วิทยาศาสตร์ 3 (ม.2 ภาคเรียนที่ 1)

ISBN 978-974-01-9543-6 ,

..

.

.

_____________________

..

( )

(.) 2551 8

2553

2551

3 2 1 .

3 2 1

.

.

( )

...................................... 1

........................................................................................ . 2

....................................................................................... 8

.................................................................................... 9

3 ................................................................... 11

................................................................................................. 12

.............................................................. 13

.................................................................................................... 14

............................................................. 15

1 ........................................................................................... 1

1.1 ............................................................................................. 5

1.2 ........................................................................................ 15

2 .............................................................................................. 31

2.1 ..................................................................................................... 35

2.2 ................................................................... 39

2.3 ........................................................................... 45

2.4 ................................................................. 55

3 ............................................................................................ 61

3.1 ............................................................................................................... 63

3.2 .............................................................................................................. 83

3.3 ............................................................................................................... 116

3.4 ........................................................................................... 125

3.5 ....................................................................................................... 132

4 ................................................................................................ 159

4.1 ................................................................................................. 160

4.2 ................................................ 172

5 ................................................................................... 211

5.1 ........................................................................................ 212

5.2 ................................................................................. 215

5.3 ........................................ 228

......................................................................................................... 233

........................................................................................... 234

.............................................................................. 236

............................................................................................................ 244

...................................................................................................... 247

...................................... 248

1

1 1 1

2 2

2 3 3

4 4

3 5 5

6 6

2551

.

2

. 2551

1

3

010

10

1 1.1

1.2

2 2.1

2.2

3 3.1

3.2

4 4.1

4.2

03

3

2

2

3

2

2551

013

13

2551

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

360 9

1. 1 1 1 60 1.5 (3 /) 2 2 60 1.5 (3 /) 2. 2 1 3 60 1.5 (3 /) 2 4 60 1.5 (3 /) 3. 3 1 5 60 1.5 (3 /) 2 6 60 1.5 (3 /)

4

1

4

.

05

5

.

123

6

13

1.4

1 4

1

07

7

14

09

9

1

1.1

1.2

2

2.1

2.2

3

3.1

3.2

4

4.1

4.2

10

5

5.1

6

6.1

7

7.1

7.2

8

8.1

011

11

3

12

2551

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

360 9

1. 1 120 3

1 1 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 2 60 1.5 (3 /)

2. 2 120 3

1 3 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 4 60 1.5 (3 /)

3. 3 120 3

1 5 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 6 60 1.5 (3 /)

013

13

.

.1 ./, ./, ./

. ./, ./, ./, /

. ./, ./

. ./, ./, ./, /, ./, ./, ./, /, /, /

14

1 12

2 10

3 15

4 5

5 12

()

3 2

: 5 60

: 60

015

15

2

1

1.

1.1

-

-

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.2

-

-

-

1.

2.

16

-

-

-

3.

4.

2

5.

6.

7.

8.

2

9.

2.

2.1

2.2

-

-

1.

2.

017

17

2.3

2.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.

2

4.

5.

6.

7.

18

-

3.

3.1

-

-

-

-

1.

2.

3.

-

4.

5.

3.2

-

-

1.

019

19

-

-

2.

3

3

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

/

8.

9.

20

3.3

-

-

-

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2

3.4

-

-

1.

2.

021

21

3.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.

3 4

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

22

-

4.

4.1

-

-

1.

2.

3

3.

4

4.2

-

-

1.

2.

5.

5.1

-

-

1.

2.

023

23

5.2

5.3

-

-

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1

2 1.1 5

1.2 5

12

1 - 20

2

1.1

1.

2.

2

2

(O2) (Ne) (Au) (Ag) (Cu)

1 (H2O) (NaCl)

3 1

1.1

1.

2.

/

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11.

12.

13.

14. 50 cm3

15.

16.

17.

