© 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 7

© 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7


Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a person’s health.

Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body.

Drug Addiction (four important characteristics)1. Compulsive desire2. Need to increase the dosage3. Harmful effects to the individual4. Harm to society

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Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain.Harmless or even beneficial if done in

moderationExamples of addictive behaviors:

GamblingCompulsive ExercisingWork AddictionSex and love addictionCompulsive buying or shoppingInternet addiction

Characteristics of people with addition (e.g., risk takers or genetic disposition)

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Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyPrescription medicinesOver-the-counter substances

CaffeineTobaccoAlcohol

Illegal substances

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The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference

AbuseAPA definition

Failure to fulfill major responsibilitiesDrug use in situations that are hazardousDrug related legal problemsDrug use despite persistent social or interpersonal

problemsPhysically dependent may or may not present

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Substance dependence1. Developing tolerance to the substance2. Experiencing withdrawal3. Taking in larger amounts4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down5. Spending great deal of time obtaining6. Giving up or reducing important activities7. Continual usage even with recognition of

a problemDiagnosed with at least 3 or more

symptoms during a 12-month period

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All income and education levelsAll ethnic groupsAll agesYoung people are at a higher riskMales (Twice as likely)Troubled adolescentThrill-seekerDysfunctional familiesPeer group or family that acceptsLow Socioeconomical statusDating young

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ExperimentEscapeReliance Magnification of residence (i.e. the need for

escape from poverty becomes more compelling)

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Psychological risksDifficulty in controlling impulsesStrong need for excitementFeelings of rejectionHostilityAggressionAnxietyMental illnessDual (co-occurring disorders)

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Social FactorsGrowing up in a family with drug abusePeer groupPoverty

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IntoxicationSide effectsUnknown Drug constituentsRisks associated with injection drug useLegal consequences

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Changes in Brain chemistry Drug factors:

Pharmacological properties Dose-Response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use (e.g., inhalation,

injection, ingest)

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©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Opioids (narcotics)Natural or synthetic (laboratory-made)

Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanly

Effects on the body: induced euphoriaMethods of administration

Injection, snorting, sniffing or smokingSymptoms of overdose: respiratory depression,

coma, constriction of the pupils, or death.


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Slow down the overall activity of the CNSSedative-hypnoticsTypes: barbiturates, valium, methaqualone, GHBEffects on the body: reduce anxiety, impair

muscle coordination, induce drowsinessMedical uses: Treat insomnia and anxiety

disorders; control seizuresFrom use to abuse (“Club Drugs”)Overdosing may result in respiratory

complications


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Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemCocaine

Methods of use (snort or injection; mixed with baking soda and water to form crack)

Effects (euphoria sensation for ~5 to 20 minutes)Use during pregnancy (consequences include:

miscarriage, premature labor, stillbirth, and low-birth-weight baby)


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AmphetaminesEffects (increase in alertness)Dependence (may lead to the development of a

temporary state of paranoid psychosis or delusion)Ritalin (used to treat

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Ephedrine (a less potent form of

amphetamines)Caffeine


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Cannabis SativaTHC (tetrahydrocannabinol)Short term effects and uses: euphoria,

increases in sensation, relaxed attitudeLong-term effects and uses: respiratory

damage such as impaired lung function and chronic bronchial irritation


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Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts

LSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushroomsAltered states of consciousness

Flashbacks are perceptual distortions and bizarre thoughts that occur after the drug has been entirely eliminated from the body.


Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, slow down the bodies functions

Volatile solventsNitratesAnestheticsMethods of use

SniffingSnorting“Bagging”“Huffing”

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Medication-assisted treatmentDrug substitution

Treatment centersSelf-help groups and peer counselingHarm reduction strategiesCodependency

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Governmental attemptsAnti-drug education programsIndirect approaches

Young people’s self-esteemImprove academic skillsIncrease recreational opportunities

Direct approachesInformation about the adverse effectsPeer pressure resistance

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IssuesWhat are the risks involved?Is using the drug compatible with your goals?What are your ethical beliefs about drug use?What are the financial costs?Are you trying to solve deeper problem?

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Bored?Stressed?Shy or lonely?Feeling low on self-esteem?Depressed or anxious?Apathetic or lethargic?Searching for meaning?Afraid to say no?Still feeling peer pressure?

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Video Segment: The Effects of Drug Use on Brain Chemistry

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J46pvxFWNTY

©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 25Chapter 7




Connect AssignmentChapter 7 Connect Assignment Due

Tuesday, March 3rd

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© 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 7