Vers le commencement de 1915, commen~a l'exode en masse

des femmes vers les usines de gucrre, vcrs les banques et lcs ministcres, ou leur etaicnt offcrts des salaircs, correspondant mieux au cout de la vie. La couture perdit ainsi au moins les deux tiers de scs ouvrieres. A la suite de !'armistice, lorsquc le moment fut vcnu pour nos industries de luxe de reprendrc leur essor cllcs ne rctrouverent plus !cur ancien personnel. La coutmicre qui, pcnsait-on, avait dcsertc momentancment !'atelier, etait restcc sur le souvenir des mauvais jours, et elle avait bien quittc dcfinitivement son ancicn metier, paye si peu, expose tantot aux longs chomages, c'est a dire a la gene, tan tot aux veillees c'est :i dire au surmenage. Le pli ctait pris: clle ne reYiendr:tit plus. Le ministere, l'usine et la banquc avaient ouvert devant cllc de nouvcau..x horizons et lui assuraicnt mathcmatiquement son lcndcm::iin. Le temps etait passc, ou elle avait !'amour de son metier, au point de se sacrificr :\ lui. C'est ainsi que se dcclar::i dans la couture et dans lcs autres mcticrs feminins une crisc de m::iin d'amvre, qui nc fit que s'accentuer, mettant en danger une industrie ou la France avait conquis la premicre pl::icc d::ins le monde, et, commc on peut le pcnser, ii fallut reagir. C'cst, dcpuis !ors, le souci et l'objectif des syndic::its professionncls fcminins, qui font de la propagande partout ou ils peuvcnt atteindrc la jeunesse, et plus particuliercment celui des services de placement publics et prives, qui sont plus a meme encore de faire reu,·re utile.

~Iais, rcvenir a la couture, cc n'ct::tit pas chose facile, memc pour celles qui le \"Oulaicnt bien, surcout au sortir de l'usine de gucrre. Elles ::ivaicm perdu !cur gout, leur tom de main. Com­ment leurs doigts de fees, a present, rugueux et durcis, retrouvc­raicnt-ils !cur souplesse, afin de chiffonncr des linons et des soics I Des gcns du metier nc m'ont p::is cache que cctte main d'ceuvrc-1:\ nc ferait jamais plus rien de bon, et qu'elle etait pcrdue pour la couture, - alors quc d'::iutrc part, les syndicats de la C.G.T., et les divers groupcmcnts catholiques d'ouvricres encouragent de leur mieux Jes ancicnnes :i sc rcadapter a !cur metier, cc qui lcur est possible, prctendent-ils, :i condition qu'elles conscnrent :i dcscendre momentancment d'un echelon, afin de se rcfairc la main. J'ai done cherche :i savoir si beaucoup de ces femmes a\"aicnt subi cette readaptation, et, en questionnant de cote et d'autre, je me suis rendu comptc qu'elles n'etaient pas nombreuses. Un grand couturier, pr~ident d'une chambre

31

T HE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW syndicale, ayant ete invite, par le ~Iinistere du Travail, a en reprendre le plus grand nombre possible, au sortir de l'usinc, me confia combien il y etait peu porte, et je compris qu'il redourait, plus que tout, !'esprit que ce personnel insolite apporterait dans ses ateliers. D'autre part, une surintendante d'usine me certifia que, parmi 2.000 ounieres licenciees, pas une n'crnit retournce a la couture.

Le discredit ou est tombe ce metier, si Fran~ais, si naturcl chcz la femme, si precieux pour elle dans son menage, est le fait de !'ignorance, et d'un deplorable parti-pris qui en est la conse­quence, et se trouve actuellement ues repandu. La femme est hantce par lcs cmplois. Kous avons vu plus haut comme clle se dcrourne systematiquement des meriers manuels et de la domesticitc, pour se porter en masse \·ers les bureaux, les secre­tariats, la vcnte, les maisons de commerce. Dans les banques, depuis la grcve de mai dernier, elle adroit, a vingt-trois ans, apres avoir etc titularisee, a un trairement minimum de 3.800 francs, et a huit jours de congc par an. Dans les grands magasins, ellc peut entrcr i\ dix-scpt ans avec 2.400 francs, et a vingt·trois ans arriver ft +ooo francs. Seduite par ces chiffres, ellc nc songe plus a la couture, ou elle s'imagine que Jes salaires n'onr pas bougc drpuis 191+ Pcrsonnc ne lui apprend, auteur d'ellc, qu'ils ont plus que double, commc l'indique le tableau ci-dessot.Is :

Deuxieme main Prcmicrc main

19q

3 fr. 50 5 fr.

Mars 1918

6 fr . 50 10 fr .

~lai 1919

9 fr. 6o (par jour) 1 2 fr.

C'cst au placement que se manifcste bien cette ignorance des faits. L'ex-midinette de la rue de la Pai.x cache soigneus~'­mcnt cc qu'dle ctait primitfrement, quand elle vicnt demander unc place. Et quand le placeur l'a decouven sur les fiches quc lui fournic la Prefecture, ii doit exercer une pression sur die, pour la decider a reprendre son ancien metier, et l'empechcr de SC dcclasser a son detriment dans un autre. Elle donnc scs raisons, et parait ion surprise quand clle apprend la vcritc, mais elle resre butcc. Pourtant elle n'a plus aurant a se plaindre des mortcs saisons. Les patrons ont enfin cn,·isage ce grave incon­venient de !cur indusrrie pour Jes crnvailleuses, et le rcsultat des grevcs de mai 1919 nc fut pas seulement !'application de la journce de huit hcures, sans reduction de salaire, mais aussi la

••

LE TRAVAIL DES FEi\IMES limitation du chomage a quarante-huit jours par an, alors qu'il ancignait jusqu'a quatre et six mois par an, ccourtait Jes journees, mena~aic :\ tout moment l'ouvricrc. Cc n'est pcut-etre qu'une ctapc, cnr ii n'cst pas impossible qu'un jour, clans cctte indi1strie saisonnierc cllc-memc, l'cmploi remplacc le salairc.

Mais, nc craignons pas de le dire, clans ccttc aversion pour Jc travail manucl, un faux amour-propre, une ambition mal placcc, cnrrcnt pour une large part. La femme d'aujourd'hui trouvc plus flatteur d'etre vendeuse, ou comptablc, que d'etre ouvricre, et ellc s'imagine etrc plus haut placec au bureau qu'a l'arclicr, deplorable prejuge qui ticnt :\ notre education, si peu dcmocr:niquc au fond . Par Ja force des choses, unc multitude de travaillcuscs manuclles devinrent des travailleuses intellec­tucllcs au cours de cette guerre. Presses par les besoins du moment, Jes :idministrations, Jes nombreux services de la guerre nocammenc, ne purent sc moncrcr trcs regardants dans !cur choix. Pnr malhcur, beaucoup de ccs femmes, apres avoir cte des employees, prctendirenc le rester. Mai prcparces ou inaptes au t ravail des bureaux, elles s'obstincrent a retrouver ailleurs des cmplois scmblables. Eblouics par le prestige du Ministcre, ' parcc qu'on y ctait avec des officicrs,' comme disait une de ces ancicnncs couscttes, cllcs auraient rougi de retourncr a l'atclicr, et prcfcrcrcnt chomer, en attendant la place illusoire, pour laquellc on les avait inscrites. II y cut jusqu'a des modistcs, qui, sans sa\·oir l'orthographc, s'improviserent dactylographes, aprcs quclques semaincs de pratique clans une ccole commerciale, trop heureusc d'augmenter ainsi sa clientclc.

Les vraics professionnelles trouvcrcnt sans peine a se replacer, car ii n '> :iura jamais assez de bonncs srcnographes, de secretaires qualifices. C'cst l:i un debouchc, recent en France, que le com­merce offrira de plus en plus a la femme. Mais a chacun son metier ! 11 faut unc selection, et lcs non-valeurs font faussc route. Elles vcgfaerout, mediocrcs employees sans avcnir, alors qu'ellcs auraicnt pu devenir d'habiles ouvriercs prccieuscs a leur pay-s. Et puis, cclles-ci n'avaient pas d'cxcusc. Elles n'ont pas cu Jes mains pcrdues, comme Jes ' munitioonettes,' par la fabrication des obus.

Elles veulcnt toutes eue vcnd<:uses, ou comptables, commc disait la placeuse, citce plus haut. Cctte ruce vers Jes emplois scrait parfaitement normale, si cllc ne nui>ait pas aux vrais mctiers, a ce\L'I: qui produisi:nt et done •ivcnt Jes autres. Car il

JJ D

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW faut avant tout produire. Le bureau et le rnagasin n 'one aucune raison d'etre, si, par derriere, !'atelier, dix fois plus vaste et plus rempli, ne travaille pas cornme une ruche.

Avant la gucrre, la rnajeure panic du proletariat feminin etait compose de salariees, qui sc contentaicnt d'un salaire d'appoint, n'assurant pas completement leur existence. Depuis lors, la guerrc a ernancipe la femme, en la for~ant a sc suffire a ellc-mcme. A present, elle tend a devenir de plus en plus une veritable profcssionnelle, au rnerne titre que l'homrne, autrc­ment dit, sa concurrente, alors qu"hier ellc etait son auxiliairc. Qu'clle ait cte arnenee la par les necessitcs plus aprcs de )'exis­tence, ou par le desir de s'affranchir, le fait n'en est pas moins la. II serait vain de vouloir reagir contre un courant crcc par ces longucs annees d'cprcuve. Mais il est necessairc de le dirigcr, en s'inspirant du bien de la France comme des interets fcminins. Et c'est la que devrait intervenir une education profcssionellc micux comprise, corrigeant Jes mauvais prejugcs chcz Jes jcuncs fillcs, et oricntant chacune vers le metier qui Jui convient.

A N D R F. v E R N l E R E $ .

Spectral What will the years tell? Hush! If it would bt11 speak­'That shadow athwart the stream, 111 the gloom of a dream;

Co11ld my brain but spell 'I he thought i11 the brain of that u:eak Old ghost that hides i11 the gleam. Over there, of the chest1111t bloom.

I sit in the broad June light On the open bank of the river, In the summer of manhood, yo1111g; And over the water bright 1 s a /au that is overhung JI' 1th fOntd pink blooms that fjllivtr And droop till the water's breast Is of petal and leaf caressed.

3-1

SPECTRAL A11d tht Ju11t sky glares 011 my primt­B11t thtrt i11 tht gloom, with 'Iimt, H11ddltd, with 'Iimt 011 its back, Is a shadow that is my wrack.

ru, it is I i1z tht lair, Puri11g and watchi11g nu thtrt.

U11dtr tht chtst11ut bloom My old agt hides in tht gloom. And tht years to be have bee11, Could I sptll the fort of that brai11. But tht river flows bttwu11, Over the wuds of pai11, Over tht snares of dtath, Alaybt, should I leap to hold, With myself grow11 old, Co1111cil there i11 the gloom U11der the chest1111t bloom.

A 11d so, with i11stmctio11 none, 1 go, a111l leave it there, My ghost with time in its lair, A 11d the things that must yet be done 'Tear at my heart 1mk11orim, Ami the years have /011g11es of stone With 110 syllable to make For co11solatio11's sakt.

But puadvt11t11rt yet I shall rtt11m 'I o dart the u:uds of death, And plunge through the co11ed pi11k bloom, A 11d cry 011 that sputre set I 11 its silt11t ri11g of gloom, A11d slay my youth to learn 'I he thing that my old age saith.

J 0 II N D R [ N K w A T E R.

35

THE ANG LO-FRENCH REVIEW

' PURPURA LA PILLUS' ' w li ILKS ! ' The ~Ierchant hardlr raised his voice. It was only when a passer-by slackened his pace before the Establishment. and looked in the direction of the

Stock-in-trade with an expression of interest (which expression the ~1erchant had learned by long experience to gauge with sur­prising accuracy) that he ejaculated on a note of interrogation his everlasting monosyllable : ' \\'hilks ? '

The Establishment occupied by prescriptive right some eight feet of the roadway against the kerb. It was of semi-nocturnal habit, arriving at its post-known as its 'pitch '-!arc in the afternoons. /\t each corner sooty flames struggled through gre:isy lamp chimneys to irradiate the Stock-in-t rade. J\ few yards away a constant procession of omnibuses punctuated the throbbing liic of the Edgware Road. The Stock-in-trade, piled high against the back of the barrow, a pale yellow heap of shells, diffused a marine aroma which fought for supremacy \dth the more pungent perfume that spurted continuously from a little pipe projecting from the fa~ade of the S:iusagc :ind Mashed Emporium on the landward side of the pavement. The roadway below the barrow was strewn with empty '' hclk­shells, the later-evicted inhabitants of which lay coiled in small circular plates of doubtful cleanliness, disposed along the front of the Establishment.

'Two pcnn'orth, Daddy, and fat ones, ladies for choice,' said .\lbert. \lbert was a wag, and also a regular customer. Daddy looked up in nervous greeting-he knew Albert and prayed to .:\'cptune that he might be in his good mood. Albert's bad mood \\as recognisable by a tendency to critical sarcasm that had been known to blight trade for half an hour at a time.

' Pick 'cm out where you like. Albert, you're a judge.' Thus Daddy, sla,·ishly obsequious. · Whilks ! ' The word formed a full stop to his enry utterance. His lips once unsealed by the ncccs~itics of commerce, it seemed a pity not to include his trade­:innounccment, as a recurrent termination. ' \\'hilks ! '

The Professor was returning home, dog-tired after a day of rcsear,h culmin::ning in a lecture. With the semi-unconscious

36

'PURPURA LAPILLUS' habit of the Systematic Zoologist, he murmured to himself as he reached the Establishment, ' B11uint1111 1111dat1ttn.' He paused and cast "' rapid glance over the heaped-up shells. The Whelk Barrow, like its aristocratic rival the Oyster Stall, is often a happy hunting-ground for the Professor. At both Establish­ments an infinite world of marine life may be found encrusting the shells-Polp.oa-.\ scidians-Annelids-you never know what you may find . He paused.

' Whilks ? ' said Daddy. A new customer perhaps. A cut above his usual clientele no doubt-but who knows what strange cravings may suddenly develop even in a Toff whose normal tastes would lead him to \\'hitstable natives and Champagne wine ? Daddy had once sold a plate of' Whilks' to one whom he identified from the picture-postcards as a Cabinet Minister.

The Merchant kept an anxious eye upon Albert. This patron, the small plate poised upon his left finger tips, was detaining the vinegar which he grasped in his right hand. A Lady wanted it, and was on the verge of becoming articulate. Daddy trembled. Albert's small eyes were fix ed in what Daddy could not but realise was a baleful glare upon the Stock-in-trade. Bad luck ! Albert was evidently in his bad mood. Slowly he replaced the plate upon the b::inow and hnndcd the vinegar to the Lady, with the deadly observation,' You be careful what you're eating, Marm ! ' A ripple of disquiet visibly ran over the Clicntele. It was I believe Dr. J ohnson who observed that the only requisite for the perfect enjoyment of Sausages is implicit confidence. It is the same with Shell-fish. The)· sh::ire with the Egg, and Ca:sar's wife, the imperative neces:;itr of being above suspicion.

'Now then, Albert, what's \HOng with you ? Over-eaten yourself at the oysters ? ' Thus Daddy anxiously, and with ill­concealed al::irm, hoping to carrr the war into the enemy's country with a rapid thrust of \\it. But Albert was not to be disarmed. He had /acts to go upon. The Storm broke.

''Ere! what ycr givin' us? \\'hilks ! I don't think. What's this ?-and this ?-and this ? ' \\'ich unerring eye and dirty fingers he rapidly picked from the heap three smaller univalves, thicker in texture, whiter in colour, which he exhibited to the Clientele in the palm of his hand. From one of them as it rolled over, a small stream of purple fluid oozed.

''Strewth ! ' cried the Patron as he dropped the shells among the plates alre::idy decked with the red and white blobs which

37

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW had once inhabited the discarded shells, ' they're poisonous-and that's the poison.' ·

The stricken business came to a standstill, but t he crowd immediately increased in density. Daddy became acth·e and vocal in distress. 'They"re all right,' he said loudly, · they're only Dog-whilks-a smaller size-just as good, but I don't serve them, not never-'cause why ? not that they're bad, mind you, but because they're small. and I always give my customers good measure-full portions-you know that, Alben '-this despairingly in a last effort to propitiate the foe.

'Oh, yes ! we know all about that-don't we ? ' The Lady chimed in : 'My sister's 'usband 'ad a niece what

ate a wrong whilk. She 'ad spots-orful-and she doicd.' The crowd became murmurous. Half a dozen hideous

reminiscences sprang to the lips of the bolder cognoscenti. The Professor picked up the damning evidence. ' Purpura lapillus,' he observed, the habit of a lifetime overmastering appreciation of his audience.

'There! the gentleman says they're poisonous-'e knows.' Thus Albert springing to greet a heaven-sent wirness for the prosecution.

'Not at :ill,' said the Professor. Then, catching sight of the agony depicted on D:icldy's features, he went on. 'They :ire only a smaller whelk, but as the man says, they arc not eaten, for the dvc in them makes them unattractive.' The Merchant threw him a glance which was a Benediction, and the Professor had an inspiration.

'I will take these,' said he. 'Have you any more ? ' In the manner of nen·ous conspirators he and Daddy picked out :mother three from the heap. ' r am glad to have them.' ,\nd \\ith :I

look of infinite comprehension he put sixpence into Daddy's hand-<>stentatiousl~·-and disappeared into the Edg"arc Road.

• 'E's dotty,· said Albert. The crowd was confused by the multitude of tcstimom-. and dissolved. di\-ided bemccn admira­tion of the knowledge.able Albert's heroic defence of the public, and sympathy for the mad Toll who was doubtless on his way home co commit suicide.

Business did not recover that evening. The 'windy crowd ' were not allowed to forget that a great and learned Toff h:iJ c<;>~victcd Daddy of selling a poisonou~ winkle called 'Purple bilious' as whelks. The Office of this Propaganda was the

38

'PURPURA LAPILLUS' Establishment of the Oyster Merchant a little farther down the street.

After his solitary meal the Professor returned to his study to put in a few hours' work on his Monograph of the British Mollusca. He was, as previously recorded, dog-tired. On his blotting-pad lay the half-dozen Dog-whelks which he had put down when he c::ime in. Where they lay, the white paper had absorbed a patch of deep purple stain. The Professor looked at it with weary eyes. ' P11rp11ra lapillus,' he murmured again, ' and this is Tyrian Purple.'

It seemed such an anachronism. The animal that yielded its marvellous colour to the d)1ers of Tyre and Tarsus, fifteen hundred years before the Augustan age, to become later the distinguishing mark of the Officials and Nobility of the Roman Empire, sold on ::i barrow in a side-street, and the subject of a costermonger's quarrel with a 24-carat cad ! And then an echo of his early schooling came down the dream-vista of Time­' for no man buycth their merchandise any more, the merchandise of gold ... of purple '-and he smiled wanly over the later Revelation. And again,' the soldiers put on Him a purple robe, and said Hail! King of the Jews.' A world of thoughts crowded in upon him.

The Professor stretched himself and stared at the ceiling. Evidently he was in no mood for Systematic Zoology. His eyes fell upon the purple patch again-he wondered whether it was not exactly the breadth of the purple border of the toga prae­Uxta; as a professor he would have come under the fus togae praeto;tae habmdae. He would have been indistinguishable in the Forum from the Consuls, the Praetors, the Augurs, the JEdiles, so far as his apparel went. Perhaps as an Augur he would have worn his purple in stripes on the trabea in the Dawn of Science. And-as the picture bec::ime clearer, the scene more acrual­the Professor rose, drew his toga more closely round him, gathered the flo";ng end over his left arm, and stepped forth from his house to join the groups converging upon the Coliseum.