1 g 1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g 10 cm3

10 cm3

10 cm3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

1

( )

2

5 1

1.1

1.1

3 3

6

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.2

5

1.2

1.

2.

3.

2

7 1

/

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 100 cm3 6. 250 cm3 7. 8. 9. 10 cm310.

10 g

10 g

5 cm3

10 cm3

2

2

1

1

1

1 - 2

1 - 2

9 1

-

-

-

-

1.2

1.3

10

1.3

1.

2.

2

/

1. 1.2 () 2. 1% 3. 4. 5. 50 cm3 2 6. 2 cm x 5.5 cm 7. () 5 cm 8. 9. * 2 cm x 5.5 cm10. 10 cm x 10 cm

1 cm310 cm3

10 cm3

10 cm3

3

3

3

2

3

2 *

5 5

11 1

1. 1.2 1

2. 2

0.5 cm

3.

4.

5. ( )

0.5 cm

1. 2 cm x 5.5 cm

2.

2

1

1

12

()

-

-

2

1.4

13 1

1.4

1.

2.

1

/

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10 2 6. 100 cm3 7. V 8. 6 mm 50 cm 9. 10.

11.

12.

10 cm3

20 cm3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

10 100 cm3

1.

2.

3. (

)

4.

5.

14

1.

2. (Soxhlet extraction apparatus)

3.

()

100

1.2

15 1

8

1.2

16

1.5

1.

2.

2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

5

1.5

9

17 1

/

1.

2.

3.

4. 4

100 cm3

1

1

1

1 1,000 cm3

1.

2. 2

3. 2

4.

5.

18

2

2:1

()

1.1

20

1.1

19 1

1.6

(Na) 3 1 (C) 2 14 (N) 2 15 (F) 2 17 (Cl) 3 17

(Na) (C) (N) (F) (Cl)

1.

2.

3.

1.6

2

20

1. ()

() ()

()

2.

/

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1

10

1

1

1

100 cm3

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

21 1

()

oC

oC

419650

3279612321,083

660

1,063

1,540

906

1,107

1,740

2,210

2,270

2,450

2,600

2,970

3,000

()

114-744119

3,500

18359760

445

4,200

630.63

1,414

1,587

3,265

22

1.6

23 1

1.7

1.7

1

78% 21%

0.03%

1.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

24

. (A. Henri Becquerel)

.. 2439 (.. 1896)

3

( - rays) (2He) ( - rays) (- rays)

()

- 131 (I - 131) - 201 (Tl - 201) - 901 (Y - 90) - 198 (Au - 198) - 32 (P - 32)

(Ra), (U) (, )

4

25 1

C-14 ( -14) 30,000 K - 48 ( - 48) Rb - 87 ( - 87)

3

26

Co - 6O, U - 235, U - 238Co - 6O

U - 235, U - 238

Co - 60

1.2

1.2

(II)

1.2

NaCl

KMnO4

CaSO4

27 1

( / )

61

2.6

0.20

0.01

23

1.4

0.20

0.005

10

1.1

0.14

1

1.

2.

1.5 1.5

()

(.)

3. (Fe) (Ca) (P)

(Fe) (Ca)

(P)

28

4.

(S)

(P)

(C)

(O2)

(F)

(Ne)

(Cl2)

(He)

(Cu) (Fe)

(Zn) () (

)

(Ag)

(Al)

(Pb)

(Au)

(Si) (Sb)

(As)

(NaHCO3) (CO2)

(C2H5OH) ( 70%)

(KNO3 )

29 1

(KClO3)

(KMnO4)

(NaOCl)

(Ca(OH)2)

(LPG ; Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

C3H8 () C4H10 ()

(NaCl)

(CH3COOH)

(C10H8)

(C10H15O)

(C10H19OH) ()

(NGV ; Natural Gas for Vehicles CNG ; Compressed Natural Gas)

(CH4)

(C12H22O11)

5.