It was a prm1it're-hc must hurry, for the application for seats from the would-be ' first-nighters' had been over­whelming. Titus had completed the Monument which his father, Vespasian, had not lived to sec perfected. The widowed Domitilla, and her daughter and namesake, would be there. A new denarius

39

TH E ANGLO-FRENCH RE\' IEW hnd been struck with the Coliseum on its reverse as a souvenir of the occasion for the tourists who had flocked to Rome from all parts of the Empire. His scat was in the podium. le\·el with the Emperor and the Senators. Beyond him the \ ·estal ,.irgins were early comers, and their views upon the fashions rre\•ailing at court and their speculations upon the coming show forced a treble note upon the great chord of sounds that filled the air imprisoned under the Yelarium. The gradus had been filled to overflowing since the night before, especially the popularin­which reeked to heaven.

Strangclr enough the experience was almost a new one to the Professor. He had once been taken to a contest at the National Sporting Club, and it had made him feel sick ; this, and a rat-hunt at Oxford constituted the limits of his experience of ciru11ses. The afternoon wore on. He looked noxiously towards the seats of the \ ' estal Virgins when the Star-Rcriarius disembowelled a really most deserving Secutor-but no one fainted . Then he pulled himself together, reflecting that che Virgins seldom or never faint in the Operating T heatres of our Hospitals. T he two spectacles had much in common.

The chnriot-races appealed most vividly to his London-bred senses. Some of the observations and epigrams exchnngcd between the competitors reached his ears with srartling distinct­ness. A shocked memory of the current vernacular of comp•ting omnibus drivers in the Edgware Road came onr him like the echo of a song. At first he did not like to look at the Empress ~l arcin and her ladies, but when at last a constant repetition and unlimited application of the same word had dulled its prim:iry ~ignificancc he looked towards rhe l mrerial Box. The Indies \\.:re much amused.

lt seemed a terrible thing to the Professor, that Dr. Chnlmcrs :\!it,hell should han allowed the Council of the Zoological Society to sacrifice no less than four magnificent African lions. mt·relr to m:tkc this opening performance a success. He \\:15 on the Council him~clf. and could not remember the matter cwr h:iving bct·n brought before them -clearly the Secretary and PocO(k \\ert~ raking too much uron themseh·es-but rhen he reflected suddenh- that Africa is much nearer to Rome th:in to Regent's Park, n~d th:it the setclemcnt of strikes among the Transport \\"orkt·rs was c0mluctcd in the Imperial City with a hatchet. ! le kit indeed a certain shamefaced satisfaction when the Inst lion

40

•PU RPU RA LAPILLUS' successfully ate most of a rival Professor of Zoology before he could be induced (with red-hot irons) to return to his cage beneath the podium. The rival Professor owed his unfortunate experience to a rash suggestion that man-including the Emperor -was derived from the apes. He so far forgot himself as to shout 'Bravo Toro!'

i\everthcless he had a sick headache when he walked home with the Professor of Applied :\lathematics in the evening. A dreary dog this Professor. He had lately been allowing himself a relaxation in Pure Mathematics, and had, after four months' assiduous work proved that there was no possible solution to a problem which he had himself invented. He had talked of nothing else for four months and the mood was still on him. The Professor shook him off in the vcstibulum of his house. He would have liked to come in and cadge a drink-the Professor's Falernian was justly celebrated-and go on talking. But the Professor was firm. At the ostium he picked up his letters and reached the at rium dog-t ired-still.

Seated at his desk, his head fell forward on to his blotting­pad from very weariness. A sharply pointed object dented his forehead and he raised himself again to a sitt ing posit ion wi th a start. The six Dog-whelks were still there-fishermen call them 'Stinkers.' I t occurred to the P rofessor that like many phrases in common use among seafaring folk the name was amply justified. He was clearly in no mood for Systematic Zoolog}' ·

He went to bed. F LA v 1 AN •

••

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\'IEW

A

LA PECHE A LA MOUCHE EN FRANCE

POUR tous ceux qui connaissent ce sport charmant qu'est la pcchc a la mouche er, dans une ame souvent lassce par le perpetuel combat qu'est la vie de chaque jour, ont

garde une place vierge aux douces joies de l'cau, la France fut longtemps un paradis. II )' a quelque vingt ans, )'on pouvait, avec l'autorisation des proprietaires riverains qui ne la refusaicnt pas, pecher librement presquc partout sur ccs belles rivicrcs normandes qui s'appellent: la Bresle, I' Andelle, l'lton, la Risle, la Touques et, le soir, quand on s'en re\'enait le panier plem, fatigue d'une longuc journcc passce a lancer sur )curs courants limpides Duns .:t Spinners, l'accueillante aubcrgc vous attendait OU une brave paysanne s'excusait de n'aYoir a vous offrir, en plus d'un plat de truites, qu'une omelette au lard, un poulet roti, un fromage du pays et un pichct de cidre, osant ;i pcine, pour un si modeste repas, \'OUS demander dcux francs.

Le progres a change tout ccla. Aujourd'hui, ces eaux sont louees tres chcr a des amateurs fortunes. A p;irt quclques loc;ilitcs OU UD hotelier intelligent se trouve etre possesscur d'un pctit lot <le pcche, ii ne rcste, je crois bicn, que la jolic Durdcnt abon­<lammcnt poun uc de truitcs et ::iffermee jusqu':i la mer par l:i Socieu! de Cany qui delint: des permis annuds. J'y ai obtenu d'excellents rcsulrats jusqu'cn aout, epoque OU genernlement l:i mouche anificiclle ne donne plus, ainsi que, sur I' Eure, a Garenncs, ou ii m'arriva un soir, de prcndrc en quarante-einq minutes, avec la Green Drake, quatorze truites pcsant au total le poids respectable de douzc livres et, un autre soir, une enormc saumonnec de quatrc livres. Aussi bien n'est-ce pas clc la Xormandie que je ,·oudr;iis parler, mais d'une region ou, tous Jes ans, de nombreux Anglais ,·icnnent hiverncr jusqu'au printemps : la Cote de Provence qu1 s'ctend de St. Raphael a :\ice. Parmi eux sc trouvcnt assurt'.mcnt des pechcurs : ils n'apporrcnt point lcur cannc a mouchc, cnr ils ont pu lire dans un livre asscz repandu ccttc phrase qui j uge scvcrcment !'insouciance de municipalites meridionales : ' All rivers of Southern France arc netted and, occasion::ill}', drnamitcd.'

i'

A LA PECHE A LA MOUCH E EN FRANCE Helas ! rien n'cst plus vrai: trainer des filets, dynamiter,

ccla rcntre dans lcs habitudcs de ccs gcns-Ja et les gendarmes ferment les yeux mais ... ccs riviercs, en depit du traitement barbarc qu'on leur inAigc, continucnt a voir bondir aux humbles mouches du Dr}~/ly Fishtr de nombreuses uuites. Je ne cherche pas a l'cxpliquer, jc le consratc. En voici un exemple. A quarante kilometres de Grasse coule un veritable petit chalk stream. L' Artuby qui n'cst pas un rorrent mais unc rivierc avec des courants cailloutcux, rochcux et des calmes ou reposent sur un fond de sable, ainsi qu'au scin d'immenscs emeraudes, Jes feuilles mortes du dernier automne, traverse le plateau qui depend du chatcau de Taulane pour allcr plus bas se perdre en des gorges sauvagcs, escarpces, habillccs de buis rouges et de lavandes. II est difficile de micux exprimer la bcautc de scs rives qu'en disant qu'elles ont un charmc japonais, lorsque, dcscendu en waders, vous lcvcz un instant lcs ycux pour admirer, dans une soudaine eclaircic du perpctucl sous-bois, un monticulc de pins aux branches ecailleuscs allumccs par le couchant.

En plus des paysans qui tcndcnt des ligncs de fond et des tilets, des chcmincaux qui, :\ !'occasion, lanccnt des cartouches de dynamite et memc cmpoisonncnt, ii y a le pechcur-appelons-le plus justemcnt le dcstructcur-·profcssionncl dont la canne n'est qu'un atcribut, car ii nc peche qu':\ la main. Toutefois, durant la scmainc quc, chaquc printcmps, chaque automnc, je vais passer la-haut :\ I' i\ubcrgc du Logis, ii m'arrive frcquemment de prcndrc dans la journcc unc vingtainc de tniites a la mouche. Des braconnicrs - n'hcsitons pas a les croire : cc sont les mieux rcnseignes - m'ont affirmc quc, dans la region qui va du Muy a Draguignan beaucoup de rivicres valent I' Ar tu by.

Les torrents de montagnc sont moins interessants : ils n'offrent qu'un sport mediocre et ne sont accessibles qu'cn plein ete. 11 en est un ccpcndant qui mcrite unc visite, c'esr. aux environs de Barcdonncttc, l'Ubaye dont lcs eaux blcues donnent parfois sur de minuscules 1m11ts des truites de pres de deux li\·res. );on loin de la se trou\'c, :\ 1400 metres d'altitude, le curieux lac que !'on pcut, .du \'illagc d' Allos, gagncr en trois hcures par un chemin mulener. Un cirque de picrres aux crevasses cmplies de neige l'entourc et, pour peu que l'on ait apporte une couverture et quclqucs provisions, un refuge pcrmet d'y passer la nuit, ce qui est de toute necessitc si l'on pretend y pecher au moment favo­rablc. JI rcce)c dans SCS grandcs profondcurs, des truites de tOutc

43

THE A 1GLO-FRENCH REVIEW taille qui moucheronnent au crepuscule et se rapprochent des bords. Jc n'oublierai de longtemps la surprise qui m'echut, en de relies circonstanccs, lorsque mon moulinet partit sous l'attaquc imprevue d'un monstre, mouchete comme unc pantherc. II y a loin de cettc peche hasardeuse et fatigantc aux douces journccs normandes qui nous reunissaient dans la petite auberge de Garcnncs, ccrivains et artistes discutant au cafe la grave question de la mouche que nous allions choisir pour p&her le long du pre voisin.

L'ombre, ce poisson bizarre auqucl Mr. H. A. Rolt consacra unc crude remarquable: 'Grayling Fishing in South Country Streams,' est bcaucoup plus rare que la truite. Peu de rivicrcs frant;aiscs en contiennent. Pour ma part, je n'cn ai pris quc dans I' Ain et en Auvergne. C'cst d'ailleurs a Brioudc, sur Jes bords de l'AUicr que l'on rencontrcra Jes derniers fanatiqucs du Casting Club de France acharnes a la poursuite du saumon qui fur jadis unc source de richesse, mais que, chcz nous, nu! rcglcmcnt nc protcge et qui tend a disparaitre, arrete, a !'embouchure des flcuvcs par lcs barrages en filet pcrmis aux inscrits maritimcs.

Zurich.

J. D1 0 R SIN CL A I R .

Bahnhofstrasse

'The eyes that mock me sig11 my way, My hour, this ashen eve of day,

Grey way u:hose t•iolet sig11als are 'The trysting and the tu·i11i11g star.

,1h, star of roil.' Star of pai11 ! 111gh-hearted youth comes 11ot again

.\'or old heart's u:isdom yet to know 'The 11gns that mock tnt as I go.

JAMES JOYCE.

THE PERILS OF BUREAUCRACY

MANY of the perils inherent in bureaucratic government are candidly admitted in the article entitled ' The Problem of Bureaucracy,' published in the May issue

of this Review, but more by way of apology than of criticism, as the author of the article is in favour of bureaucracy, and writes : 'Thus far, this article may appear nothing but a defence of officialdom.' Although he avows himself a convinced Socialist, yet he devotes only a few lines at the end of his article to the remcd)' he suggests for its many imperfections, which remedy is, briefly, education and the training of a special class of Civil Servant. That is practically a recommendation of existing officialdom, seeing that so long as the selection of the head officials in Government Departments depends mainly on the influence of a certain class in London-namely, Members of Parliament and their friencts-it is impossible to prevent the appointment of incompetent men to the highest posts in the Civil Service, with its invariable concomitant of inefficiency and lack of initiative among their subordinates. It is also the case that the highest posts arc very frequently filled by men who have spent two or three years in our older Universities, an experience which may give them an excellent literary and scientific education, but almost invariably unfits them for business. A couple of years in a large commercial undertaking would prove infinitely more in­structive to those at the heads of the various departments of the Civil Service than three or four in a University.

;\ candidate for a clerkship in the Civil Service has to undergo examination in Literature, Languages, and certain scientific subjects an<l, if successful in obtaining the requisite number of marks, he secures an appointment. After a certain length of service, and at regular intervals, promotion and increase of salary follow, whether he is efficient or inefficient, an arrangement which cannot be departed from because of the possibility of favouritism or influence being shown. As he cannot progress in position or in salary, except according to the rules laid down, he has no inducement to do more or better work than necessary, to exert himself in any way, or to devise and suggest improved methods, more especially as any suggestions made by him to

15

THE A ;GLO-FRENCH REVIEW his superior might be resented and would almost certainly not be adopted because, were they adopted and their origin m:ide known, it would prejudice the position of his superior. There­fore, in the very rare instances of such suggestions being acted upon, their source is not likely to be mentioned. In a private undertaking on the other hand, no employee need hesitate to suggest :mything which occurs to him as likely to benefit the business in which he is employed, and no principal would be so foolish as to refuse to consider such suggestions. In fact, they would be welcomed and the employee who made them \\ould be rewarded by promotion or increase of salary.

Does anyone not in Government employment admit or claim that the highest standard of efficiency is found in the Ci\·il Sen·ic:c 1 Inefficiency is notorious, and it is almost impossible to have the inefficient individuals removed, unless through conduct which in tc rfcres wi th the proper carrying out of thei r dut ie5.

Government Departments manage to get through the ncccssary minimum some how or another ; but their costs are high, their movements slow, and their decisions ill-considered . They arc monopolies, and those which undertake public services for pay­ment- namely, the Post Office, and the Telegraph and Telephone systems-should at least contrive to make both ends meet. Never­theless the opposite always happens as costs invariably rise and the public have to pay more either in direct charges or, indirectly, by taxation. The Telegraph Systems bought by the Government for about £ 10,000,000 in 18io, had deficits of more than double t hat amount during the forty years following, and the loss is now ~bout £ 1,000,000 per annum, although Tdegraph Comp:inics had former!~ been \'cry profitable private undertakings, and the Telephone System paid more annually in taxation to Government when it was a pri\·ate undertaking than the Go,·ernmcnt now receives as net Re,·enue. The Postmaster-General e.umatcs a loss for the current year of £ 1,000,000 on the Telegraph !:>cnin-. and £~00.000 on the Telephone Sen·ices, but expects that the dcficiencr on both Sen·ices for 19 1~20 will be substantiallr larger. The war added thousands of bureaucrats and countlcss depart­ments to our Go\·ernment sen·ices which, non\ithstanding much adv~·rse criticism, did ver~· valuable work considering that so many of the staffs were inexperienced; but all who had to do \\ith these bureaucrats, no matter how necessan· it m:t\' ha\·e been, hea\·cJ sighs of relief when the departments ceasc"d to exist.

<f6

THE PERILS OF BUREAUCRACY Some r,ood results arose from the introduction of untrained

men, unfettered by the hide-bound traditions of the Civil Service, and although these war-time departments were in many wa) s extravagant, their efforts to economise in various matters, notably in stationery, were praiseworthy, and will have lasting beneficial effects on older departments. A far-reaching and unlooked­for result of appointing so many bureaucrats is that the public have realised individually and collectively the endless worries, delays, hardships and losses which bureaucratic control of industry and trade can inflict alike on those who do their utmost to comply with the orders issued by the various departments, as well as on those who deliberately risk the penalties of non-observance. The painful and costly experience \\ill not have been suffered in vain, and it may possibly be the case that the enormous sums spent on these bureaucratic departments will ultimately be indirectly repaid if the eyes of the public have been opened to the perils of handing over to a Government Department anr important industry. But municipal undertakings arc much more efficiently managed than Government undertakings, and are seldom run at a loss. Those who make use of them should be charged at least cost price, as it would be manifestly unjust to make a citizen pay, through the rates, a share of anr defic it on a municipal undertaking which he does not utilise. For instance, he may use gas only. and therefore should not pay rates which include a deficit on the Electric .:llunicipal Service, or vice versa.

One of the reasons why municipal undertakings are generally successful is that the municipaliry selects the best possible man as manager of each department, and he is at liberty to select and appoint those who have charge under him. He must be a strong and rnctful man, able to hold his own in struggles between himself and town councillors or other influential or prominent men who may wish to secure orders, comfortable positions for their relations, or favours of one kind or another. llurcaucraric methods and rigid handling of employees arc not practised. Promotion and salary depend entirely on ability, dismissal follows incapacity, so that every member of the staff has inducements to do his best.

The Glasgow Tramway System is probabl)' the most successful municipal undertaking in the world, and the largest municipal tramway undertaking, as the following particulars for year ending .May 31, 191 9 \\ill prove :-Single tr:ick mileage, 196t; ?.Liles run, 25,581,547; Traffic receipts, £1,527,488; Traffic receipts

t7

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW rcr passenger, o.790d. ; P assengers carried, +6+,z+6,677, of "hom 290,080,3i6 paid ~d. each, that fare co\·ering a distance of not much less than one mile; Income tax, £83,iOI ; Surplus, £q.7j2.

Since July 1, 189+-

Thc number of passengers carried = 5,700,807, 18+ ,, miles run . +28,635,ois

Rc\·enue from fares £20,237,589

In seeking for an instance which would show most fa\·ourably the advantages and economics of municipal as compared with commercial enterprises, the author of the article 'The Problem of Bureaucracy' has taken an altogether illogical and unjust illustration, going so far afield as South America instead of selecting one or more of the many well-known cases in England and Scotland where municipalities have taken over privnte enter­prises and not only improved them but reduced costs. He instances the drainage system of London, managed by the County Council, the cost of which is paid out of the rates, and compares it with the drainage system of the City of Rosario in South America, which is carried out by a limited liability compnny paying very small dividends on £+89,200. It is not :>rated b) him "h::u either system costs the ratepayers, in London or in Rosario, ptr capita, or per pound of rental per annum, but these ilrc the only bases on which a just comparison can be made. There must also be considered the situation of each citv, as the undertaking in one may have cost much more to ;nakc ptr capita than in the other, owing to the configuration of the countrv, the character of the subsoil, the annual rainfall, the faciliti~s for flushing drains and disposing of the scwagc::, the system of construction, and many other important items which must all be taken into account. The author docs not, or will not, sec chat the two cases cannot be compared to pro\·e the superiority of one or other. I t suffices for him chat London pays no di\·idends on its Jrainage srscem but Ro:;ario does, therefore, the LonJon system must be more economical !

The author of 'The P roblem of BureaucraC\·' writes : 'The nationalisation of the coal-mining indusu~· affords ·the only possible solution of the rroblem of unre;;t among the mine \\Orkcrs '-a bo!J assertion indeed, but, corning from a convinced Socialist, not surprising.

Can :u1yone contemplate wirhout dread rhe creation of the 48

T H E PERILS OF BUREAUCRACY army of Government officials which would be necessary to manage all the collieries in this country, and the enormous cost of salaries and pensions ? Some men now connected with that industry might accept posts under the Government, but the best men would not. There is not only the management of the collieries to consider, but also the buying of multifa rious stores of nil kinds and the competition to secure orders abroad.

To run a Government department is, in some respects, child's play, but to compete for orders in the export markets of the world against skilled representat ives of the United States, Germany and other co:il-exporting countries, would inevitably result in the bulk of that trade being snapped up by our competitors, and the mainstay of our most important industry crippled or lost beyond recall. Increased costs would certain!)' result, and in all prob­ability less efficient management, as has been the case in the Post Oflicc, Telegrnphs, and Telephones. Enterprise in searching for and proving new fields, in adopting new and improved methods of working would probably cease, and coal would rise in price, in consequence of which all other industries would suffer. The agitators who demand that coal and other indust ries be nationalised have not the slightest intention of setting up systems similar to those "hich manage the Post Office, Telegraphs, and Telephones, but aim at the establishment of an organisation in which they and men of their class would have permanent posts, well paid, with pensions later. In fact they arc out for socialism pure and simple, but not of the Bolshevik type.