= 1,043o C = 2,970o C

30

N + He O + H () () () ()

Be + He C + n

() () ()

Co + n Co + () ()

147 2

4 178

11

94

42 6

12 10

5927

6010 27

(Cyclotron)

(Nuclear Reactors)

( U) ( Pu)

23592 94

239

6.

7.

) CO2 1 : 2

) CH3COOH 1 : 4 : 2

31

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

21-38

2

1

2.1 2 2.2 2

2.3 5

2.4 2

12

1

2.1 2.2 2

2.3 5

2.4 2

32

3

10

2.1

1

33 2

2.1

30

/

1. 2. 3. (II) 0.1 mol/dm3 4. 0.1 mol/dm3 5. 5% 6. 7. 0.1 mol/dm3 8. 0.1 mol/dm3 9. 0.1 mol/dm310.

1

8

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

1 1 1

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

1 1 1

:

34

1 2

3 4

2

(.1 .2)

-

2

2. + -

-

3. + -

-

4. + -

-

1. + (II)

35 2

2.1

24

( + )

2.1

4

2.1

36

1.

2. NGV

3. (NaHCO3)

4.

2.1

- 2.1

- 2.1

1.

2.

2

37 2

2.2 2.2

- (II)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

(II) (II)

() () () ()

-

2KMnO4 + l6 HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8 H2O + 5 Cl2

() () () ()

-

C6H8O7 (HOOCCH2)2C(OH)COOH

IUPAC 3 - carboxy 3 hydroxypentanedioic acid

C6H8O7 + 3 NaHCO3 C6H5O7Na3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

() () ()

-

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaCl

() () () ()

38

-

4 Fe + 3 O2 + 6 H2O 2 Fe2O3.5H2O

4 Fe(OH)3

-

Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

() ()

-

(KOH) [Zn(OH)2]

Zn + HgO ZnO + Hg

-

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

-

2H2O2 O2 + H2O

- ( : CH4)

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

39 2

26

1.

2.

3.

2

2.2

2.2

40

10 cm3 10 cm3

2

2.2

1.

2.

2.2

50

41 2

2

/

1. 250 cm3 2.

3.

4.

5. 0.1 mol/dm3

6. 0.1 mol/dm3

7. 0.1 mol/dm3

8.

1

2

1

1

5 cm3

5 cm3

10 cm3

2 (5-8 )

:

2

1 2

() ()

1 142.5164.5

142.5164.52

42

.1

.1

2

43 2

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

3

(

)

2

44

(collision theory)

A

B

1 25C 22.4 dm3 1 x 1027 /

(activation energy : Ea)

(activated complex)

A + B

A + B

C + D

C + D

Ea

) )

Ea

45 2

29

1.

2.

5

2.3

2.3

2.3

46

1.

2.

2.3

1

/

1.

2.

3. 0.5 cm x 1.5 cm

4. 0.5 cm x 1.5 cm

5. 0.5 cm x 1.5 cm

6. 1.0 mol/dm3

7. 1.0 mol/dm3

8.

1

6

2

2

2

5 cm3

5 cm3

1

:

47 2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

3

> >

-

-

-

- 2

(concept)

48

2.3

2.4

2.4

/

1.

2.

2.4

30

49 2

/

1.

2.

3. 0.1 mol/dm3

4. 1.0 mol/dm3

5. 1 cm x 4 cm

6.

1

2

3 cm3

3 cm3

2

1

:

5

1. +

2. +

50

-

-

2.5

/

A B

2.5

1.

2.

31

30

51 2

/

1.

2.

3. 1.0 mol/dm3

4.

5.

1

2

6 cm3

3

3

:

3 - 5

3 cm3 2

1. +

2. +

52

2 4 8

2.4

2.6

1.

2.

32

1

53 2

/

1.

2.