A Government Commission is generally supposed to consist of men who meet to hear the opinions and evidence of those who have personal experience of the subject under consideration, or whose practical, scientific, or technical knowledge may be of service; thereafter to weigh and consider the question, and issue one or more reports based on the evidence. But the Coal Commission, in riccordance with the demand of the miners' leaders, consisted o[ two parties, almost equal in number, one of which parties had prejudged the question, and would have nationalisation, entirely regardless of whrit opinions or evidence might be submitted to the Commission. They demand not only nationalisation of the coal-mining industry, but also that miners are to have practic:illy as much control of the management of all collieries as the highly skilled officials whom the Government may appoint. Men who make up their minds to do certain things

~ z

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW before they hear and study all the pros and cons; men who have had very little education and who introduce all kinds of irreJe,·ant subjects at meetings called to consider certain clearlv defined matters and no others ; men who fail to understand tha't the less work any man does the higher must be the cost of the articles he produces-cannot possibly be allowed to ha,·e control in the management of coal-mines. There are exceptionally good men in e\•ery coal-mine whose ad,·ice has proved to be of value at times, but the men who would claim a share of the control are not those who are worthy of the confidence of the management, but the agitators, the fluent speakers who exaggerate petty grie\•ances and minimise concessions, who are smart and un­scrupulous, never content-many of them being Irish who arc, proverbially, 'always agin the Government,' and among them a sprinkling of Russian Poles who abuse the hospitality and liberty they find in this country.

The t:isk allotted to a bureaucrat is to control a Government business which enjoys n monopoly and has at its commnn<l unlimited capital. If the revenue received from the business docs not cover the expenses, the fees or charges for services rendered can be raised ns far as the customers will permir, and, if the extra revenue thus obt;iined still leaves a debit balance, the taxpayers liquidate the deficit. That being the case ''hen the business enjoys a monopoly, it would be infinitely worse had it to fight unlimited competition, as would happen were the industry of coal-mining in this countrr to be nationalised. Competition regulates market prices. and collieries producing inferior coal ofren have to shut down when cost exceeds selling price. \\'hat would a Go\•ernment Department do were it impossible to run some of the collieries except at a loss ? \\'ould it look 10 the Treasur~· to make up the deficiency as on Post Office, Telegraph and Telephone departments, or would it close the collieries :rnd grant the miner:; unemployment par ? Competich·c business by a Government Department, either direct or throu~h inter­mediaries, is so utterly impracticable and impo>:>ible that it docs not C\'Cn merit discussion or consideration.

It b difficult to guess in what way the miners expect their circumstances to be improved by nationalisation. Coal is Do\1 at such a price that it seriously handicaps all makers of steel and iron, nnd industries using these and other metals. Glasgow Corporation has just placed a contract in the United States for

50

THE P ERILS OF BUREAUCRACY steel tramway rails at £ 10,000 less than the lowest British tender and delivery two months earlier than any British firm could do. That is unquestionable proof that the coal-miner is defeating his own purpose. Government management involves increased costs, and from what source can the miners get increased wages ? Only higher prices, resulting in reduced demands for coal and for all manufactured material in the production of which coal is an important item. \Viii Government control permit idle days, universal or sectional strikes, intimidation of good workers, reduced output ? If the miners' leaders and the agitators who advocate nationalisation succeed and are elected to share in the management, which they also demand, they will find themselves on the horns of a dilemma. Will they elect to continue agitating and sit on the board of management to decide if, and how far, the demands they have initiated or supported in a private capacity are to be granted ? Or will the responsibility for the welfare of the State induce them to consider honestly both sides of the question and refuse to agitate for or grant the exorbitant demands which arc certain to be brought forward ? No man can conscientiously act as both advocate and judge.

There arc few professions, businesses or industries which cannot be improved, but the miners' leaders trouble themselves little about improvement. They were so unpatr iotic and un­principled as to threaten a strike for higher wages when the nation was at war, which would have brought the manufacture of munitions and transport of men, ammunition, and food to a standstill, yet these arc the men who now demand positions where honour, patriotism, and impartiality are all-important.

\'arious schemes arc in operation, others are being carried out, and many are under consideration, the objects of which are to give workmen a share in profits which may induce them to increase output, avoid broken time and idle days, so helping rather than hindering to reduce the cost of every article produced by manual labour. That would lead to better wages, no un­e~pl~yment, shorter hours and reduced prices, whereas nation­ahsauon and bureaucracy will almost certainly be followed by unemployment and national bankruptcy.

R 0 B E R T H u ~ T E R .

51

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW

Le Chant de Gharing Cross A11gleterre, foyau de houille urti de craie, to11vert d'herbe, to11pe de haies, de f/e11ves Juits qru meut le pouls de la made aux est11aires en /omu

de lOlllJllf

versant Ion labrnr man11/att11re d la mer, dr r11isua11x di{fitiles otl: sa11tent Les sa1m1011s, villes visiths des 111011ettes stridentes, eparses tom11u des lettres jet!es au vent, patrie d11 fer exatt et de l'aciu rnltive et des do11x mhiers a tisser pays des f1111ths grasses, charbons 111011illes d'e111bnms, mndufrrs,

scorirs, persputives de briq11es livides, i1111tiles jardi11s s11ccomba11t sous les taxes, di111n11ches pl11vie11x que dore la Genese, 11 11its sa11s hoiles dont /es noires 111oisso11s tombmt sous la /n11x

mobile des phnrts, no11s to1111aisso11s tout cela; 11011s nous tonlentions de ton son mat et de tes grands fo11r11a11x

rrmplis de f aits; 11011s savions que ton amitie 11011s donnerait la mer, vivant tissu q11e trament lrs htlius, les bank11otes de soie, les forts f/otta11ts, lrs tnbles dotiles, sensibles, oxydh, rnfin la vi<toire a11 gout de sel qzu Us hommes portent s11r Uur visage a11 menton cert.Jin. mais 11011s ig11orio11s 1011 nrmh tide de la chair de m.irws, les soldats 11011cra11x q11i ont le mourement des t·ngzus: les bois des f 11sils so11t roses, les harnais dairs t1'011t pas sert:i rt da11s le iardin p11blit Jes titlrans d'..Jfgha11ista11 expliq11ent le canon. La 1111/h sera 111ag11ifiq1u : . De;1i Jes illaons rnisent fr mais a fombre des Pyra1111des, lrs ll111do11s /ibirent d'1111e 1111it d'atf ut dans la Flandre b/011.le

52

LE CHANT DE CHARING CROSS Its Canadims chasse11rs d'o11rs et les binio11s caUdo11iens rlveillmt les guerriers de T roie.

// im11ent les gr011ds accords de f artillerie lourde, cha11te l'obus harmonieux, vo11s 11e connaitrez pas mieux, o mourants qui pressez vos gourdes. T ombez contmts : voici venir le gr1111d moment, l' Empire u forge d coups de marteaux et de crosses, et c'est 1m pohne de sang que chante le vent sur /es lyres de fer barbell :

Orgues puissa11tes des 111ote11rs dites w1 ReQUlllM ardmt pour ces trepas de con1111erfants.

1915. PAUL .MORAND.

Faith Though you have passed so 11tterly away, Though to my call you answer 11ot again Save whe11 the wa11 moon frosts the window pane, And i11 my dreams I see you, hear you say Those little thi11gs I loved so, though I strain Each 11en•e to have some unse of you, a11d day Creeping betu:un the curtains, cold and grey, Shou:s me each morning that 111y hopes are vain, What matters it? Sina neither time nor space Avail to upara/e my lot•e from me . • !cross the empty years I su your face, ".Jnd know that some day down the ages we Shall mu/ i11 that last wonderful embrace Of perfut lot•e that spans eternity.

~I. M. H.

THE ANGLO-FRE 1CH RE\'IEW

UN HOTEL ANGLAIS A PARIS EN 1792

C ~. dc,·ait etre un singulier milieu que celui de cene maison s1sc au numcro 8 du passage des Petits Peres, face 3 l'cglise :S-otre-Dame des \"ictoires, a la place de l'immcublc

qu'occupc aujourd'hui un marchand d'objets de pi<'te. Tcnu par un Anglais du nom de \\"hite et contigu a !'Hotel des Etat;;-lJnis, plus tard Hotel de Philadclphie, propriete d'un tailleur nommc Guerin, !'Hotel d'Angletcrre - tel etait le nom inscrit sur son enscignc - avait pour clientelc la plupart des liberaux anglais attires a Paris par l'enthousiasme que provoquait outre-~Ianchc la Revolution fran\aisc. Car si le roi George III et lcs Tories suivaicnt d'un reil anxicux Jes progres de la democratic, tout le parti liberal, imbu des theories de Rousseau, s'cmervcillait de la marche foudrovante des evenements en France.

J\lais Jes idces 'trop avancces etant fort ma! vues du gouvcrnc­mcnt britannique, lcs partisans )de I' emancipation politique des pcuplcs, traqucs- tcl Thomas Paine- aux quatrc coins du Royaumc-Uni, s'cffors;aient, lorsqu'ils possedaient quelque argent, de passer le dctroit, tant pour echapper aux ' shires du tyrnn.' quc pour assister a l'epopce revolutionnaire qu'cn idcalistes sincercs ccs cxcellentcs gens revaient pure de tout alliagc cqui­\'oque d'intcrets particuliers. A peinc debarques :i Boulognc, ils gagnaicnt gencralement Paris en toute hate et sc faisaicnt conduire aussitot a I' Hotel \\'hite. Ils etaiem ccrtains de trouvcr );\ un gite confortablc et le respect des cournmes britanniqucs si chcrcs a tout insulairc de passage sur le continent. Entin -nous pourrions dire surtout -ils eraient ass11res d'y rencontrcr des compatriotes partageam !curs idces et communiam dans le mcmc ideal democratique. ,\ccompagne de son negrc Ton~ ,1

Lord Edward Fitzgerald, qui devait plus tard C::pouscr Pamela. s'r etait ctabli a dcmcure, porte 3 pone a\·ec Thomas Paine.!

• Tonv qu1 avait sau,·e son maltre blesse a la bataille de Euta" Spnng•, etait domoure. dcputs lol'l>. attacbC a sa personne en qua11te de domcstiquo nous n'osons <.hrc d'esclave

•• Jc 'U" loge,' ecrit Lord Fitzgerald a sa mere. le 30 octobre, • nnc mon ami P~1no Nous deicunons, dlnons et soupons ensemble. Plus 1e \'Oi' de son mttrieur, plus JC l'aunc et le rcspectc ... .'

H

UN HOT EL AN GLAIS A PARIS L'imprimeur J. H. Stone y frcqucntait egalement, ainsi que le banquier Robert Smyth, H. Redhead Yorke, William Choppin et bien d'autres liberaux de marque. Tous les mouvements populaires parisiens trouvaient un echo sympathique en cette hotellerie fort bruyante ou !'on buvait ferme en daubant sur les aristocrates du monde entier. Tcmoin, cette adresse dithy­rambique presentce par lcs liberaux anglais de Paris a I' Assemblee Nationale, le 1 + aout, - quatre jours apres le massacre des Suisses aux Tuileries.

'Ltc1sLATEURS,-•Nous, Anglais, presents a votre barre, lies aux Franc;ais

par Jes liens de Ja fraternite et de la liberte des hommes, nous avons pris le plus vif intcrct a voir la majorite du pcuplc en armes fouler aux pieds Jes vestiges du dcspot isme, et secouer le joug d'unc cour perfide.

' Animes des mcmes sentiments de libcr tc qui font battre le cceur des patriotes franc;ais, nous avons admire !cur conduite couragcuse au jour a jamais memorable du J O aout.

'Nous lcs fclicitons d'avoir dcjoue les complots de leurs etcrnels cnnemis, et d'avoir surmonte lcs obstacles s'oppo­sant a l'etablisscment d'une parfaitc constitut ion fondce sur lcs principes sacrcs de l'Egalitc. l\fais en depit du plaisir que nous cause le triomphc de la Liberte, nous deplorons la mort prcmaturee de ces braves citoyens qui sacrifierent leur vie non sculement pour la liberte de leurs pa}'s, mais aussi pour la defense de l'Espece Humaine.

' Profondcmcnt touches par l'infortune de leurs veuves et de leurs orphclins, nous dcsirons vivement, Legislateurs du Peuple, remettre entre vos mains une somme, modeste, ii est \'rai, mais susceptible, pourtant, de parer aux plus pressants bcsoins :

Jos. GA,IBLES ROBERT RAY,IENT

}A,IES \VATT J\;N. \'\'. ARNVISIDE.'

Unc phrase rayce a la fin de cctte adrcssc etait ainsi conc;ue:

' Puissc cc grand et terrible evencmcnt enseigncr aux tyrans de la terre le respect de la volonte du peuple ; puisse-t-il cngagcr Jes nations qui vous entourent a apprcndre et a exercer !curs devoirs imprescriptibles.'

55

THE ANGLO-FRE~CH RE\'IEW Cet appel direct a la revolution sur le sol britanniquc avait,

sans doutc, paru trop violent au." compagnons de James \Van, lequel n'c!tait autre que le fils du grand \Yatt inventeur de la machine a vapeur a double effet qui devait rcvolutionncr l'industrie. Quoi qu'il en fUt, le 'modeste don' qui attcignait la somme de 1315 fr., fut verse a la Convention le jour rncme, et les souscripteurs, dumcnt remercies, rentrercnt vraiscmblablc­rnent tres contents d'eux-memes a leur hotel. II fallait, a la verite, que leurs convictions republicaines fussent profon<lcs pour qu'ils demeurassent a Paris en ces jours de tumulte et d'angoisse ou, en plus des malheurs de la guerre civile. on redoutait les atrocites de la pestc. Les cadavres des victimes du 10 aout, en cfict, n'avaient pas ctc tous enterres. Las de crcuser la tcrre, les fossoyeurs improvises avaient jete nombre de corps dans lcs caves voisines du palais des Tuilcrics, en sone que, peu de temps apres, ce fut dans tout le quarticr une odeur epouvantablc. De fait, le messager anglais l\lorley contait, a la meme epoquc, au pleni­potentiaire Lord Gower, qu'apnt ete contraint de faire, :want son depart de Paris, de nom breuses demarchcs pour sc procurer un passeport, il avait ctc, dans les rues, suffoque par de tclles bouffees pcstilcntiellcs qu'il lui avait fallu precipiter sa marchc et sc couvrir le visage.1 L'Hotcl White -on le de~ignait plus volontiers sous ce nom quc sous cclui d'Hotel d',\nglct..:rre­etait assez proche du Louvre pour ne point echapper a I' infection generale, et ses commensaux durent en eprouver lcs facheux cficts. Cela ne les fit pas, ncanmoins, demenager de !cur residence fa\'orite. car nous Jes y rerrouvons, dcux mois apres, att:iblcs au nombre de cinquante, pour feter, en meme temps que lcs dernieres victoires fran~·aises, la fondation d'un ' Comitc des Amis des Droits de !'Homme,' en compagrue de nombreux officiers et conventionnels. Cc jour-la - lc 18 novembre - dut marqucr dans Jes fastcs de !'hotel. Ricn n'avait etc epargnc pour £rapper !'imagination des convivl'S. Durant le repas, dcux nrnsiqt~cs jouerent la A-larsftlla1u et la Carmagnolt; au dc<~<'rt, trc1zc toasts furent portes dont un :\ l'adresse de Thomas P:iinc et fort sarcastique a l'cgard du gom·erncment brit:inniquc. \ pres quoi, on entonna en chceur l:i .llarui/laiu du h11mmu, l'Ompos~c sur notre air national par une femme qu'on cron etrc J ld..:n Williams, amie et plu~ tard femme legitime de Stone. Puis on but copicusement a la gloire des Anglaiscs notees commc s'ct:inr

• Lord Auckbnd, Jmm1al tl CDfTtspond;mu, u. 137.

56

UN HOTEL ANGLAIS A PARIS distinguees en exaltant la cause rcvolutionnaire, et des Franc;aises asscz heroiques pour avoir defendu lcs armes a la main lcs prineipes republicains. Enfin, lecture fut donnee d'une nouvelle adresse a la Convention, que signercnt J. H. Stone, president, R. O'Reilly, sccretaire, Robert Smyth, Henry et John Sheares, &c., et qui fut prcscntee a I' Assemblee le 18 novembre. Le meme jour, la 'London Society for the Diffusion of Constitutional Information' en apportait une autrc qui fut rcmise par Joel Ilarlow et John frost, ainsi qu'unc sommc de mille livres sterling destinee a l'achat de souliers pour lcs soldats frani;ais.

Tous lcs meetings de !'Hotel White ne prcscnterent pas, ii faut le dire, cc caraeterc de fraternel enthousiasme. C'est quc, parmi les liberaux authentiques, des espions n'avaient pas tardc a SC glisser, tel un certain capitaine Georges Monro, abandonne a Paris par le ministrc anglais Lord Gower, avcc mission d'informcr son gouvernement des faits et gestes de tous les transfuges du Royaumc-Uni. Cc ~fonro assistait au diner du 18 novembrc et fit parvenir, aussitot apres, a ses chefs unc copie de l'adresse a la Convention, mais dcpourvue de signatures. II relata, par la suite, toutes les discussions surprises cntrc les mcmbrcs du ' Comitc des Amis des Droits de !'Homme,' lesquels, bicntot, se divisl:rent en deux clans bien distincts. Les uns, conservant au fond du cceur !'amour de leur patrie, soutenaient quc la France devait modeler sur celles de I' Angleterre ses nouvelles institu­tions. Les autres, professant pour la Revolution frani;aise une sorte de culte mystique, pretendaient repandre ce culte outre­Manche, voire meme l'y imposer par la force. Parfois, lcs dis­cussions entre Jes deux partis degencraicnt en pugilat, lorsque lcs vapeurs de l'alcool et du vin avaient par trop cchauffc lcs cervclles. Ce fut d'aillcurs a la suite d'une de ccs querelles quc sc dissocia le Comite, en fcvricr 1793 . Monro, sc scntant probable­ment 'brUlc,' rcntra en Angleterre a cette cpoque et fut rem­placc, comme agent secret, par un de ses compatriotes nomme Somers, lequel se maintint quelque temps en rapports avec Jui par correspondance. Cc Somers lui-meme cut pour successeur un autre Anglais du nom d'Arthur, membre de la Commune, et qui scmbla prendre a t5.che de denoncer lcs libcraux britanniques non plus au Foreign Office, mais - chose beaucoup plus grave -a la Section de la place Vendome ....

Le dernier document que nous possedions sur !'Hotel White -­qui semble avoir fini par fusionncr avec !'Hotel Philadelphie -

57

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW SC trouve etre, precisemeot, uoe denonciatioo dudit Arthur, touchant une dispute au cours de laquelle le conveotionnel Thomas Paine avait ete frappe a la face par uo certain capitaine Grimston. De pareilles voies de fait a l'egard d'uo membre de la Convention entrainaieot la mort, et rofficier anglais ne dut son salut qu'a la magnanimite du bon Paine,lequel. oublicux de !'injure, 3\ an\a a son agresseur uo peu d'argeot pour repasser a temps le Detroit. L'hOtelier lui-meme fut arrete le 9 mai 1793, probabl~ ment en raison de cette affaire, et, lorsqu'au mois d'octobre suivant, on banoit, ou incarcera tous les Anglais mcapablcs de prouvcr qu'ils habitaient la France aoterieuremeot a 1789, !'hotel dut pcrdre le plus clair de sa clieotele. A cene epoque, d'ailleurs, Jes dcrniers insulaires demeures a Paris devaient etre revenus des illusions humanitaires qu'avait fait naitre chez eux la Revo­lution fran\aisc . Durant la Terreur, en effet, six d'entre les membrcs du 'Comite des Amis des Droits de !'Homme' les paycrent, ccs illusions, de leur vie, taodis que rreize autrcs -dont Paine - faisaient connaissance plus intimemcnt qu'ils ne l'cusscnt souhaite avcc les prisons de la Republiquc. Pour ceux qui cchappcrcnt a la mort et a l'incarceration, le couronnemcnt de Napoleon, s'ils vecurent assez vieux pour le voir, dut ctrc le coup fatal et l'cnvol definitif de tout espoir en l'avenement si ardcmmcnt reve de la Rcpublique du Monde et de la Regencracion des hommcs.

L \l D 0 v I c F 0 R T 0 L I s.

HERM AN MELVILLE (1819-1891)

HE who provides us with the means of departing to the ends of the earth without the trouble of leaving our armchair deserves well of time, and it is unlikely, so

long as human interest in adventure in strange places survives, that the principal works of Herman Melville will be forgotten. Over seventy years have passed since he gave to the world those entrancing distill:1tions of adventurous experience known as 'Typee ' and ' Omoo,' and although imitators have arisen, sometimes possessing greater artistry in fict ion, these books more than survive the devastating struggle for existence to which ::ill written records arc subjected.

Herman l\Tclvillc was born in New York City on August 1,

1819, and died there in 1891. Like Walt Whi tman and Bret H ane he was of English-Dutch stock, and like his friend and fellow in craft, Nathaniel H awthorne, he was employed for a period by the American Customs Authority. H e was further linked with Hawthorne and other writers of the New E ngland group which flashed a stimulating, and sometimes bewildering, wisdom from the region of Boston in the middle years of last century, in so far as he imbibed, to the peril of his art as a narrator, more of their transcendentalism than his essentially romantic genius could digest. The cultures of Boston and New York do not mix, and their traditional opposition is by no means for­tuitous. The kinetic life of ;\lanhattan is inimical to introspection. There life moves from action to action not from thought to thought, and he who Bostonizes, in, of course, the 1850 sense, courts disaster. l\lclville took the risk and his speculations in thought-subtleties cost him the life of more rhan half his work.

Regret for such a misfortune to narrative fiction is subdued by reason of the probabilit)' that he completed the cycle of his genius in the three indisputable masterpieces, ' Typec,' ' Omoo,' and ' ;\loby Dick,' which have so far handed down his name with honour and delight, and have in them qualities calculated to continue the process in the teeth of younger competition and through many more winnowing decades. For Herman l\folville was only secondarily creative ; his imagination needed the

59

THE ANGLO-FREKCH REVIEW stimulus of experience. Left to invem he moidered into meta­physics and lost himself and his readers in the labyrinthine ways of the darkling woods of thought-where no birds sing ! So long as he was content to play the part of the retired seaman spinning the thread of experience and weaving it into the srnff ol fiction he was sure of a hearing. though he could ne,·er hore to achieve the imaginative heights of the umravellcd Englishman who in\·cntcd Robinson Crusoe. lt must be noted, however, to the credit of his in\·entiveness that his seafaring years were almost as few as James Boswell's period of direct association with Dr. Johnson.

Unlike, sar. J oseph Conrad, who began his sea career before the mast and ended it on the bridge, Herman ~Iclnlle, in spite of his rears or so of cxrerience as an able-seaman, was but an amateur of the sea. He was caught in the web of romance which the sea throws out before the restless steps of adolescent youth. l fis first \'oyage was to Liverpool, in 1836, when he was eighteen. A break of some three years followed during which rime he was occupied in New York in the unromant ic calling of schoolmaster. The lure of the sea was evidently as strong as ever, for on the first day of the year 18+ 1, he set forth on that whaling expedition to the Pacific Ocean t1·hich provided him with nearly all the raw material of his n:irratives of the South Seas.1 The name of the whaler was the .-lrnshnet. and the port of departure .:'\cw Bedford. Out of this \'oyage, which covered eighteen months, lferm;rn ~fch·ille provided himself \1;th practically all the actual facts for ' '.\loby Dick,' as wdl as 'Omoo' and • Typcc,' chc three books which escablished his fame and which h:H·e maincained it down the \'Cars.

The m;stcr incident of this momentous \'oyage \\as nor che \'oyage itseli. ~!eh ille found that the romance of the S<'a did no~ sun·i\'e the hard~hirs and confinements of the stern crate ot whale-hunting, but, true romantic that he "·as, he \\as not to be robbed of the gleam which he followed. 11 ic \\as not to be caught on •hipboard, then it must be sought dsc\\here, and \\hat r~ore likely place than in those glamorous archipdagocs of the Southern ocean which in hio d:iy \\ere remote enough from contemporarr experience and record to cast a spell full of

1 There mav even have been a literarv element in this romantic longing, for ;llr. Arthur Stedman has suggested that ;IJeh·ille was pos'1bly atle<:t<'<I by Dan:i'• Tu'O Yt.irs btfore IAe .\fast, which was published Ill 18~0.

00

HERMAN MEL\'ILLE wonder charged with mystery 1 So, when the Acushnet put into the harbour of ~ukuheva, one of the outer or Washington Group of the l\Iarquesas, he and a sailor friend deserted their ship and sallied forth into the coloured life of the islands of barbaric romance. It was not long bdore he fell in with real adventure in the shape of a Sa\·agc tribe inhabiting the Typee '\'alley, who held him a prisoner for four months. Rescued by the crew of a Sydney whaler, he passed se,·eral months in the Society and Sandwich Islands, eventually shipping on board a frigate bound for Boston, where he arrh·cd in October 18++·

That, so far as the student of his best work is concerned, is all there is to be told ol the life "hich went to the making of the most fascin:iting of :ill those who have essayed to reconstruct in words the life of the Polyncsian Islanders. For the rest, he lived in Boston for three years, married the daughter of Chicf­J ustice Shaw of that city, in 18+7, and lived for the next three years in New York. In addition to his literary work he lectured in several American towns :rnd twice, in 1849 and 1856, visited Europe. In 1850 he went to live in Pirtsville, l\fass., and remained there some twelve years, rernrning to New York in I 863, where he p:issed the remaining years of his life, twenty of them as a District Officer of the Custom H ousc.1 Ever}'thing points to the fact that alter I Terman Melville had exhausted his Polynesian vein his genius flagged unless it was whipped to action -and then it ceased to he genius. There arc notable passages in '~Iardi,' 'Redburn,' :rnd '\\'hite Jacket,' but these are not numerous enough to rescue them from oblivion, and after the publication of' :\loby Dick,' his swan song, he ceased to contribute even odd passages of golJ to the treasury of letters.

Herman ~Icl\'ille had more energy than art and more thought than imagination. A less laborious mind would have given to the world more compact narrati\'es. and a keener sense of the artistry of a stor~ would ha\·c impdled him to weed his garden

• His producti.\·e htN"ar-· ye:>rs ~g:in "ith T>pu, in 1846, and ended with Tht Ccnfidlnet .\"111, in 1S~7 In bttwl't'n he published Omoo (184;), J/ard• (184q\, Rtdbu111 (1b4<1\. ll'A1le jacktt: or /l;t fl'c•rld "' a )fa>l·Of·War ~1850), M oby D1c/1 (1851\, 1'1trtt ( 1~5:), and T/1' Piaz:: Tales (1856). In 1855 he pubh-bcd a rcwnltcn vcr<1on of lknry Tumbull's L1jc ai1d Adu>1l1<res of f,.a,/ Porter, orig1oally JS.'UC<I at Prov1dcnrc, in tSo 4 ; a ,·olume of poems, chiefly in•p1rcd by the .\mcrica.n Ci\'1! \\'ar, calle<I Batik Puces, m 1866; and Clartl 10 187(>. Alter this nothing further :ippc:ired from his pen save the two privately pnnted \'Olumc., joh>1 Marr and o//1<r Sa1fors (1888) and T1mo/eo>1 (1891) .

61

THE ANGLO-FREKCH REYIEW of adventure of those reflecth-e deviations which cumber ir, and annoy all but the most devoted of readers. The vice of intellectual enlargement of his theme grew. He ne\•er learnt how to eliminate what \\"alter Pater called the otiose. He could not resist the temptation to philosophize, and at times he varied his discursiveness br becoming deliberately informati\'C. Curiously enough those latter deviations from the true path of narrative fiction arc often of extraordinary interest. Panicularlr is this so in ' i\loby Dick,' which is at once a story of the perils of the deep and a technical and historical account of whaling. The chapter entitled 'Cetology' is itself a scholarly treatise on the whale, revealing evidence of painstaking research and the rare gift of attractive elucidation of a little-known subjccr. Readers of ' Omoo' will, of course, recall the excellent chapter on 'The Cocoa Palm' in that book; and there arc similar dissertations in all of the three masterpieces I have named which, although, superfluous from the point of view of artistry, are not lacking in charm or value. It was only when his innate love of dcvi:1tion became a dominating habit, when, as in his later books, the tail wagged the dog, that this ' uanscendcni:ilist in oilskin,' as one writer has it, becomes unreadable.

That, however, rarely if ever occurs in his best works. l 1

matters little whether one reads for the joy of rhe thing or to

catch a glimpse of the fairest barbaric life known to the modern world, \\hich even now, after but seventy years, has been• civilizc:d' into something less fair than in ?llelville's time. One reads • Typee ' and • Omoo' with a kind of nostalgia. These generous and beautiful appreciations of a barbarism more kindly than our civilization and richer in its stagnation than the • progress ' which is supplanting it, ha\•e about them the charm which Keats beyond all poets recognized in the e\·anescence of be:\Utiful things. It is this strange complete life '' hich ~lclYillc has immortalized. That is the giit he has brought to a world \\hich knows no progress sa\·e towards mechanical exactitude. He has caught the spirit of the South Seas and decked it out in words 50 becoming as to tnck your cinlized man into the unr<'St of desire.

Something of an utopist no doubt this narrator who merges fancy and temperament \\ ith rcalit~·, until it would not be easy to sar \\here one began and the other ended; yet, though scientific precision be not his aim, he doubtless succeeds in caprnring tho>c

6:

HERMAN MEL\'ILLE essential qualities and characteristics which are all that are needed for the portrayal of actuality. His method is more that of the old voyaging chroniclers than the modern story-teller. ' Typee' and 'Omoo' resemble Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' in so far as they resemble any other books, rather than Robert Louis Stevenson's ' Island Nights Entertainment' or Louis Becke's ' By Reef :ind Palm.' But at their best they are books apart, mingling fact and fancy, adventures in thought and deed and speculations in actions and ideas. Melville has a keen sense of character which gives his narratives some of the qualities of the novel ; and that mystical tendency which was never wholly suppressed after his first two books, combined with a leaning towards rhetoric and not a little lyricism in point of view, added to his prose some of the poetry which was in his soul but which he failed to get into his verses. Above all he got into his South Sea narratives, in spite of the complexity of his own personality, that impassioned simplicity which impresses itself upon the mind. You never forget the .Marquesas after you have visited them under his painstaking guidance; indeed, you know the delect­able isl:inds far better than many places more solidly visited.

Melville places you under no illusions as to the desirability of the life barbaric. He consorted with savages, happily kindly savages, by accident, and although he greatly admired their free yec order!)· lives, in a climate which left man little work to do, he had no particular desire to become dedvilized. His stay in the Valley of Typcc was in the nature of exile and he took the first opportunity to get among his own kind. To his credit also it should be said that he never, in after life, sentimentalized over the joys of barbarism. He spun his yarn and left it at that. At the same time it is impossible to read 'Typee' and 'Omoo' without the conviction that Herman l\Cclvillc felt whilst writing those books the sort of joy certain people feel in visualis ing some realm of bliss, some islands of the blest. J ust as those ' sea-shouldering whales' in ' l\loby Dick ' symbolise for him the mighty forces of Nature with which men eternally wage war, so in the earlier narratives the happy riot of untrammelled folk among the cocoa palms and bread-fruit trees o{ the Pacific archi­pelagoes symbolize for him a triumph over the tribulations and complexities which beset civilized races.

The temptation to dwell upon the fascin:iting records of barbaric life which Herman Melville h:is given the world and with

63

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\'IEW which his name is most definitely linked, is inevitable. But he was equally successful in recording a nd depict ing the rougher and more ad\·enturous incidents in seafaring life. The sea has inspired man} masterpieces of literature, particularly in the language of our sea-girt islands, bur there are few of them greater than i\leh-ille's 'i\Ioby Dick.' T his crowded narrative, with its riches of obsen·ation, its store of knowledge, its thrills and hairbreadth escares, its massi•-e and rolling wildness. is like the eternal sea itself. ' :\Iobi; Dick ' tastes and smells of the sea and its \'ery formlessness 'makes it more real. 1 t is a rolling panorama of seascapes humanised br ships. In one sense it shows a bigger man than rhe Melville who wrote 'Typee' and ' Omoo ' and wields a pen of greater strength. P erhaps time will be avenged of the charm which has given greater prominence to

the island narratives, by prolonging rhe life of Herman Melvillc's epic of the sea beyond tha t of his at.her works.

H 0 LB R 0 0 K J A c K s 0 N.

R ECORDS AN D REVIEWS

EDITORIAL

I Ly a un an, le delicat poete Laurence Binyon racontait en accents emu• et dcbordants de sympathic pour le Poilu, lcs multiples cntrcprises du Comite Britannique de la Croix Rouge Fran~aisc. Aujourd'hui, nous

posscdons le Rapport officid de cette a:une dont l'une des caracteristiques est l'enthousiasme de tous ceux qui y contribucrent de !cur pcrsonne ct de !cur argent.

II s'cst toujours trouve, en Angleterrc, des amcs herolques pour \'Oler au secours des peuplcs malheureux. Drron, Sir Charles Dilke sont les reprc· &ent:\lltS lcs plus brillants de cette phalange. La Grande Guerre \'it naitrc, en nombre illimite ces dfrouements que leur modcstie derobc aujourJ'hui ;\ la reconnaissance publique. I.Jn soir, pendant Jes annees terribles, unc jeune anglaise, ~ peine COD\':llescente d'une bJessure Serieuse, mOnta danS Un train. Sur son corsage, la croix de guerre. Apres l'a,·oir fC!icitee, quelqu'un lui dcmanda: •Ou l'.wez-,·ous gagnee ? '-'En France, dit-elle, notre hopit.il ctait pre~ de> lignes et nous avons cte bombardes. Plusicurs intirmicrej ont CIC tuees, d'autrcs, comme moi, ont echappe.'- . Comment \'l>llS

rcmercier .. .. ' '.\h, les Poilus meritaient cant qu'on les aid:it.' Elle son it en s'appuyant pcniblement sur sa canne et en la reg:irdant s'eloigner,

6~

RECORDS AND R EV IEWS on se demandait, avec anxictc, si elle n 'avait pas offert a I~ France, une vie enticre de souffrances.

Faur-ii rappeler aussi la conduite de l'une des chauffeuses d'ambulances de la Section Sanitairc Anglaise qui se trouvait pres de CM!ons 1 Une torpille acrienne cclata devant son automobilc, tuant l'ordonnance et blessant serieuscment Miss Fraser. l\Ialgrc tout, ellc se traina jusqu 'a l 'hopiral situc :\ 200 metres de distance pour demander qu'on portat secours aux blesses restes dans la voiture et elle rcfusa de sc laisser soigner avant que ces soldats eussent ete transportes a l'abri et panses. Le general Gouraud la decora de la Legion d'Honneur et de la Croix de la Guerre avec palme.

A cote de ccs actions d'eclat, il faut citer la patience, le courage quotidien, la bonne humcur des infirmieres, des 'Dames Anglaises,' des chauffeurs volontaircs accourus d'Angleterre avec !curs autos. Au front, a l'arricre, jusque dans Jes hopitaux auxiliaires Jes plus reculcs et les plus abandonncs, I' effort du Comitc Britannique vint s'ajourer a celui de la France. Apropos de !curs cantines et depots, on trouve dans le rapport une jolie phrase. Un v1eux soldat, en parlant a la directricc d'un depot de permissionnaires, disait qu'il avait deja rencontre plusieurs fois lcs' Dames Anglaises.'

'Ah, Monsieur, dit-elle, les Dames Anglaiscs sont partout.' - 'Oui, Madame, riposta-t-il vivement, et je su is sllr quc nous les trouverons en Paradis.'

C'est le Comite Britannique qui organisa les' France's Days'; Jes Fran­~ais qui sc trouvaient en Angleterre, :\ ccs moments-la, n'oublieronr pas la gcnerosite de toutcs les classes de la socictc et les paroles touchantes qui accompagnaicnt lcs dons modestes ou maganimes. En 1918, seulement, le "Jour de la France" rapporta a la Croix Rouge Fran\aise £368.030, tous frais pa)·cs.

Commc le dit la Prcsidente de l'CF.u\'Te, la \ 'icomtesse de la Panouse: ' La '\arion Anglaise qui s'es1 Je,•ce ainsi tour enriere pour

aider la nation sceur a prou"e non seulement les inepuisables ressources de sa ''italire, mais encore et sur1ou1, la solidarite qui nous unit.'

• Tn the llfacurt dt France for July 16, M. C.ul Siger gives it as his

opinion that-

' D'unc manicre generale, !'Anglo-Saxon est mediocrcment intel­lectud. L'Anglo-Saxon, en effet, [he continues] a toujours prCferc a !'intelligence des concepts, :\ laqudle lcs Fran~ais rendenr tradition­nellemen1 hommage, !'intelligence des choses, laqudle n'est pas sans presenter quelque utilite pour les gens qui veulent "bien mener !curs affaires."

• ,\in•i que je l'ecrivais ailleur«, ii n')• a pas bien longtemps, tout chauvioisme mis a part, les Latins (et parmi les Latins, je nous comprends, nous Fran~ais) sont bien supcrieurs daos l'ordre

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW de l'csprit aux Anglo-Saxons. Ceux-<:i, par contre, ont un scns de !cur "intcrct personnel " qui, dans la lune pour la vie, lcs rend intelligents.'

It is always salutary to know how we stand, and the truth is good for us however unpalatable, but we (and by :ce must be understood the British component of this editorial molecule)-wc confess that we did regard this statement as rather hard doctrine. Just however when we were feeling somewhat like a whipped dog and endeavouring to derive comfort from reciting to ourselves the names of Shakespeare, )lilton, \Yordswonh, Xe" ton and so on, we happened while turning o,·er the pages of an old book, to light upon the report of a speech delivered by :II. Anatolc France on the occasion of the Banquet given in his honour in December 191 j, in which he said :

• II y a dans ce genie anglais, dont vous avez r~u le llambcau et le tcndcz tout ardent:\ la generation future, unc continuitc de choses fortes qui etonne et qui force !'admiration. Par sa gravitc, unie :\ une parfaitc bonhomie, par l'heureux melange d'idealismc sublime et de realisme qui le composent, par son patient effort pour la justice, par son cncrgie virile et sa constance vertueusc, on peut dire qu'il est un perpctucl hommage a la liberte et a la dignitc humaines. I I a conquis l'estime du mondc entier et ne fut nulle part mieux compris ni micux estime qu'en F rance. Vos institutions, vos mreurs publiqucs servirent d'excmplc et d'ideal a la France du 1Sm• sickle, d la France de Montesquieu et de Voltaire - et celle-1:\ est la grande, la vraie. Votre Shakespeare a renouvcle notro inspiration poctique. Notre regime parlcmentairc est soni du votre - et ce n'est pas VOtrc fautc si nous ne le pratiquons pas toujours de maoicre parfaite.'

It is true that that was said in the course of an after-dinner speech, but it is none the worse for that if we may trust to Bishop Blougram who speaks of

'-truth that peeps Over the glasses' edge when dinner's done, And body gets its sop and holds its noise And leaves soul free a little.'

:'II. Sigcr, we feel sure, "ill agree that no conditions could be more fa,·ourable to the birth of the true concept to which 'the French have always rendered a traditional homage.'

• \a long o.go as October jl, 1916, a public meeting was held at University

College, London, \\ith the object of taking steps tO found a memorial to commemorate the eminent scientific sen·ices and personal distinction of the l~te Sir \\'illiam Ramsar. This meeting was attended by represcntativrs ol the Brirnh Gov•rnmcnt and of allied and neutral Powers, as wdl as bv the chic! scientific societies of Great Britajn and b\· a ,·cry brge numb;r of Sir \\'illi•m Ramsay's personal friends and coll~agues. The follo\\ing

66

RECO RDS ANO REVIEWS resolution, proposed by Lord Gainford, then Postmaster-General, seconded by Sir Joseph Thomson, O.~I., supported by the Belgian ~linister and a nominee of the American Ambassador, was carried unanimously:

'That steps be taken to raise a substantial fund as a memorial to' Professor Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F .R.S., such fund to be uti lized for the purposes of prom<Hing chemical teaching and research under a scheme to be hereafter approved by the subscribers.'