3. 100 cm3 4. 0.1 mol/dm3

5. 0.1 mol/dm3

6. 80C

1

4

1

6 cm3

6 cm3

50 cm3

:

5

2

1. +

2. + 60C

80 C

Na2S2O3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(aq)

54

(concept)

2 1 2

1

E

27oc227oc Ea

55 2

34

2.4

2.4

(E)

Ea1Ea2

Ea1 =

Ea2 =

56

1.

2.

2.7

2

1.

2.

3.

4.

2.7

1

57 2

2.7 1 - 2

58

2

1.

()

()

()

59 2

2.

+ +

440 kcal

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

4.

(

)

2

60

5.

( )

-

()

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

3.1 3

3.2 5

3.3 2

3.4 1

3.5 3

39 -114

14

62

3

3

63 3

40

3.1

3.1

64

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

3.1

3.1.1 1

3.1.2 30

3.1.3 1

3.1.4 30

3

()

65 3

( )

3.1.1

3.1.1 (soil profile)

1.

2.

3.

1

66

(soil profile)

3.1

3.1

1.

2.

3.

4.

/

1. () 1

2. ( 3 m ) 1

3. 1

4. 5

5. 1

6. 1

45

67 3

1.

1 x 1

1 - 1.2

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

68

. .. .. . .. .

..

.

.

69 3

10

100

150

0

50

3.2

2

2

2

70

3.1

2

C

O

O

(leaching) A

71 3

O

A

BC

R

A

BC

A

C

C

(bed rock)

R

A

A B

1.

2.

72

3.1.2

3.1.2

30

soil formation

74

3.2

3.1.3

3.1.3

1.

2.

3.

1

75 3

3.2

3.2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

45

76

/

1. 1

2. 30 cm x 30 cm 1

3. 10 ( 2 mm) 1

4. 1

5. 13 cm x 19.5 cm 1

6. 100 cm3 1

7. () 40 cm3

8. 1

9. 1

10. 1

( 20 cm x 28 cm)

11. 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

5

77 3

1. (soil color)

1

2 (1) (2)

2. (soil texture)

2 - 1 16

2 1 1256 16

1 256

(silt) (clay)

10

2

78

(

2 )

()

(

5 )

3.

10 40

( 13 x 19.5 )

40 100

40 1:1

1:4

30

3 5

5

79 3

3.2

. .. .. . .. .

.

.

pH ( )

6.5

6.5

()

80

3.1

3.1 3.2

()

45 - 65 0 - 20

35 - 55 45 - 85

0 - 50 0 - 20

pH pH 7.0 pH 7.0

pH 7

81 3

3.1.4

3.1.4

1.

2.

()

30

82

pH 7

83 3

3.2

3.2

53

84

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3.9

3.2.1

3.2.1 45

3.2.2 45

3.2.3 30

3.2.4 45

3.2.5 30

3.2.6 45

3.2.7 30

3.2.8 30

5

85 3

3.2.1

1.

2.

3

3.3

45

3.3

1.

2.

30

86

/

1. 12 1

1. 7.

2. 8.

3. 9.

4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

2. 1.0 mol / dm3 15 cm3 1

3. 1

4. 10 () 2

1. 12

2.

3.

4.

5.

87 3

1.

2.

3

88

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

89 3

11.

12.

:

:

:

2 - 3

:

:

90

2

1)

2)

91 3

3.2.2 - 3.2.7

92

3.2.2 (Sedimentary Rocks)

1.

2.

45

3.4

93 3

3.4

1

2

1.

2.

3.

/

1. 1,500 cm3 3

2. 1

3. 1

4. 170 g

5. 1

6. 6,000 cm3

7. 1

8. 1

30

55

94

1.

2. 3.

4.

2

(1) (3)

1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3

1

1

2 3

95 3

3.2 3.4

2 3

3.2

3

3

3 3

96

3.3

3.11

3.4

97 3

. .

.

.

3.3

3.12 3.13

3.4 3.5 3.6

98

3.4 (

)

3.5 40 - 45

3.2.3

3.6

99 3

3.2.3

1.

2.

30

.

.

.

.

100

.

. .

.

3.3

( 2 )

( - 2 )

( - )

(

)

3.4

__116__1

256__116

__1256

101 3

3.2.4 (Igneous Rocks)

1.

2.

45

3.5

102

3.5

1.

2.

/

1. 2

6.5 cm

2. 50 g

3. 250 cm3 1

4. 1

5. 1

6. 1

7. 1

8. 1

9. 20 cm3

10. 1

11. 1

30

1.

20

50

103 3

2.

104

3.15

3.5

(magma)

(lava)

105 3

3.7

/

3.2.5

106

3.2.5

1.

2.

30

107 3

3.5

3.6

108

3.2.6 (Metamorphic Rocks)

1.

2.

3.6

45

109 3

3.6

/

1. 120 g

2. 15

3. 1

4. 1

5. 1

6. 1

7. 1

8. 1

30

70

1.

2.

110

2

(foliation)

111 3

3.6

2 /

2 - 3

3.2.7

112

3.2.7

1.

2.

30

113 3

3.7

3.8

114

3.2.8

3.2.8

30

3.20

3.8

115 3

3.8

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.1 3.2

3.3

116

1.

2.

3.

2

76

3.3.1 75

3.3.2 45

117 3

3.3

3.3.1

118

3.3.1

1.

2.

1 15

3.7

119 3

3.7

1.

2.

/

1. 1. 2. 3. 1

4. 5. 6. 7.

2. 5 cm x 5 cm 1

3. 1

4. 2 mm 5 cm x 5 cm 1

5. 1

6. 1

7. 1

8. 10 () 2

45

77

120

2 - 2.5

3 - 3.5

5 - 5.5

5.5 - 6

6.5 - 7

4.

7

7

-

1.

2.

3. ( 5 - 5.5)

5 - 5.5

5 - 5.5

121 3

7

7 6 - 6.5

3

2

3 - 3.5

5 - 6

4

5.

122

7

6

5 - 6

4

3 - 3.5

3

2

3.9

3.10

(luster)

(hardness)

(Mohs Scale of Hardness)

123 3

3.3.2

3.3.2

1.

2.

45

(streak)

(color)

124

3.11 3.12 3.21

6 - 7

2

3.21 ()

3.4

125 3

3.4

()

1.

2.

3.

1

85

126

3.22 3.13

127 3

3.13

()

128

3.23

3.23

3.9

129 3

3.9

:

130

50,082

39,703 19,041

72

63 16

843

528

546

(LPG)

22,343 22,722

19,533

3.27, 3.28, 3.29 3.30

.. 2550

12.6

40.1

3.14 3.26

22,534 5,694

1,147

131 3

3.10 ( )

1 Flue Gas Desulfurization

(Clean Coal Technologies) 97 - 99

800

Flue Gas Desulfurization

(gypsum) 97 - 99

97 - 99

() () ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)

NOx

SO2

NOxSO2

NOx SO2

:

132

3.5

LPG NGL

1. (Methane)

NGV

2. (Ethane) (Propane)

3. LPG

4. NGL

5.

133 3

3.5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

3.5.1 45 3.5.2 1

3.5.3 30

3.5.4 45

3

97

3.5.2 1

3.5.3 30

3.5.4 45

134

3.5.1

1.

2.

45

3

3.5.1

135 3

3.8

1.

2.

3.

30

3.8

98

136

/

1. 1,000 g

2. 2,000 g

3. 1,500 cm3

4. 1

5. 60 cm 1

6. 2

7. 1 - 2

1 2

137 3

1. 2.

3.

138

3.11 ( )

3.33, 3.34 3.35

(stream)

(river)

3.11

139 3

(sea) (ocean)

71

()

3.5.2

3.5.2

1.

2.

3.