An executive committee was appointed to prepare an appeal. This committee agreed chat the sum required for a memorial worthy of one who had rendered such distinguished services to science as the late Sir William Ramsay, must be a large one and that the memorial must be of a character that would appeal to the nation generally and nor merely to one section of it. It was also agreed that the memorial should, as far as possible, be on an internacional basis, and many of the most discinguished represencativcs of foreign countries who were present at che meeting, supported this view. ft was therefore decided to solicit subscriptions 10 the ~Iemorial from admirers of Sir William Ramsay throughout the world. It was further resolved thac a considerable portion of the sum collected should be devoced to the founda tion of Ramsay Research Fellowships.

A French Branch in connection with the fund has been formed with Mr. Lloyd George as President and the Comiti d' ffo1111rnr includes such well-known names as M. Pichon, :'II. Deschanel, Lord Derby, Lord Hardinge of Pcnshurst, Lord Bertie, and Sir George Riddell. This branch is appealing for a sum of one million francs with the object of founding Fellowships in Chemical Science tenable in the United Kingdom by Frenchmen who have received a full chemical training in France. The cost of founding each fello" ship will be £6ooo.

The appeal for subscriptions is directed chiefly to British and American residents in France, and it is hoped that they will contribute in recognition of the hospitality they have enjoyed in France and :ilso as a mark of gratitude for the heroic part that France has played in the \\'ar.

M. Boutroux, the well-known philosopher and hiscorian, in an inter· view appearing in a recent issue of Exre/;ior explained, on general grounds, why the scheme for establishing Ramsay Memori:il fellowships tenable by Frenchmen sl1ould be strongly supported in France.

'The war [he stated) has shown Germany still dreaming of the revenge both from an economic and military standpoint. The Allies have taken from her her war material, but have left her work­shops and laboratories intact.

'France [he continued) dare not, without danger to her safety, remain inferior to Germany in scien<e and scientific industry, and it is important to-day not to allow foreigners alone to profit by French discoveries as they have done, hitherto, owing to the better organisation of their technical teaching and industrial co-operation.'

6'J

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REYIEW The Exulsior, commenting on this Interview, says:

' Peace has been signed, but the battle will continue on the field of Economics "hen the most brilliant improvisations arc no longer of supreme value. To-morrow French chemistry must enter the lists against German chemisuy, in the dye industry, in pharma9-, in chemical manures. Our allies are already uniting their efforts with ours in this direction.'

The comments of the French Press regarding the scheme are deeply appreciative. The 'Ianps in its issue of July i gi,-es full details of the project, declaring that the Ramsay Fund has taken a most happr initiative. The CE11vn says: 'Our British and American friends have not been satisfied in helping us to win the war. They are determined th::n by a common effort "e should win the peace'; while the Jlicto1n points our that the fund has four principal objects: To combat German propaganda in France and England, to honour the memory of the great chemist Sir William Ramsay, to draw even closer the bonds which unite France and Engbnd, and, finally, to promote the prosperity of French and British science. The Paris-M 1d1" in strongly advocating support for the memori.11 scheme says:

' If all educated Frenchmen had spent six months at Oxford, they would not find such a quaint difficulty in understanding their neighbours across the Channel. The converse is equally true ... the Ramsay foundation is only the first step.'

The following is the text of the letter of appeal : • J11ly 7, 1919.

• DEAR S1Rs,-:\lay we through your columns im·ite the attention of all "ho are interested in the promotion of an intellectual entente bernecn France and Great Britain to the .\ppeal "hich is being i-.ued to-day m France by the French branch of the R.im.:•r 'lcmori.11 Fund.

• The French Branch of the Ramsay ;\femorial Fund, under the prcsidencr ot ~lr. Lloyd George. arc ;sking for contribuuon• to :l fund of One ;\lillion francs for the purpose of 1ounding R:lms:iy :\lcmori:il F ello" 'hips m Chemical Science, similar to thc"e to be lounded in thi> country, such French Fdlow:;hips w be :l\'ail:tble 1or bringing to thi~ country fur purpose; of usearch Chemists tr.1ined in the l;niveT'ities and Technical Colleges of France.

'The \ppeal in France is being directed speci-1lly to British and ,\merican re'idcnts in France, and to the large number of pcr,on> of all nationalitie' who ha\"C for manr months past been enjoying the ho•pit.olitr of France during their duties in .conn_c<tion "i1h t~c Peare Conference. It is hoped that manr "ill "1sh to take this

6S

RECORDS AND REVIEWS opportunity of signifying publicly their admiracion and affection for France, and their esteem for the remarkable scientific achievements of France during the war.

'Any subscribers in this country who wish to associate themselves with this branch of the Ramsay ~lemorial Fund can send their sub­scriptions to the Hon. Treasurer, Lord Glenconner, at University College, London, indicating their wish that the subscription should be earmarked for 1his purpose.

'We remain, yours faithfully,

'Tu£ EDITORS,

''Tht //,1glo-Frrnch Rroitw.'

' H . H. AsQCITH

Hcc11 B ELL

B11Rs11Al1

H. A. L. FISHER

GLESCON N ER.'

It only remains for us to add that in our opinion, it would be impossible to devise any scheme more capable of furthering the intellectual relations between this country and France, and it is most earnestly to be hoped that the appeal will meet with a ready and generous response from all friends of France in Great Britain.

LITERATURE LATIN EPIGRAPHY (/\n introduction to the study of Latin

Inscriptions), S 1 R Jo 11 N E ow 1 N SAND v s . Cambridge University Press. 12s. 6tl.

Ce travail n'est, ainsi quc !'auteur nous en a\·ertit lui-meme dans !'intro­duction, que le dc\'C\oppemenl d'un chapitre ecrit par Jui, ii y a queJques annees, dans I' excellent manuel de philologie classique intitule: 'A Com­panion to Latin Studie·.' Obeiss:int ;\ la suggestion de quelques amis, ii l'a repris, complete et transformc en un volume de 32 5 pages, illustre de facsimiles, prcsentc wus un form:it :iiscment maniable et plein de renseigne­ments utiles. Pour comprendre le pl:in adoptc par !'auteur, ii faut bien se rendre compte de !'intention qu'il declare nettement avoir etc la sienne: composer un line capable d'etre utilise p:u Jes ctudiants qui s'intcressent aux chases latincs, sa11s «011/oir ,{t't'mir dts sphialutu tn ipigrapbit. De la le caractere de l'reuvrc, oil Ju renscignemcnts pratiqucs et techniques sont, non point negliges ni rclegues au second plan, mais subordonnes au SOuci d'aborder tOUtCS Jes questions qui, de prcs OU de Join, touchcnt a l'cpigraphie. Pour rendrc ma pensce plus claire, je citerai un detail: Si r John Sandys a ccrit un chapitre enticr sur Jes inscriptions dans Jes autcurs

69

THE ANG LO-FRENCH RE\' IEW classiques ; ii passc succcssi,•emcnt en revue Jes difffrcnts ecrivains, Titc Live, Tacite, Suctone, etc. et indique un certain nombrc de mentions d'inscriptions qu'on y rencontrc. Ccla est curieux, mais sans profit aucun pour la lecture et !'utilisation des inscriptions existant en nature. II y a plus, le texte de ces inscriptions citees dans les tenes classiques ne correspond assurement pas a b rcalite des modeles qui ont cxistc. Par exemplc l'epitaphe de Timesithc!e rapportce dans 'l'Histoire Auguste ' est, du premier mot au dernicr, rcdigce contrairement aux habicudes du langage epigraphique. Ce chapitrc ne peut done pas aider lcs lcctcurs d'inscriptions latines, au contrairc. Par contrc, dans le paragraphc consacrc! :Hl'< noms et titres des empcreurs, ou des faits ues precis et tres clairement prcsentes auraient ete particulicremcnt souhaitablcs pour la datation des inscripuons, !'auteur, au lieu d'indiquer annee par annce, en unc suite de tableaux dctailles, Jc chiffre des pni••anccs tribunices corrcspondantes des princes regnants, se contentc de noter, pour chacun d'eux, la date OU ii TC\Ut pour la premierc fois laditc puissance, cc qui oblige le lcctcur :\ un calcul personnel pour chaque cas particulier et, par consequent, Jui cause une perte de temps et !'expose a des crrcurs. Jc pourrais faire Jes memes observations,\ propos du chapitre deuxiemc (' i\ludern Collections of Latin Inscriptions'): !'enumeration de tous ccs recueils epigraphiques, la connaissancc de ccs essais aujourd'hui :\ peu pres tous onblies est sans valcur pratique, sinon sans interet rctrospectif. Tout ceci pour preciser cc qui foit le caractcre propre du livre et le diffcrencic des manuels d'epigraphie qui l'ont precede, surtout du mien et de cclui de 111. Egbert.

Apres Jes dcux cl13pi1rcs dont jc ''iens de parler, figure une ctude bien faite sur !'alphabet, :l\'cc mention des differcntes sortes d'ccriturc u•itecs, telles que Jes a classccs Hubner (mont<mtntali.r, a<tuaria, tursi<'a, etc.), des ligatures, des sij!nes de ponctu:uion, le tout accompai:ne de tableaux et de foe-similes. Les chapitrcs qui suivcnt et qui offrcnt lcs mcmcs qualites de precision, d'inform:nion dctaillce, traitcnt des cpitaphes, des inscriptions dedicatoires, des rlogia, des inscriptions honorifiques (rnrs11s honorum, !cur mode de redaction, !curs \'arifo:s), des inscriptions gravces sur les edifices publics, des marques sur objets mobiles (instrnmmtum), cnfin des textcs documentaires Qois, deems, diplomcs, actcs de droit pri,•e). 11 y a bcau­coup a prendre et ;\ apprendrc dans tout cela. Le langagc et le style des inscriptions donnent lieu :\ d'utiles remarques (eh. X); le chapitre XI est consacre a la mcthodc de critique qu'il convient d'nppliquer aux textes epigraphiqucs et aux donnces qui pcrmcttcnt d'en fixer la d.1te.

\'iennent ensuitc des appendices, dont les trois premiers se rdient imimemcnt a,·cc cc qui precede. L'un contient, bri~vcment exposces, les rcgles de l'onomastique romaine, si importante pour !'interpretation des inscriptions et dont on ignore gfocralement, en dchors de> spckialistes, toutc la ,·aleur ; le second prcscntc la liste des diifercntcs chari:es de la carrierc senatorialc, de la carriC:re equcstre, des carrieres infericurcs. ave<: lcs abreviations par Jcsqucllcs l'epigraphie les transcrit; le troisieme est

70

RECORDS AND REVIEWS consacre aux empereurs, :I !'enumeration des differents elements qui servent a dater les tcxtcs ou !cur nom figure (puissanccs tribuniccs, consulats, salu­tations imperiales, surnoms consc!cutifs ;\ des victoires). J'ai deja dit quc Ja disposition materiellc des rcnseigncments, commc du rcstc, de tout le livre, y est un peu confuse : elle gagnerait a ctre beaucoup moins condensee. Notons que chaque paragraphe se termine par le texte d'une inscription, choisie comme exemple, et relat ive :I l'empereur auquel clle se rapporte.

Dans les deux appendices qui suivent ont ete rassemblees : 1•. Le tcxtc, en caractcres courants, de six inscriptions historiques, le

senatus-consulte des Bacchanales, Jes rts gesta~ Dioi Augusti, le discours de Claude au Senat en +8 ap. J.C., la ftx dt impm"o JI tspasiani, un frag­ment de l'allocution d'Hadrien aux troupes d'Afrique et l'en-tete de l'Cdit de Diocletien, avec quclqucs bribes du tarif, comme specimen.

2•. Un choix d'inscriptions riches en abrcviations, pour exercer lcs etudiants au dechiffrement.

Enfin un dernicr appendicc donnc une liste, par ordre alphabetiquc, non de toutcs Jes siglcs, mais de cellcs quc !'auteur a jugees Jes plus usitccs, :ivec leur interpretation et souvcnt un renvoi amc pages du livre ou ii en est question. L:i encore ii y a selection, cc qui est peut-etrc imprudent.

En resume cc livre, compose par un erudit tres bien informe, contient la maticre de plusieurs ouvrages distincts, quoique sc rapportant au meme sujct principal, un traite historiquc des inscriptions latines, un manuel condense qui enseignc a Jes lire, un recueil d'inscriptions choisies, dont quclques-uncs en fac-simile. Les etudiants curicux sauront gre a !'auteur d'avoir ainsi travaille pour eux et de leur avoir si savammcnt menage la besogne.

BELPHf:GOR: EssAt SOCIETE FRANS:AISE.

4 fr. 55·

R. CA c NAT.

Proftsuur a11 Co/figt dt Franu.

SUR L1ESTHETIQUE DE

J U L I E N B E N D A.

LA PRESENTE

Emile-Paul.

TuE title of this essay is sufficient to indicate the uncompromising nature of its adverse criticism on modern French art and artistry. M. Julien Benda has shown himself the bold, incisive critic or the famous French philosopher, Henri Bcrgson. or his philosophy, M. Benda said in his 'Succes du Bergsorusme' that 'all the passions underlying the idea of Bergson come back to one alone,-Cprouver un etat des Sens OU du c<rur par la speculation philosophique.' H e describes Bcrgsonism as the philo­sophy of a democracy. He regards the democracy as a society 'en quete du seul sentir,' seeking sensation in every possible and especially in every novel form; and honouring sensation above all the condit ions of the soul. In Belphegor, M. Benda continues his determined attack on this type of

7t

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW 'democratic art,' whether it is to be found in the plastic arts, in painting, in music, in literature, or in philosophy. He regards the whole tone of' five o'clock tea' and after-dinner talk in French society as infected with disease, in demanding from works of art the mere stirring of emotion and sensations, without any regard to intellectual standards or intellectual satisfaction. His analysis of the underlying tendencies amongst French anists (inter­preting the term in its widest sense) and the various social atmo•pheres which both act and react in uruson \\ith the artists, is most •eriously incisive and anrngonistic: but it is illuminath•e and full of the keenest concern for a sound and \\holesome ameliorntion. ,\mongst the misleading tendencies of French art he includes the desire fo r art to become a mystic union with the essence of things. This ' very popular' school desires to break with all that is included in the intellectual idea of things and to seize upon objects of contemplation 'dans leur existence propre,' to be united to their' principle of life,' 10 their 'palpitation interieure,' by an act not oi thought but of sympa1hr: ·intuition.' This may seem similar to Henri Fr.;dcric Amiel's 'simplifi,ation," •re-implication,'• proteisme,' but in .\mid'• case the process is one of depersonalisation by thought, and, as he him"<lf describes, is the takjng consciousness of general life, by entering into 'the divine sanctuary of contemplation.' Nor can we pass by the philosophical mysticism of Plotinus and Porphyry. The intellectual clement, so far from being lacking, is in them of the most concentrated kind. Whereas in the modern artist, the attitude, as .\I. Benda points out, is that of the arousing of n reactive emotion, not as the accompaniment of intellectual energy, but as an end in itself, · l'absolu d';iujourd"hui ' which expo,itors oi modern art do not hesitate to describe, is an emotion characterised b) 'palpitauon,' 'ignition,' • dynarrusme.' We must distinguish (and \\C do not suppose that .\I. Benda would disagree \\ith us on this point) bct\\cen the mpticism based on the iQtellect, and the mysticism based on 'un C:tat aifectif pur.' Inrniuon of the latter kind claims to transcend intelligence. .\I. Benda, in making his spirited protest, declares (and in this he" ill c.my with him the S) mpathy of other nations as well as of Frenchmen) that :

• Cettc detestation 'iolente, consciente et or11.rnisce, de !'intelli­gence - .. intcllectud .. est presque dcvenu un termc de mcpris dans nos s.tlons, - constitue une chose tout a fa1t nouvdle dans une socictc fran~aisc. Elle seu la marque de notre temps Jans l'histoire de la ci,·ilisation fran\aise.'

This depreciation of the intellectual factor leads to a cult of the'1ndistinct' in an, and to a ' proscription de la nettetc,' as .\I.Benda calls it. Thedisasuous effect he traces in its developments both in an and, outside of art, in other acti\'ities, as for instance, in French literature and philosophy <1nd in the gener:il le,·el of professional and social conversation and intercourse. By his s<•me\\hat narrow interprerntion of music .\J. Ben<h is able to regard •he'" hole of the arts as enfeebled by their 'musicalisaiion.' He forcibly

7!

RECORDS AND REVIEWS shows the degenerating effects of presenting 'l'ame paniculiere' as outside of all law, the bewildering mental "hiilpool produced by the constant search for ' )'~motion de sUiprise ' and the general atmosphere of thirst for novelty. The injury to the soul by the constant theatrical identification of the life of the individual with the emotion which he is intensifying by his :utistic attitude is increased as it permeates the artistic atmosphere. Leaders and devoted followers have philosophies of 'cliquetis "d'intuitions" . . . jetccs sans ordre, sans cohesion, sans critique' (Nietzsche, Pcguy, Sorel). In short, :\I. Benda makes a remorselessly pathological study of aesthetic decadence and its consequent effects on society, permeating to the demo­cracy, not altogether dissimilar to the scathing denunciation of popular art, made by Count Tolstoi in his 'What is An r' twenty-one years ago.

M. Benda is much more impressive in his criticism of what he calls in his former work ' L'Ordinat ion ' the extraordinary detestation for • the religion of the mind ' than he is in the analysis of its causes or in the sugges­tions for effective changes. The Moabitish deity, BelpMgor, with the execrable ceremonial celebrations on Mount Phegor, serves as a title to a book of pointed invective, but it offers no solution of the artistic and social pro­blems of to-day. If .M. Benda insists on the adverse influence of J cws on art, it must be pointed out thar, as with other people, there arc Jewish reformers as well as decadcnts. Nor would the cel ibacy of philosophers (M. Benda docs nor suggest how it is to be brought about) effect more for French social progress than celibacy of the priests did for mediaeval society. Simplifica­tion of life, Tolstol would tell )I. Benda, would of course remove many of the false tendencies of art, founded on luxurv. :II. Benda finds that one of the chief reasons for the decadence of art i~ the present-day French Society is the influence of women. 'Dans un salon, apres diner, discute-t-on art, doctrines lineraircs, esthetiques, si vous exceptez de trcs jeuncs gens et Jes prolessionnels pas un homme nc prend part ii la conversation.' This is a sweeping assertion, but even if accepted at its face value, it can be balanced by the fact that in the one great meeting-place for people in which the S}"nthctic, general, philosophical outlook on life is expected to be presented to the public-namclr, in the Church-women are equally predominant in number. )I. Bcnda's adverse criticism is confined to France, but the phenomena described arc by no means restricted to that country. Emotionalism and sensationalism, to a deplorable extent, form the basis of art and artistic activities in all the democracies. But when ~I. Benda (rightly or wrongly) includes by name one philosopher in this list of the misguided writers be might well have taken the occasion to rejoice in the names of many philosophers who stand for all that is best in the world of intdlcct -outside as well as inside France, for their penetrative ideas. The whole educational world honours Guyau, Payor, Marion, Liard, Fouillcc, Boutroux, ro mention only a few whom ]If. Benda docs not name. These philosophers have carried out the principle of Pascal : 'Travaillons :i bien penser, voil:l. le principe de la morale.' And this principle, as M. Fouill~e

73

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW says, ' is the basis for e\·cry social and political reform.' They have given of their intellecrual resources to teachers in training, and ha,·e helped, directly and indirectly, to stir the intelligence of the democracy. In spite of what ;\1. Benda says, no country has received, and is receiving, more helpful stimulation a bim pmstr, from its philosophers than France. These :ire an influence greater than Belphegor, for they hnve the permanent elements of the past, present, and fumre in them.

FOSTER W ATSON.

JCXGLE PEACE, \V 1 L L 1 A ~1 B EE BE. Witherby. 8s.

Tms is one of those rarely beautiful literary achievements which aid us in our spiritual evolution. However much we may scoff at science from the purely idenlistic point of view, our advance in nntural history and our knowledge of namre and her secrets are enough to prove that we have progressed by nnother road from that wherein the ancient world trended its way. Antiquity has left us great religions and its abstruse occult theosophies. It ,·isualised gods and treated of immortality and the problems of death. TI1e scientist and the patiem inquirer of our own day deal with the problems of life. And to the untiring 'poets of science,' to which company that prince of investigators, 1 [enri Fabre, belonged, we now add the name of William Beebe, for he is nlso one of those who read the epics of creation in tiny books, and have that divine quality of realising the com­parative ,·alues "hich link the dustmote to the star in the Eternal Scheme. There are descriptions of jungle-life m his volume "hich would have en­chanted a Gautier or Flauben. Take for instance, the passage relating to the French c:ishew trees :

'Behind Kalacooo stood four sentinel trees .... Every day we passed them on the way to and from the jungle. For many days \\C paid very little attention to them, excopt co be grateful for the shade cast by their dense foliage of glossy lea\'es. Their trunks were their most striking feature, the bark almost concealed by a maze of bcautifullr coloured lichens, different forms O\'er­lapping one another in many places, forming a palimpsest of grey, white, pink, mauve and lilac .... Late in April, however, :i change came over the trees. The lenvcs had been shed some time in January and the fallen foliage formed a dry mass on the ground which cracked under f<><>t. Xow each branch and t\\ig began to send out clusters of small buds, and one d'1\-a "eck after Easter- these burst into indescribable glory. E\·ery lichened bough and branch and t\~ig was lined with a soft mass of bloom, clear, bright cerise, \\htch reflected its brilliance on the foliage itself. .\lter two days a rain of stamens began and soon the ground beneath the trees "·as ~ol~d cerise, a carpet of tens of thousands of fallen stamens, and '"tl11n tlte length of a foot on one 'mall branch were often a score of blooms.

71

RECORDS AND REVIEWS This fc:ast of colour was wonderful enough .... Yet the trees had not nc:irly finished with the surprises they had in store. A humming­bird or two was not :in uncommon sight along the tr:iil :it any time, but now we began to notice an inc rease in numbers. Then it w:is observed that the tiny birds seemed to focus their flight upon one part of the clearing, and this proved to be the four cashew trees.

' The next few days made the trees ever memorable : they were the Mecca of all the humming-birds in the jungle. In early morning the air for many yards resounded with a dull droning, as of a swarming of gi:int bees. Standing or sitting under the t ree we could detect the units of this host and then the individuals forced themselves upon our notice. Back and forth the hummers swooped and swung, now poising in front of a mass of blossom and probing deeply among the stamens, now dashing off :it a tangent .... The magnitude of the total sound made by these leathered atoms was astounding, piercing squeaks, shrill insect-like tones, and now and then a real song, diminutive trills and warbles as if from a flock of song-birds a Jong distance away .... We had almost a pure culture of humming­birds to watch, for more clusi,·e creatures do not exist ... than this concentration of the smallest, most :ictive and most gorgeous birds in the world .'

We would think this picture of a vernal Arabian Night to be the end of the cashew trees, but nay, as soon as our author noticed the ripe, soft and yellow cashews' fallen here and there, there arrived simultaneously the hosts of fruit-eating birds. From the most delicate turquoise honey­creepers to great red and black grosbeaks, they thronged the trees . All day a perfect stream of tanagers-green, azure and wine-coloured-flew in and out among the manna, callistes and silver-beaks, dacnis and palm tanagers.' ...

There is also a thrilling hunt for the Hoatzin, a prehistoric bird which has not developed wings and is still, though like unto the earliest birds of our world history, extant among us to-day, bringing' close the dim epochs of past time.' The Hoatzin is a reality unlike the marvellous fish, Resh and fowl in the romances of Jules Verne, or Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's story of 'The Lost Continent,' and hence it outlives them in interest and fascination. Gruesome yet wonderful too is Mr. Beebe's narrative of the ruthless \\arrior-ants upon the march, which must have inspired Bismarck and the Kaiser with their martial tactics. Even Kipling's splendid jungle­tale ' In the Rukh,' with Mowgli and his wolf-pack, pale before J\lr. Beebe, for he has known truth that is stranger than any fiction. He has caught the shimmer of the Isis-face beneath the Veil, he bath drawn nigh to the door that hath no Key and sensed the :idytum or Holy of Holies in the sanctuary-silence of primeval forest life. And for these things he earns our gratitude anJ Jeep respect.

RE c I N A M I R I AM B L 0 c II.

75

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW

AUGUSTE LEPERE. Les Arts Fra11fais No. 25. Larousse. Prix exceptionnel 3 fr .

AUGUSTE LEPERE, R o c E R MA R x. Ga~lte du Beaux­A rts. +fr.

LES ESTA)IPES, I"'IAGES ET AFFICHES DE LA GUERRE. CL F. MEN T - J AN 1 N. Gaut/~ des Beaux-Arts. 12 fr.

Bv the death of Auguste Lepere in November of last year, France lost an artist who by his all-round capacity and thorough craftsmanship recalled the healthiesr periods of art, when a painter was never merely a painter, ignorant of all else but painting. Lepere was a painter, but he was also an etcher, a wood-engra,·er, a lithographer, a porcdain-painter, a colour­prioter. He began as a \\ood-engraver, and it is in that field that his most original \\Ork was done. Born in 18+9, he was apprenticed at the age of thirteen to a wood-cngra,·er "ho supplied blocks for the illustrated maga­z.ines of the day. He was trained therefore in aU the artifices of the pro­fession at a time when wood-engraving was entirely gi,•en up to reproductive work, and when the peculiar qualities and felicities of the medium were neglected in a desire to rival the line elaboration proper to steel-engraving and the acmospheric effeccs of "hich that medium is capable. In this lcind of work Lepere auained greac mascery, as one sees from the Roum Cat1'tdral, reproduced in this incerestjng number of Ln Arts Franrais which is specially dC\·oted to his >rt and career. Bue Lepere had ambitions to use the "ood block for original design, and ins1inc1i,·elr turned to a ~implcr, more direct and ,-igorous method when cngravini: his 01rn drawings. Thus he became a pioneer in the re,·iyal oi original "ood-engraving, so far as France was concerned. England had already the beautiful creations of Blake nod Calvert on wood, as early as che 182o's; then William )(orris took up the graver, to be follo"ed by Charles Rfrketts, T. Scurge ~loorc and other arriscs of our day, eminent among whom is Lucien Pissarro {the son of che famous impressionisc painccr), who has long h.1J his home in London and links France and England in his art. It i• inceresting to noce that "hile in England the "ooJ-block was taken up br :mists who stood outside the profession and c~me fresh to the medium, Lepere in France re\·i"ed the an £rom \\ithin by reacting against cradition. Perhaps his acquired techrucal skill "as a hindrance rather than a help. But he pro­duced some fine original "ork both as a wood-engraver and as an etcher. Representative examples in boch kinds, as well as some prints aicer his paincings. arc given in Lts ,./rtJ Fra11(ais, illustrating the well-informed essay on the artist by Charles Saunter.

Another study of Lepere, by M. Roger :'>larx, excracteJ from th~ Gao;,,~U Jn Btau"·Arts, has also been sen! us ;\[. ;\(arx had alre.tdy publishN tn

the Ga::Lttt, between 1896 and 1910, studies on Lepere .. engravings and

76

RECORDS AND REVIEWS paintings: in this article he is specially concerned with the artist's work as a book-illustrator, or rather as a leader in the revival of book-decoration. Lepere was disgusted with the kind of illustration in vogue when photo­graphic reproduc tion became common : the gray and heavy tone of the prints had no relation to the clear black and white of type. He therefore revived the earlier style of woodcut in which the frank black and white line harmonises with the printed text. He did not, however, abolish the vignette and the fashion of inserting little blocks of irregular shape at the side of the page, which seems to us in England at once old-fashioned and in itself prejudicial to the ' architectural ' effect of a findy designed page of print, though it still prevails in France. But Lepere certainly brought back a refreshing vigour to the art of the woodcut and understood the special beauties of the medium. M. Marx' art icle is illustrated with examples of the artist's various styles, including an original etching, Lt Quartitr Ju Gobtlins, and a coloured reproduction of a fine drawing of the battlemented bridge at Verona.

The Gaulle dts Btaux-Arts also publishes M. Clement·Janin's compre· hensive monograph: 'Les Estampes, Images, et Affiches de la Guene.' )1. Clcment-Janio tells us that the prints of various kinds, inspired by the war, number already more than eight thousand. Confining himself entirely to the work of F rench artists down to the autumn of 1918, he considers their prints as the expression of the national spirit during those years of bitter trial, and points with well-justified pride to the nobleness revealed by France-' sa gravite, sa confiance imperturbable, son patriotisme.' The artists are treated in groups, Jes actualistcs, les paysagistes, les allegoristes, etc. An original etching by M. Louis Jou, Les Evacuis, is given : it is strongly felt and powerfully drawn ; but the artist whose work makes the deepest impress on the mind is Forain, whose imaginative insight, irony, and incisive brevity of style have illumined the soul of France at war in a series o[ masterly lithographs and etchings. Others of the artists here illustrated arc less known in England, where .\f. J anin's excellent monograph will be welcomed by many who need a guide to contemporary French art. Among the reproductions few things are more memorable than the woodcut by M. Le Meilleur of old peasants heroically ploughing the neglected fields under a stormy sky, or than the splendid woodcut of Auguste Lepere, Lts ilfau<Jaius Pa111ons tl la mort fondant sur ft mondt. A se.:tion is devoted to the renaissance of L'imagt J' Epinal, the popular broadside revived by the war, and another section to the posters which played so large a part in inRuencing, and at the same time expressing, the mood of the nation.

L A l' R E s c F. B I s y 0 s.

i7

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REYIEW

LE ~IAlTRE DU NA \ 'lRE, Lou 1 s L':E:dition Fran~aise IUustrcc. 4 fr. 50.

CH AD 0 URN E.

VAN DEi< BROOKS est un hommc qui s'amuse. 11 a bien un metier, cclui de forban; mais en meme temps, c'est un grand lecteur et scs auteurs favoris, Beckford, Nietzsche, Stevenson, Poe lui ont trouble le cerve.iu . II est devenu fou. II !'est dcvenu au point d'avoir des theories, cc qui es t deja grave : th&iric de la domination; theorie de la richessc non point en vue de thesauriser, mais en vuc d'aneantir; theorie de la destruction pour !'amour de la destruction. II !'est dcvcnu au point - cc qui est beaucoup plus gravc­de mettre ses theories en pratique. II a voulu se faire Dicu et ii est en cffet le Dieu d'une ile, l'Jle \ 'an den Brooks, qu'il a dccouverte au cours de ses nombrcux voyages et dont vous nc trouverez la mention en aucun atlas. En ce coin de tcrrc regnaicnt, avant l'arri\'CC du di,·in tyran, !'innocence de l'ame, Jes douces qualites du ca:ur et la simplicite des ma:urs CJ.:Uicnnes. Van den Brooks y a fait penctrer par la force Jes bicnfaits de b civilisation moderne. ~hl a la fois par le desir de donner aux Vandenbrooksiens des notions de l'idce de bien et de justice et par le besoin de faire naitrc en son ca:ur aride et desseche le sentiment de la pitic, dont la presence lui .ipparaitra peu a peu necessa ire pour qui vcut vcritablement etre Dicu et ccb prouvc qu'apres tout, \'an den Brooks n'est pcut-etre que superficiellcment mechant - il s'est cfforce d'etablir dans son ile un regime dont le trait essenticl consiste d:rns l'arbitraire le plus cruel et de transformer le dernicr Paradis tcrrestrc en un Jardin des Supplices, sui,·ant ainsi l'exemplc de Celui qu'il a pris commc modcle et f.1isan1 en petit cc que Celui-1.i :l\'.1i1 fait en grand. Or, \'an den Brooks qui, comme je crois l':n·oir dit, est un homme qui s'amUSC, UOU\'C unc C'.'<Cellente occasion de SC livrcr a SOO <pnrt ta\'ori, lin jeune a,·ocat dcj ~ cclcbre, :\laitrc Lcminhac, un membrc notoire de !'Academic de mcdecinc, le Dr. Tramier, un jeune pcintre anglai,, Robert Heh· en, et unc Rus<e, :\bric Eriko"., seduisante (naturellement, ruisquc c'est une Russe) Cl rassionnce (encore plus naturellement, pour la memc raison), presses d'arri,·er a Sydney sont obliges d'attcndrc pendant des semaines un paquebot l C:illao; \ 'an den Brooks lcur off re l'ho~pitalite sur son yacht, le Cormoriw, Cl ceb en tcrmes si Aaueurs rour l.1 science, l'art et la beaute, que Jes quatre voyageurs ne pcu\•ent faire autrcmcnt quc d'accepter une si aimablc invit:uion. Une fois :i bord, ii les tr.1itc J\'CC un luxe inoui, leur sert Jes rcpas et lcs discours, beaucoup de repas et encore plus de discours, Jes plus ~tourdissanu, leur revele peu l pcu son amc. II ,·oudrait <tre sadiqucmcnt crud et Jes conduit non pas en \ustralie, mais tout simplement en son royaumc, ou ii Jes abandonnc en !cur t.tisant sa\•oir qu'ils denoot dorena\'Olnt collaborer, chacun scion scs moycns, .i l'c~tcnsion de son reuvrc; car tcl est son bon plaisir. :\Jais, \'OUS nc 1'.n N pas oublie, \'an den Brooh c>t un homme qui s'amusc. Et au moment ou la situation dcvient critique pour Jes quatre intcmes, au moment ou ils sc demandcnt

;s

RECORDS AND REVIEWS par qucl supplice le Maitre du Navire va lcs punir de !cur tentative d'evasion ratce, par quelles tortures il va les faire passer en un monde meilleur, le Dieu lui-meme !cur declare qu'il en a assez de sa mission divine; il est !as d'etre incompris Ct meconnu; Son incurable sechcrcssc de CO!Ur )e rend, ii le sent bicn, inaccessible ii la pi tie; et il dit adieu a son pouvoir, a son role divin, a scs richcsses mcmes. Pour montrer la sincerite de son renoncc­mem, ii jctte a la mer tous lcs rresors qu'il y avait puists (Dors-tu content, Tolstoi I), non sans avoir donnc :\ la belle :\fadame Erikow une de scs plus jolies cmeraudcs, que cellc-ci perd d'ailleurs presque aussitot ; ii renvoic ses passagcrs, fair retirer I' equipage et rcste seul courbc sur la mcr a !'horizon de laqucllc ii dispa rait aux sons du 'Crcpuscule d'un Dicu,' pendant que nous nous rappelons I' apostrophe de Zarathustra au Soleil: ' J e suis degoutc de ma sagcssc comme l'abeille qui a amasse trop de micl. . . . J'ai bcsoin de mains qui sc tendcnt .... Voila pourquoi je dois desccndre dans les profondeurs commc tu fais le soir, quand tu vas derricre Jes mcrs, apportant ta cbrcc au dessous du mondc, o asrrc debordant de richesse.' Oui, Van den Brooks est uo hommc qui s'amusc. II sait varier :1 l'infini les plaisirs de son metier de pirate, et la croisiere de Leminhac, de Tramicr, de Robert Helven et de Madame Erikow ne lcur laissera, unc lois qu'ils auront tous quatre repris leurs occupations habituelles, qu'un regret, celui d'etre restes trop peu de temps a bord du Cormoran qui leur apparnitra comme un lieu de dclices, comme 'le dernier navire-salon ou !'on cause.' Mais ii y a quelqu'un qui se sera encore plus amuse que notre flibustier et que nos quatre passagers, c'est lcur historiographe qui, empoignc par son sujet, en a lait un roman d'a,•enturcs trcs attachant et uo conic philosophique de premier ordre. Et il y aura enfin quelqu'un qui s'amusera encore da.,antage : c'est le lecteur qui, par surcroit, cherchera cercainement l'amande ou les amandes que receJe l'ecorce romanesque de cc petit chcl-d'O!uvre et qui ne SC \aisscra pas arrcter dans la voie des 'divagauonS' par l'avant-propos oil M. Louis Chadourne lui donne ce trop justc avertissement : 'Ce que tu chcrches, tu le trouveras sans doute, car tu le portes en toi-meme a ton insu et l'on ne decouvre quc les tr~sors enfouis dans son propre CO!ur.'

L 0 \/ t s BR AND t II .

DUNKERQUE VILLE HEROIQCE. H E x R 1 ~[ALO. Perrin. 3 fr. 50.

T11.L lately Dunkirk was not a name that sounded pleasantly in English cars. For most educated Englishmen were aware that the place had once been an English possession, and that it had been surrendered for hard cash by an impecunious monarch without the consent ol his people. Students of history knew also how expensive that transaction had proved, and how prolonged were the efforts vainly made to undo it. Dunkirk therefore recalled bitter memories o( ill-"ill between French and English. But that,

79

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW as well as much else, has been changed by the War; and only a fe" weeks ago Dunkirk received from the King of Great Britain a specbl token ol honour in recognition of the heroism shown by her townsfolk during the great conflict .

)I. Henri )lalo tells us in lucid style, free from all exaggeration, of the severe treatment to \\bich Dunlcirk was subjected at the hands of the Germans, and of the steadfast courage of her citizens under that trial. But the author seeks to show further that such conduct was no new phenomenon called forth by " great emergency, but rather the natural result of a mor.11 tenacity heredital}' in the Dunkirkers. The earlier half of his book, there­fore, contains a succinct, though careful, narrative of the earlier fortunes of their town.

Dunkirk owes its existence to geographical advantages. From a bare sandy coast a natural canal led to a lagoon where fishing-boats could lie secure from the northern blasts, while outside, a succession of parallel banks on the sea bottom created a roadstead which could be entered at either end by vessels of l:irger draught. As a fishing station the town arose; and the subsequent decay of Brugcs through the silting up of the Zwin led to the growth of Dunkirk into a first-rate port. Its value was recognised by its lords, the Counts of Flanders, and by the F rench and English monarchs who strove for its possession du ring the Hundred Years' \\'ar. In the fifteenth century it had become one of the principal towns of the Nether­lands. As such it suffered, of course, during the long-drawn-out wars of which the Lo" Countries were at once the subject and the scene. It came to the llapsburgs by inheritance from the Dukes of Burgundy, and b)• the vicissitudes of "ar Spaniards, Dutch, French, and then Spaniards .igain, became in turn its masters, until the Battle of the Dunes in 1658 at last decided th:it it should ne,·er return to Spanish heping. Captured br the French, it was at once handed over, according to treat}, to the Engli•h, to be bought b;1ck a;:.1in in 1662. Since then it has always been part of France.

The efforts of Louis xn·, aided b>• the genius of \'auban, made Dunkirk a mighty fortress, a na\'al base of the first importanc<", and a splendid h>rbour of commerce. The old fishing industry bad been de.;troy<"d by the w:u$, :ind in place oi it there had sprung up an acti\'e :rnd profit.able S) stem of pri\·.11urin1: which had made Dunkirk a nursery of d:irin;: 'lilors. Ot the't Jc:in Bart was the most renowned, and the Duokirkcrs still lo\·e to call themselves hts children, and look with re\'erence upon his st:nuc in the1r midst. Th .. later mi<fortunes of Louis' reign brought misery to Dunkirk, and finally the Treaty of Utrecht compl .. ted her ruin. Though ne,·cr t'1ken, the pbce was no longer to be a threat to the na'/' of England in w.ir, or a riv.il tu her commerce in peace. The dismantling oi her defences, the demolition of her qu:iys, and the spoiling of her anchorag<' "ere insisted on; and an English Commis,ioner was to see that the condition• were obsen:cJ. The humiliation of his presence was endured until ended br the Treat)' of

So

RECORDS AND REVIEWS Versailles in 1783. The last effort of English arms against Dunkirk was the futile siege by the Duke of York in 1793. Through all these vicissitudes the dogged courage of the Dunkirkers is manifest. At all times, moreover, they find worthy leaders in their ci,·ic authorities. But never was that courage more severely tried than during the late war, and never did it better stand the test. And in their ~faire, Henri Tcrquem, the Duokirkers found a man equal to the crisis, whose sane judgment, practical capacity, and calm self-possession, all based on a fen·id patriotism, were of infinite value to his fellow-citizens. His official notices, many of which are here given in an appendix, are a witness at once of the difficulties he had to meet and of his ability 10 deal with them. The town from its value as a port of com­munication with England naturnlly became an object of German attack. If it could not be captured, then it must be destroyed. The im­possibility of achieving the former became apparent after the battle of the Yser in October 1914; the latter was attempted by bombardments which began in that month and lasted with little intermission till October 19tS. Aeroplane attacks were of daily occurrence, until defence by gun-fire from below and by counter-attack in the air were organised. Theo, in April 1915, shells from a long-range gun on the land side began to cause heavy damage and the loss o{ more lives; while, later, bombardment by destroyers from the sea, when the watching Acct could be evaded, was resorted to. On some occasions all three forms of attack were used against the unfortunate town at once. Londoners who remember September 1917 will learn with interest that the same month was one of the worst endured by the Dunkirkers. The spirit of br;wado, somewhat apparent at first and soon found to be foolish, was succeeded by one of calm resolution. Without panic or hurry all per<ons whose presence was unnecessary were removed elsewhere, and the to\\nsfolk set themselves to live their life to the best purpose under the new conditions. The civic activities, largely increased by war, were continued ; schools and instimtions remained open ; the work of the port and retail trade \\Cre vigorously carried on. 'Business as usual,' a phrase perverted elsewhere to cover sdfish ends, here meanc the faithful pursuit of .111 a\·oc:Hions th:it could serve France and Dunkirk. :\o needless risks "ere run : but it became a point of honour, as soon as a raid was over, to cle.u up the resulting mess as soon as possible and to go on with work as before. By their steady fortitude and their actfre courage in such trying circumstances the Dunkirkcrs proved themselves both good Frenchmen and good Flemings, and well deserved the approbation bestowed on their town in " General Order to the Army as ' \'ille heroique, sert d'exemple .i toute J.1 nation.'