1

140

(ground water)

3.9

3.9

30

102

141 3

2

2

/

1. ( 14 cm x 26 cm 10 cm) 1 1.5 cm 2. 4,000 - 5,000 g 3. 2,000 - 2,500 g 4. 1 5. 1,000 cm3 6. 1 7. 4 cm 1 8. 1 9. 1 10. 1

142

3.36

3.37

3.9

(soil water)

(aquifer)

3.12

3.12

143 3

3.38

3.10

3.10

15

/

1. ( 2

8 cm 9 cm)

2. 1,000 g

3. 2,000 g

4. 1,000 cm3

5. 100 cm3 1

144

.

3.5.3

. .

145 3

3.5.3

1.

2.

3.

30

146

3.13

3.13

( )

147 3

3.14

3.14

148

3.5.4

3.5.4

1.

2.

45

149 3

108

30

/

1. 10 cm x 20 cm 6

2. 6

3. 3,000 - 4,000 g

4. () 5

5. 1

6. 3,000 cm3 7. 20 cm x 30 cm 2

8. 1

9. 1

10. 2 - 3

150

1

2

2 - 3

1 2

3.15

151 3

3.15 3

( )

(sinkhole)

152

1.

2.

30

/

1. 1

2. 3,000 - 4,000 g

3. 1

4. 1,500 - 2,000 cm3

()

110

153 3

3.43

154

3

1.

(sand) (silt) (clay)

()

45 - 65 0 - 20 35 - 55

45 - 85 0 - 50

0 - 20

2.

3. . .

. . . B

( B)

( C)

( C)

( A)

. .

( A)

155 3

4. C ( 1 - 4)

C 3 C

(4)

5.

6.

7.

43

2

1

156

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

. . .

.

.

157 3

13.

14.

15.

16.

(soil water)

17.

158

18.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.

2.

4

3.

4.

5.

4.1 2

4.2 4

6

4

3 4

3

4 4

115 - 134

160

4

1.

2.

4

3.

2

117

161 4

4.1

3

3

4.1

1.

2.

4.1

45

/

1. ()

2. ()

3.

4. 3 ()

()

5. 6.

7.

8. 3 9. ()

10.

11. 3 12.

13.

14.

1

1

1

1

1 - 2

1

1

1 , 1

1

1,000 cm3

1

1

1

1

162

1.

1

2.

3.

3 4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

5 - 35

2,885

2,270

1,216

163 4

4.1

()

35

2,885

2 3,486

1 : 500

() ()

1 : 500

35 . 0.07 .

2,885 . 5.8 .

3,486 . 7 .

35 .

500 .

= x 1 .

2,885 .

500 .= x 1 .

3,486 .

500 .= x 1 .

0.07

5.8 7

2

3

164

3 (crust) (mantle) (core)

4.2

165 4

3

4.1

100 - 350

2

3

3

100 - 350

2

4.2

166

3

4.1

4.1

5 - 35 .

(crust)

2

1. (continental crust) 35

2. (oceanic crust) 5

4.2

167 4

4.2 ( https://www.etap.org/demo/Earth_Science/es3/crust.jpg)

(mantle) 2,885

2 (upper mantle) 665 - 695

100 - 350

(lower mantle)

2,190 - 2,220

(core) 3,486

2 (outer core)

2,270

1,216

2,750 2,732

http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate1.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth

http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/struct.htm

35 .

5 .

168

4

1.

2.

3.

4.

4

4

4

4

1. 1

2.

1. 2. 3. 4.

3.

4 4

4.

169 4

4.2

4

4

4

4.2 4

170

4.3 () 4.3 ()

4.3

..

..

4.2 4

4

171 4

4.3 . 4

4.3 . 4

4.3 . 4

4.3 . 4

4

http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/fourspheres.htm

http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm

http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/veget/class/Chap_1/1_3.htm

4

4.2

172

120

1.

2.

3.

4

4.2.1 1

4.2.2 3

173 4

4.2

http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/eh/below/Images/karst_erosional_cycle_flat_limestone_diagram.jpg


174



175 4

4.2.1

1.