)I. ~lalo's book, written in attractive stvle and with an unusual wealth of diction, is a worthy tribute to the s~fferings and to tile .. ::dour of Dunkirk.

£. H. Ho LT n o us i;.

81 c

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVl EW

SCIENCE ~F. w F 1 s 1 s H F o R CAR s.- The shortcomings of paint and

varnish and enamel finishes have for long been a cause for complaint among motorists owing to their rapid deterioration even in normal u<e. But, except for impro,•ements in paints, varnishes, and enamels, there has been nothing new in au1omobile finishes since the first car was painied. Some experi­ments have, however, recently been conducted in America with an enti rely new 1ype of finish, applicable 10 1he body panels and wings and also to the roof if a limousine top be fi tted. A special rypc of leatherette supersedes paint, and although this covering has not the high gloss of a varnish or enamel, it presents a \•cry pleasing appearance somewhat resembling polished morocco leather. It is easily cleaned and able to withstand extreme varia­tions of temperature and severe climatic conditions. The most usual form of deterioration of \'arnish and enamel finishes is not due to abrasions caused by accident and misuse, but to minute cracks in 1he coating of the panels which arise from the expansion and contraction of the latter with variations of temperature; this, too, apart from the' sand-papering effect ' of flying particles of Aint contained in mud and dust. Therefore, if 1he new finish is able to withstand these condirjons s:nisfactori ly, it wiU have decided points in its favour. On 1he question of cos1, it is claimed tha1 the leatherette compares favourably with that of the usual t)·pes of car body finishes.

GA s E cos o ~• v 1 s Coo K 1 s c.- That purely utili1:uian device, the ga< cooker, hardly appeals 10 the general public as having possibilities of obvious de,·dopment, but a new type of range de~igned and recently standardised by one of 1he best known Bri 1ish firms has several striking departures from established practice tending 10 effect considernble economy of gas. The aim has been 10 rrevcnt waste of heat uni1s and, in one direction, 1his has been attained by a new type of burner for boiling and by the use of a top grid "hich ha5 no bars intercepting 1he Aame between the burner and the utensil. The burners arc much $mailer in diameter than 1hose hitherto adopted, but ha\'C a greater consumption capacity than 1he old 1ypes, which ica 1ure c:in be taken ad\·am.•ge of if required. The principle of this burner is 10 concentrate rhc Aame on 1he centre of the utensil, and 1herdore to eliminate the \\as1e of hca1 due 10 the Aame passing up 1he sides. It is claimed 1ha1 1he mere fact that a brge amount of heat is pro\'idcd in the concentrated area in a short 1ime induces funher economy. There arc numerous 01hcr striking departures. For instance, 1he o\'en, though sm.11ler, has greater capacity for cooking, as the heal is equalised throughout o\\ing to the arrangement of the burners undrr a solid bottom plate-there is acmaUy no !lame "i1hin the o\'en itself. Besides the usual

81

RECORDS AND REVIEWS optional 2djustmcnt, each burner tap has three definite positions: minimum, simmering, and full.

A N A NT I - N 0 Is E M I c R 0 p H 0 N B.-An anti-noise microphone has been designed in America and is now being fitted to U.S.A. Government aeroplanes equipped with wireless telephones. By its means engine noises are rendered inaudible to the porson receiving rhe message from the aero­plane so fitted. This end is accomplished by having the back of the micro­phone open, so that the exterior sound-waves strike the back of the diaphragm as hard as they do the face of it, and the effect is therefore neutral; but voice waves strike only the face of the diaphragm, and even though the operator cannot hear his own voice, on account of engine noise, the radio sets receive enough effect to modulate the transmitted wave. This single item, it is said, has been the factor deciding between the success and failure in long-distance transmission by wireless telephone from aeroplanes.

A T U N N E L B B T w E E N D E N ~! A R K A N D S w E D B N .-The proposed Channel Tunnel has a iival project in a tunnel it is proposed to construct from Copenhagen to Sweden. The main railway line from Copenhagen, it is suggested, might connect across the habour dam with the Island of i\magar, the run nel being entered on the eastern side of the island. The tota l length of the line, which will have four intermediate stations, will be 31 ! miles, the actual length of the tunnel below the surface of the sea being 11 miles. Electric trains arc planned and initially a single track line will be adopted, though it is the intention ultimately to provide a double line. The bore of the tunnel will be 20 feet 6 inches, and the estimated cost on a pre-war basis, £5,000,000.

A s \) D s T I T \.' T E F 0 R s H E L L A c.-Particul:i.rs have been :i.nnounced of yet another German substitute rendered necessary by war conditions, i.e. the use of naphthol-resin for shellac. This resin is prepared from a by-product of gas manufacture, and is said to have the same qualities and to be susceptible of the same uses as shellac. Supplies of the latter were, of course, unobtainable by Germany during the war, as it is a resin prepared from the exudation resu lting from the puncture of branches of certain East I ndian trees by a particular insect. It is used very largely in the preparation of varnishes, french polish, lacquer, sealing-wax, etc., and, if for no other purpose, was during the war in considerable demand in Germ:i.ny, as elsewhere, for use in connection with the varnish applied to the struts of aeroplanes; but obviously it was needed for many other war purposes as well.

T II E c IN E w A AND T II E T £Ac II Is c 0 F As AT 0 MY.­

A member of the Royal College of Surgeons has successfully applied the cinema to the teaching of anatomy. Films h:i.ve been used sho";ng a

83

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW human skdeton which turns its \"arious aspects to the audience, and then begins slo\\ly to disintegrate until only the spinal column remains. The parts then commence to reassemble, and item by item the skeleton is again built up. It is suggested that the application of this system of instruction should be extended, and that films should be prepared showing the movements of limbs and joints, in health as wdl as in disease; such films \\Ould, it is stated, prove in,·aluable to investigators, teachers, :tnd students.

I ~ T £ c RA L JA c I( s F 0 R ~I 0 T 0 R c AR s .-The j:icking of a motor-car wheel at the roadside, when need arises by reason of a punc­lllred tyre, for instance, has always been an awl..·ward and laborious proce<>, while the risk of the car 'falling off the jack' is always present when the road surface is uneven or cambered. But a system of integral jacks, one :11tached at each end of either axle, has now been standardized after lengthy experiments, by the Rapid Jack Co. of Liverpool. Each jack is secured to its axle end by a clip bracket and hinge, and contains a screw-worked plunger which, when the mechanism is operated, is driven do\\ n towards the road and lifts the whed if the movement be continued. It is impos­sible with this system to upset the car when it is jacked up, and there is no need for the operator to grovd under the car to find a suit:ible abut­ment for the jack head, as is the case with separate jacks. Further, by the use of a ball-bearing thread, the effort required to turn the handle to raise one wheel of a car weighing two tons is practically negligible.

M. W, BouRnos.

ART

T HE atmosphere of the past few months has nor been too farnur­able for art and artists. The result has be~n. ~ particubrly dull summer season. There have been few exh1b1uons open ot any

importance, fe\\er still of any great interest. The Academy ""s ch:ir.1cter­le<>, the Cros\'enor Gallery a trifle tired. Tiny g:illeries are opening on every side--particul:irly in the Adelphi, where three stand almost should<r to shoulder. They promise "ell. but at the moment they are homes ot perversuy, very entertaining and little else. The genius of the fumre ha< e\'identl\· not \'Cl been demobilised, and is probabl} doir.g garrisoro guud in the \rm\· o'f Occupa1ion.

The mo~t f.ncinating gallery in London is alwa~·s ~lessrs. Christie's. In these wonderful sale-rooms 11e may expect surprises, \\here.is rn the galleries dr\•oted to modern art the poster at the door tells us all - and sometimes more th:m-we want to know. At Chrisrie's the forgotten ma•t<r, often the unkno11n master, rums up and makes his bo1L There

Sf

RECORDS AND REVIEWS is a spirit of adventure in the room. We journey across an artistic No :\Ian's Land, or rather Every .Man's Land, pushing aside innumerable artistic corpses, but now and again striking something very excellently alive.

Of course there arc many bad and worthless pictures on the walls in King Street, as there arc bad and worthless pictures on the walls of every gallery. Still there is a certain pleasure in examining a bad picture sincerely painted. It presents a story of human cfforr, in some cases a record of human degradation. The most engrossing biographies are those of the artists who failed, not because the world was cruel to them, but because they lacked the accomplishment and the skill which arc necessary to success. Contributions to these unwritten biographies can be gleaned in the King Street sale rooms, where Robinson, who was alive and is dead, hangs boldly against Rembrandt or Reynolds, whilst Smith, who was never artistically alive at all, can swagger in the company of Jan Steen.

At the Leicester Galleries there has been an attractive little 'show' of some lithographs by Thomas Shotter Boys who worked in London and Paris during a period covering the earlier half of the last century. Boys may be described as a highly skilled artist, with remarkable technical gifts, who practised as :l topogrnphical drnughtsman. If we want to know what London looked like in the days when Queen Victoria came to the throne, when Count D'Orsay rode through Kensington Gore with Lady Blessington, and Louis N:ipok'On lived as an exile only a few doors from Jllessrs. Christie's, then we must rnrn over these lithographs.

Thomas Shotter Boys lived and worked in Paris when ~forger wrote his 'Vie de Boheme.' I have been alw:iys attracted ro his art be­cause he was a friend of Richard Parkes Bonington, one of the most romantic figures in the whole history of British art. It is exactly a century since that tiny circle of Anglo-French artists began to form. Dela­croix was a prominent member; so was the young Englishman to drop out pathetically soon; Boys was a lesser light; Frederick Tayler, who was President or Vice-President of our Watercolour Society, lived to a great age, but is now forgotten. There is not much to be discovered about the history of their association, but it had an influence upon the art of its time "'hich cannot be underestimated. Thomas Shotter Boys could ha"e written a valuable autobiography, for, years after the Paris circle had disintegrated, he was working upon the illustrations for Ruskin's books 'Stones ol \'en ice.'

:\Liss Sylvia Gosse has been exhibiting some fine work at the Goupil Gallery. She stands aside from what may be called the 'noisy' school. We arc promised a small collection of modern French art at the :\lansard Gallery during August. Of course we must visit it, but the list of con­tributors portends another artistic 'jazz.'

H ll c H s T 0 K £ s.

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW

FASHION

T HE season, so spontaneously gay, is over. Clean winds of the moors, the sound of the summer seas breaking oo a fringe of sand ha,·c called to us and we have come 10 their calling, or will come.

So country garb demands consideration ; for instance, the appropriate simplicity of Homespuns. There is a gro•.-ing demand for haod-wovco Crofter rn eeds in combinations of colourings which would seem 100 vivid if catalogued, but when seen in their proper setting of green countryside or purple moorland are discovered to have a perfectly harmonious effect.

In meeting this demand an effort is being made to provide in the weaving of these cloths a suitable and remunerative occupation for wounded soldiers. The scheme desen·es success for its results alone, apart from the sympathy it should so ob,;ously rccei\•e. To have a suit or wrap coat of these haod­loom tweeds, so becoming in texture, so light in \\eight. so protective oo rainy days, is not only to possess something desirable for itsdf. it is also to pay a debt. Some especially fine designs arc woven by these wounded soldiers, one of which, distinguished by quiet neutral tones, is appropriately named Blighty.

Bargain-hunters had some profitable field-days during the Summer sales. The frocks especially must have been an irresistible lure. A girl indicating one such temptation in a window display exclaimed" \\'hat a dinky frock!" It \\35, but as I passed into the press of Oxford Street that word sent mr thoughts racing to the fair \\'cstcrn Country where liule combcs open out to turquoise seas and sunken lanes wind upwards to the moors.

Paris decrees that skirts arc to be longer. This "ill make Modes more dignified and also more varied. The straight line, so adorablr youthful, will remain, and the grace of slim figures may even be enhanced by clever swathing effects, almost Grecian. But the fluffy frock is on the way. Flounces • corded ' or 'pinked,' and trimmings of ribbon or tiny Bowers in elaborate designs will recall Pre-Victorian :'>lodes.

It \\as impossible not to ackno"ledge this season the dccorati,·e value of Black "hen worn in the open and seen against many \"arying colours under a blue sky. The other day I had a charming example of this. On a sunlit afternoon I saw a girl standing in the orchard of a country house seeking for an apple ripe c:nough to pick. Sunlight anJ the setting of green lea .. es and rosy fruit seemed to emphasise the aesthetic value of her black silk frock, its only adornment a loose girdle of green jade. The sleeves were short : a fashion already passing. You will observe that she was engaged in the first recorded occupation ol Eve, and I am sure 1h:11 the young officer \\ho \\atchc:d her so intentlv from a veranda was in the Garden of Eden . . \s I passed on I wondered idly if the apple had been pickrd for him.

Di:s ATot:as. 86

RECORDS AND REVIEWS

LA MUSIQUE A LONDRES

GRA J\'JLLE BA).10CK

D EUX courants musicaux sont tres caractcrises ici. L'un qui continue la fidelitc aux anciennes prC!erences musicales, c'est le plus fort; l'autrc, rclativement recent qui est la creation d'unc

minoritc intdlectuelle qui chcrche dans le sentiment national un derivatif aux influences ctrangeres, surtout allemandes. Le courant musical n'est pas le fait des nombreux concerts d'orchestre, de musique de chambre, ou des ruitals qui sc donncnt si nombreux, mais ou lcs programmes se com­poscnt a pcu pres des mcmcs c:euvres; ii est constitue surtout par ccux de ccs concerts ou s'inscrivcnt des c:euvrcs nouvcllcs. A cc point de vuc, Londrcs a senti passer Jc frisson du desir des infidelites a ses amours ancicnnes. La musiquc modernc commence a tcnir sa place, bien restreinte encore. Une partie du public et une ccrraioc categoric de musicicns l'npprecient . Non sculcmcnt Jes jeunes compositcurs anglais trouvent main­tcnant des executants, mais :lllSSi un public qui ecoute Jeurs c:cuvres, seconde !curs efforts, encourage !cur talent . D'autre part, cependant, on sent, contre cette propension ;\ la libertc de ' parler anglais ' en musique, la force de resistance d'une autrc minoritc qui detient Jes clefs des grands temples musicaux. Commc cette minoritc paie les orchestrcs, organise Jes grands concerts et se raidit contre toutc nouvcaute qui trouble Ja sinccrite de ses opinions musicales et sa quietude aussi, la Jutte est dure, sinon ardcntc. L.i tenacitc nationale finira par triompher du bon cote, qui est le cote de Ja nouveautc. lei, pour beaucoup de chefs d'orchcstre encore, \.Vagncr garde la frontiere. Pour eux, ricn n'est possible apres le maitre qui !cur apponc gloire et succes ccrrnins. Parfois, Jes honneurs d'une inscription ~ l'un des programmes sont faits :l. un musicicn moderne, mais ii semblc toujours que ce soit dans un esprit de sacrifice. II est vrai que le public qui paic sa place fut de tout temps prevenu contre tout nom et toute c:euvrc qui n'ont pas fait Jeurs prCU\'CS de SUCCCs OU qu'une recJame intensi\•e n'a pas donne romme anrait de curiosite. En art aussi lcs frolutions sont ncccssaires si on veut que la vitalite se continue acti\·e, et, si Jes exb::utions de che1$-d'amvre rcconnus sont utiles, toute vellcite de rcpos dans trop de confort n'a pour result:a que l'affoiblissemcnt; le courant s'arrete, formant ces clangs parfois agrcablcs ou cvoluent Jes petits et gros poissons bicn sages et peu lrctillants. Mais dcpuis quelques annccs un ruisseau coule et repand la fraicheur de sa nouveaulc dans le paysage anglais. Les bords sc parent des flcurs du pays. 11 scmblc que dans Jes prairies qu'il parcourt, on cotendc :\ nouveau chanter des airs qui nc detonncnt pas et n'cmpruntent pas de rugucux et lourds accents aux ccoles de Leipzig ou de Berlin. Pour pcu

87

THE A 1GLO-FRENCH RE\' IEW qu'on regarde au Join, on ,·oit que, des collines, descendronc les nouveaux ruisseau:< qui grossiront cdui de la vallee pour en faire plus tard la riviere, puis le fleuve.

S'il faut une certaine audace a de jeunes compositeurs anglais pour s'ch-ader des prisons scolastiques allemandes, pour ,;vre du plein air de leur pays, ii faut bicn plus de courage et de ,·olonce reagissants :\ un com· positeur deja renomme, pour redevenir Jui-meme, c"est-a-dire prendre rcsolu­menc fa route naturelle, se sc0parer du cortege ordinaire, sc dcbarrasser de l'emprise gerrnanique qui lui fut si lourde dans des reu,·res ancerieures. c·est ce que nous \'O)"OllS en Granville Bantock. Gran\..iJ!e Bantock, musicien rcmarquable, avait puise au:< sources de la musique 3llemande toutc sa science et son savoir. \\"agner n'a"ait plus de secrets pour lui et Richard Strnuss, pris comme criterium par les compositeurs imbus de b surabond3nce de son orchestration et de sa polyphonic, avait en lui, si non un imitateur, du moins un fer\'ent continuateur.

L'an passc, un jcune chef d'orchestre de beaucoup de talenr, Hamilton Harry, inscrivit (c'ctait une grande audace) L a Symphonit dn llebridu au programme d'un des concerts de la Philharmonic Society. L'execution fut remnrquable, mais la musique parut tellement nouvelle :I l'aud itoirc qu'clle ne fut applaudie que par !'extreme-gauche. Une certaine ' pcdale • de trompettes fut unanimement rcprouvee par route la critique, memc amie. Grnnville Bantock sortait des rangs, ii etait du devoir des 3mis de l'y faire rentrer. Mais, cc fut pour quelques musiciens, b revelation de la \'o\on1c manifcste du compositcur de vine par sa propre pcnsee, cherchant son originalitc dans son propre domaine et celui de Ja musiquc populaire nationale.

Si le cuactere particulier des themes ecossais pou,·ait paraitre etrange ,i l'auditoire hnbitue aux formes melodiques connucs; pour Jes a\'ide> de nou,·eautes et de \'critc, La Sympbonit dn Hibridn !cur donnait h satis· faction d'une t\'asion heureuse. II semblait a ces demiers qu'un pas d&:isif crait fait par la musique naiment britannique. Par Ja structure mcme des melodies et des motifs populaires ecossais sur lcsquds est batie b symphonic de Gran,·ille Bantock, par le caractcre de la gamme genera trice de ces chant•, IC5 harmonies en sont narurellement nouvelle<, le contrc­point prend une allure inattendue, tandis que !'orchestration sc colore des teintes des papages maritimcs ou mootagnards si speciau:< de:, iles d'Ecossc.

;\lais malheurcusement, la prcmiere <-'<ecurion de l'reune de Gram·ille Bantock fut Li dcrniere ici. L'ombre de Wagner s'eteod de plus en plus et b lance de Hagen menace toujours de coups perfides les plus valeureux chC\·aliers de la foi renaissante.

L 0 1.1 I s D E L u :; E.

88

RECORDS AND REVIEWS

SALE-ROOM NOTES

0 ~July 8 Messrs. Sotheby sold a collection of books and manuscripts, the property of the 1:1te :'.llr. C. Fairfax :'.llurray and Sir Philip Burne-Jones. The catalogue included Fairfax :'.\!a rray's complete

set of the Kclmscott Press books on vellum except the ' Earthly Paradise' and the Chaucer. The set made £uoo, against £568 5s. 6d., paid for a complete set in 1899. Only thirteen copies of the Chaucer were printed on vellum and issued at £126 each. In 1901 a copy realised £520, but the price gradually declined to £26o in 1906. Sir Edward Burne-Jones' vellum copy of the Chaucer, however, fetched £915, a record sum for a single impression. This high figure was no doubt largely due to the fact that it contained a presentation inscription to Burne-Jones which was written by William Morris on September 25, 1896, eight days before the latter's death.

The same firm dispersed the early printed books and manuscripts of Fairfax Murray on July 17th, the highest individual price paid being £950 for a defective copy of the well-known block book of the Apocalyptic Vision of St. John, c. 146o. This ed ition was regarded by Schreiber as the second impression o[ the original issue, but a good deal of controversy exists as to its relative chronological position.

Some days earlier, on the 11 th, Messrs. Sotheby concluded the sale of the eighth portion of the famous Huth Library, rhe total reaching £23,793. It may not be without interest to give the totals for previous portions of the library which Messrs. So the by began to sell in 1911. Books and manu­scripts, November 191 1, 8 days, £50,82 1 ; June 1912, 8 days, £30,16g; June 1913, 9 days, £38,692; July 1914, + days, £18,6IJ; July 1916, 4 days, £15,639; July 1917, 6 d.1ys £27,091 ; July 1918, 7 days, £30,uS; July 1919, 4 days, £23,793-total, 50 days, £234,9Jt. This total does not include the sale of the engravings and woodcuts, nor the Shakespeare section which was sold pri,·ately for, it is said, about £30,000. The remaining portion of the library has yet to be disposed of, and it is reckoned that the ultimate total will not be far short of £300,000, which, of course, excludes the thirteen :'.IISS. and thirty-seven printed books that went free to the British :'.lluseum. If that sdcction were included in the sale £200,000 would be a possible profit on an investment of £120,000 which ~lr. Huth is supposed to ha\.'c spent on his library.

In a sale of modern pictures at Messrs. Christie's on July 18, the much discussed Lady of Sbalotl, "hich Holman Hunt said was not entirdy painted by himself, was bought in by Mrs. Holman Hunt at £336o. His .'lay Morning on M agdalm 'l o:ur, Oxford, brought £1995.

The same firm, on July 23, offered a beautiful silver-gilt cup made by Abraham Gessner of Zurich, and aher a keen contest between ~lr. S. J. Phillips and Mr. Lionel Crichton it went_ to the fonner for £3800. The

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THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW cup, which is in the form of a terrestrial globe engrand with a map of the world as known in the sixteenth century, originally belonged to Sir Francis Drake, "ho defeated the Spanish Armada, and the story goes that the cup was given to him by Queen Elizabeth. The cup was the property of Capt.1in G. F. Thomas-Peter to whom it descended from Thomas-Peter a juryman at the 'Inquisitio post mortem' on Drake's estates. On the same day )!essrs. Christie sold a handsome siJ,•er-gilt ~ef for £3300, ) ! r. S. J. Phillips again beating ) !r. Crichton.

J A M E s G It E I c.

A LAST LOOK ROUND

T HE American Chamber of Commerce in London reports that in reply to a question put in the H ouse of Commons, the Secretary to lhe Board of Trade said he understood that it was a fact that

contrnctS have been made for American coal for delivery to European pons, but that the cost of American coal delivered in European ports is at the present time higher than the corresponding price for Brit ish coal owing to the higher rates of freight from America . There was no restriction on the importation of coal into Great Britain, bu t according to the statement, American coal can only be delivered in Great B ritain at very much higher prices than that at which British coal is now obtainable.

Yet, the Secretarr of the Underground Electric Railway says they could get Philadelphia coal delivered into their Chelsea generating station at 4zs, (810.50) per ton, and if there is any difficulty in the matter it is with their storage capacity. The Scottish coal they are now using is costing them over 50s. (812.50) per ton. Similar statements as to the advantage of American coal e,·en on the British markets are heard on all sides, and the export trade, particularly in South America, is looked upon as impossible in competition \\ith America.

In the iron and steel trades the American Chamber of Commerce in London reports similar conditions: a representative of a fargc :\fanchester iron :rnd steel company said that the coal increase would make steel £z (810) per ton dearer. .\merican steel prices are already lo\\ er than Bri1ish steel prices, and the explanation of Britain's ability to continue in business \\as that cert.1in steel users found it convenient to trade \\ith Britain.

\meric.1n steel has been offered, ddi,-ered at Welsh ports, for £2 ($10) le• than Welsh prices, and the same condition is reported in the We.t of Srntl.ind, except that the difference there is said 10 be from £+ to £5 (S?o to Sz 5) per ton.

Ii i• furthermore pointed out that Great Bri1ain has been dependent upon her cheap coal as a drawing po\\ er for the raw materials needed for many of her industries. For her great industries, Britain imports prac­tkally 100 per cent. of copper, between 90 and 95 per cent. of lead, zinc,

9'>

RECORDS AND REVIEWS and tin, the whole of her cotton, So per cent . of her wool, So per cent. of her t imber; and although iron is smelted in the country, hall of the iron used in Great Britain is derived from imported foreign ore. The whole industrial position of the country is therefore considered to depend upon Great Britain's power to draw these materials into the country by means of cheap coal.

According co an official statement made upon request by the Board of Trade in Parliament, the comparative prices per ton of coal at the pit-head in England and Scotland, America and Europe, average as follows for the latest periods for which particulars are available: Scotland (including six per cent. increase), 2Ss. 11d. ($6.94) ; rest of Great Britain, 29s. 4d. ($7.04); U.S.A., June 1919, I I S. 2d. (S2·6S); France, June 1919, 36s. (S ·64) ; Belgium, 1917, 18s. (84.32) ; Spain, 1917, 39s. ($9.36). The average price of coal at the pit-head in the United Kingdom in 1913, the last pre-war year, was 101. 1 id. ($243) per ton. The British production price is therefore practi­cally two and a half rimes as great as the corresponding price in America, and nearly three times as great as the corresponding price in the United Kingdom before the war.

On making the above comparisons of price, the rate of exchange used was 24 cents to the shilling, or Sf.So to the pound sterling. It is also pointed out that in 1917, for instance, the American production was 770 ions of coal per worker, while the British equivalent was about 240 tons, and that the British production is still declining, and the American production still increasing.

The American Chamber further reports that the Liverpool National Shell Factory is to be used for repairing street cars ; the Bootle ::\ational Shell Factory for the repair of life-boats; the Bootle National Gun Factory for general engineering; the Workington National Shell Factory for the production of mechanical toys. The Bacup National Shell Factory has been converted from a +·sin. shell rectification shop to a weaving shed; Trafford Park Factory from billet-breaking to constructional engineering; the Bradford Munitions Factory from shell and fuse manufacture to dyeing and finishing processes.

M. Paul Carie cite dans la Reozu HtbJomaJaire quclqucs chiffres qui montrent unc fois de plus la tenacite des Fran~ais quand ii s'agit de maintenir )curs traditions et )curs langue maternelles:

'Lorsquc le traitc de Vienne ccda definitivement l'IlMe-France a l'Angleterre, clle comptait environ 15.000 descendants de Fran~ais, dont un peu plus du tiers de r:ice pure. Separee de la France par deux oceans, ne disposant d'aucun moyen de s'en faire entendre, n'en recevant de nouvclles qu'aprcs des traversees de quatre mois, cette poignce d'hommes sut garder son entice, sa culture, sa langue et sa religion. A l'heure actuclle, Jes '.\lauric1ens d'originc iran~aisc soot au nombre de 50.000 dont 12.000 de race pure.

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THE AN GLO-FRENCH REVIEW 'lls onr su maintenir, apres cent hnir ans de conquete, le legs

precicux des traditions ancesrrales, et, scion le mot magnilique de Barres, conservcr leur tcrrc et !curs mons.

' II y .ta ~laurice 6o.ooo Africains, descendant des ancicns C'Cl:ives, 6.ooo Chinois, ~o.ooo musulmans Iodo-Arabes, 230.000 Hindous de route race et de rout culrc, et seulement 279 Anglais, nes en Grandc­Bretagnc. Les catholiques sont au nombrc de 116.000, Jes pro­testants de 5.6oo.

' Les ancicns colons auraient du etrc submerges par le Rot montant de !'immigration asiacique, mais cc sonr eux qui sc le sont assimile. La langue fran~aise, banoic du domainc officiel, s'est rcfugiee dans les families et sen de trait d'uoion :\ ces races si dh·erses et sur tant de points si opposees les uncs aux autrcs. Le peuple parlc un patois deri\"e du fran~ais, analogue :\ celui qu'emploicnt habitants de la Reunion, de la :\Iartioique et de l:i Guadeloupe.'

Maurice, immortalisec par Bernardin de St. Pierre, continue d'cnrichir son ancienne patrie, de savants, d'hommes de lertres, er d'arcistes : le ncurolo­giste Brown-Sequard, Francis Thome, le composireur de valses charmantes et de l'adnprarion symphonique de La Fiancie du 'limbaliu, le peintre l.e Sidancr, les ecrivains Jose de Charmoy et LeoviUe Lhomme, sont fits de l'ile langoureuse.

II parair scion L' Exportatwr Fra11rais que Jes dirccteurs des grands bars americains, particulieremenr touches par la loi sur lcs alcools qui va tres prochainement cntrcr en vigueur en Amerique, ont tout simplement !'in­tention de passer !'Ocean er de venir s'instaUcr :i Paris. II faudra done quc i\DI. les buveurs americains se resolvent, cux aussi, :i travcrscr l'cau alin de boire du vin en France.

illais deja l'arnonce de la prohibition de l'alcool aux Etats-Unis a produit son petit diet. Une boutciUe de champagne sc vend couramment 70 francs a :\cw-York, et unc boutciUc de "hisky coute 100 francs. A la '"otre !

Dame Justice n'cst pas toujours aussi rcbarbati\"c quc ses statues, ni le Droit .1ussi ennuyeux quc Jes rcliures de ses tomes imposants. Lt B11Utt1n dt l"lru1i1111 /nurmid1.iirt lntnnational, public a la Haye, en donne unc preu,·c. D.in• le but de f.,umir des rcns~gncments d'intcrct general sur le droit des gcns, ii comicnt un grand nombrc de faits utilcs pour le \"oyagcur, ra,·ocat OU le commcr~ant. En \"Oici quelqucs-uns choisis au has.:ird:

• C:n ctrangcr ne peut comractcr mariagc dans Jes Pays-B.i< s'il n'a pas rcmpli Jes dc,.oirs militaircs qui Jui sont imposes par s.• loi

nationalc.' 'Lorsqu'unc Anglaise de 19 ans marieca un Fran~ais et domicilicc

en France, decede apres y :n-oir fait un testament olographe, le droit fran~ais decide qu'a raison de son age, le testament ne sort ses

92

RECORDS AND REVIEWS cffcts quc pour la moitie du montant de l'actif, tandis que l'autre moitie sc partage comme s'il n'y avait pas de testament.'

' Un jugement de divorce prononce :\ l'ctranger entre Fran~ais ne peut ctrc reconnu valable en France, lorsqu'il est fondc sur un motif que la Joi fran~aise ne connaft pas commc cause de divorce, en l'especc sur le consentement mutuel.'

The German Government, by the aid of skilful methods of propaganda, has endeavoured to establish the belief that on November 11

1 1918, the

German Armies were in a position to continue the struggle for a long time and even, perhaps, to bring it to a victorious conclusion and that it was only the internal situation of Germany that compelled the Government of Berlin to ask for an armistice. H ow far this legend is from the truth-which is that on that date the German Armies were on the eve of a defeat unparal­leled in history-is conclusively shown in a pamphlet entitled Why Germany rapitulaud which is based on documents in possession of the French General Staff, and from which we make the following extracts :

'As early as the first days of July, the Allied High Command decided to carry out a counter-offensive on the front between the Aisne and the Ourcq. It was also decided to combine with this a second attack on the other face of the Chateau Thierry salient, in such a way as to close the mouth of this "pocket," or at least to compel the enemy to evacuate it. If the enemy did not attack first, the east face of the pocket was to be attacked by the Fifth Army; in the contrary event, the latter would resist.

'In like manner, another counter-offensive was projected in Eastern Champagne, on the eastern Rank of the bulk of the German nnackiog mass, in the event of their making progress toward the south, and with this object in view, Allied forces were got together to the south of the Argonne.

•On the very day when the German divisions were moved up to their positions tor the attack, the Allied divisions concentrated for the purpose of attacking them on their Rank. This was the first instance of the Allied High Command ta king the upper hand over the German High Command, and from this moment they held the initiative in their own hands.'

Henceforth, the enemy, unable to regain his footing and to make good his losses in men, material and munitions, played a losing game. On August 8 Foch began a series of separate attacks following each other rapidly on different parts of the front "hich threw confusion in the German High Command. On September 26rh a new phase of operations was entered into, during which all the Allied Armies were engaged simultane­ously. As a result, between the 1oth and the 2oth of October the retreat of the enem}' became general. As earlr as September 28th the German High

93

THE ANGLO-FRENCH REVIEW Command had warned the Chancellor of the danger of the situation and ~equested him to ask without dday for an armistice. The Germans had put 1n the fighting lines nearly all their available reserves, and to replace++ worn­out divisions they could only draw from seven fresh dh-isions and from 15 still in 'quiet' sectors. Ha,-ing ascertained the truth of this, ~larshal Foch then gave the order to continue the ad,·ance. On Xo,·ember 11 th the Germans had reached the line Zdzaete-Ghent-Sotteghem-Grammont-East of :\lons-Beaumont-Chimay. The Crmrn Prince's army had retired bet\\een ~lohon and Furnay. No rescn·es were left. Among the men, "hen resig­nation and indifference did not prevail, insubordination was rife. In his diary an Artillery officer of the Guard complains on October 23rd of the 'grey crowds,' men who no doubt left their own units without leave:

'These are a crowd of back-of-the-lines soldiers, cynical and insubordinate-motor drivers and convoy people, squatting in wagons without lights, smoking and talking. I always feel that 1 should like to dear them out and move them on, but they would probably Ry at your throat if you attempted to do so. They are constantly roaring out: "Blow out the lights ! " "Out with the knives! " "Three men to bleed 'em ! " and things of that kind. This may be only barrack-room bluster, but such cries are significant and indicate the degree of savagery these men have reached.

'Ludendorff, Hindenburg count for nodung; nobody is any longer sacred to this crowd. "Hindenburg is like the sun," they say; "he rose in the east and he's going down in the west ! " and a roar of laughter greets the remark of the speaker hidden in the corner.'

~loreover, by his retreat the enemy had greatly reduced his ability to manceuvre:

' \\'hen it is remembered that four German armies (about seventy divisions) were retreating into Belgian territory north of the Sambre and the ~leuse, that these armies had to carry back to the cast all the stores and supplies of every description in their own road transport zone, all the parks of Artillery and engineers' depots established \\ithin the limits of the )lilitary Government of Bdgium (e.pe<ially in the Maubeuge-)lons-:\amur zone), all the construction and re­pairing workshops and plant, all the military hospitals, all the sick and wounded (of whom an enormous number were suffering from grippe, or inAuenza), all the material for both normal and narro\\ -gauge raih,ays, some idea may be gathered oi the terriblr congested condition of the Belgian railway system, particularly in the narrow neck between Liege and Aix-la-Chapelle, on which converged the three sole lines by which the evacuation of Belgium could be efft<"ted:

(a) Antwerp, Hasselt, Tongres, \'ise, Aix-la-Chapellc; (b) Ghent or Tournai towards Brussels, )fechlin, Louvain, Li<ge; (<) Maubeuge or Hirson towards :\amur and Liege.

9f

RECORDS AND REVIEWS A glance at the map will show that the three switch lines and the three lines of evacuation were in many respects one and the same system, or, at least, that long sections of railway belonged to both in common. This congest ion of the railways, owing to the necessity !or using them for evacuation purposes, proved a terrible handicap for the German High Command and almost completely paral}'Sed its power to manoouvre.'

The author of the pamphlet sums up the whole situation at the signature of the armistice when he says :

'The situatiQn of the German army on November 10 may be exactly described by a comparison borrowed from the boxing ring. It sometimes happens, in a boxing match, that the manager of one of the adversaries, realising that his man is manifestly getting the worst of it and is on the point of being" knocked out," throws his sponge into the ring, in order to avoid this humiliation, and thereby signifies that his man gives up the con1es1. In 1he eyes of the referee, as well as in those of the public, he is regarded as beaten. On November 11, by signing the armistice, the German Government "threw up the sponge," and acknowledged that its armies were no longer capable of continuing the struggle. On that day Germany undoubtedly capitulated.'

La Foire est decidement en laveur. Apres Lyon, Bordeaux, Paris, voici Landres, Glasgow et Birmingham qui organisen1 la Foir~ du lndustrits Brt1a11niquu. Birmingham a pour specialitc Jes marchandises en metal ou en caoutchouc des tines a des usages domestiques ou indusuiels : chandeliers, lampes, garniture de gaz OU d'eciairage CJcctrique, fourneaux, grilles, apparcils sanitaires, meubles de jardin, ustensilcs de cuisine, coffres-fons, serrures, des. Les acheteurs trouveront aussi une exposition de moio­cyclettes, bicyclettes et automobiles de fabrication anglaise, des voitures d'enfanis, des fau1euils roulants, des couleurs, laques et vernis, des courroies en cuir ou en caoutchouc, des cordes et des cables d'acicr ou de chanvre. Les commer\ants £ran\ais ne manqueront certes pas !'occasion de venir s'y reapprovisionner et emdier l'industrie si active de leurs voisins.

I t has 1\ow been definitely decided that the Colonial Exhibition, which had been arranged for 1916 and indefinitely postponed, is to be held at Marseilles, in the spring or autumn of 1922. It will be followed by a larger exhibition, open 10 all the Allied nations, at Paris, a y.-ar or two later, probably 192+. )I. Adrien Artaud, President of the )larscilles Chamber of Commerce, has been appointed commissaire general. There was con­siderable discussion as to whether the exhibition should be held at )!arseilles or Paris in the first place. The British Chamber of Commerce at )larseilles

95

THE ANGLO-FRENCH RE\'IE\V Supported the claims of that ciry. Advantage of the exhibition will be taken to inaugurate at the same time the opening of the :.Iarseilles-Rhone Canal and a new line of railway on the Paris-~larseilles system.

France and her colonies will henceforward be linked b; ";reless and be lc<s dependent upon cable services held by foreign countries. The follo\\ing places may have wireless messages sem from France and na c·trsa :­French \\'est Africa-Port Etienne ()lauritania), Rufisc (Senegal), Conakry (Guinea), :\lonro\'ia (Liberia), Tahu (Gold Coast), Kabara (Upper 1\igeria), Atar (.\drar); French Equatorial Africa-Laongo (Gabon), Br;iua,·ille ~hddle Congo); Madagascar (by other than French stations)- -:\lajunga, Diego-Suarc-L, lle Mayotte, and (shortly) Tananari\'e; Indo-China h.ien (near Haiphong), Hanoi and Touran : Pacific Islands-~umea, Papete (fahiti), Port \ 'ila (New Hebrides); Antilles-Pointe-ii-Pitre (Guadaloupe), Fort de France (rilartinique), still under military control.

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