2.

1

121

176

4.6

4.6

4.2

177 4

4.2

30

/

1. 1

8 cm 9 cm

2. 1

3. 1

4. 160 cm3

0.7

4.2

179 4

1.

2.

30

/

1. 5 cm3

2. 5 cm3

3. 2

4. 2

1. 1

2. 2

1

2

180

1

2

(karst) 4.9

4.9

181 4

1.

2.

1

1. 10

2.

3. 1 3

4.

3

5.

/

1. 1

2. 1

3. 200 - 500 g

4. 1,000 cm3

5. 100 - 200 g

6. 1

7. 1

8. 1

182

6. 2

http://www.dmr.go.th

http://www.dmr.go.th/download/document/sh.pdf

183 4

4.2.2

184

4.3

4.2.2

1.

2.

3

185 4

1.

2.

4.3

/

1. () 3,000 g

2. 13.5 cm 26 cm 1

10 cm

1.0 cm 1

3. 1

4. 40 g

5. 1

6. 1

7. 1

8. 1,000 cm3

45

126

186

1. 40

2.

2 2

3. 40

1.

2.

187 4

2

4.3

()

()

188

()

() (alluvial fan)

(delta)

189 4

1.

2.

30

/

1. 2,000 g

2. 1 , 1

3. 1

4. 1

1.

2.

190

4.13

4.13 15-20

191 4

( Thompson, G. R. and Turk, J. (1991). Modern Physical Geology. Orlando : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.)

(source rock)

(transportation)

(erosion)

(abrasion)

. (2544). . : .

Thompson, G. R. and Turk, J. (1991). Modern Physical Geology. Orlando : Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, Inc.

(gravel) (sand) (silt and clay)

192

(glacier)

. (2544). . : .

4.4

193 4

1.

2.

4.4

/

1. 50 - 60 g

2. 200 cm3 3. 250 cm3 2 4. 40 cm 1

5. 1

6. 1

7. 1

8. 1

9. 7 x 7 cm 1

45

1.

2. 200 cm3

100 cm3 60o 24.75 g 200 cm3

100 cm3 60o = 24.75 g

200 cm3 60o = 200 cm3

= 49.5 g

24.75 g

100 cm3

194

4.4

CaCO3

[Ca(HCO3)2]

195 4

CaCO3

[Ca(HCO3)2]

4.5

196

1.

2.

4.5

30

1.

2.

198

-

(dolomite)

250

199 4

-

.. 2542

200

250

|

10,000

6,000

4

10

201 4

6,000

4

202

-

300

200

203 4

1.50

600

7

(Phuwiangosaurus

sirindhornae)

204

130

205 4

140

206

(boulder)

256

1 - 2

. (2553).

. : .

207 4

4

1.

3

2

2.

208

4.

http://www.oknation.

net/blog/doghouse/2009/07/01/

entry-1

3.

209 4

5. 1-2

() ()

6.

2

210

7.

8.

211

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

135 - 151

5

5.1 1

5.2 3

5.3

1

5

212

137

5.1

1

213 5

5.1

5.2

2

3

F1 F1F2

F1

F3F2

214

3

()

2

2F12

F21 1

F12N21N12

F21 1

) )

F12 1 2 2 1

3

1 2

2 1

3

1

F21F12 F21

N12N21

N12 N21

F12 N12

215 5

5.2

138

1.

2.

3

5.2

216

1.

2 (N)

(g)

2.

-

-

-

5.1

2

F = ma m = a = g

g = 9.8 m/s2

g

Fa

217 5

5.1

1.

2.

30

/

1.

2.

3

1

() ()

1 1.2

2 2.4

3 3.6

139

218

2 (scalar quantity)

(vector quantity)

5.1

5.2

219 5

5.2

30

/

1.

2.

1

2

1.

5 2

( 7 )

2.

5 2

5.2

140

220

()

1 1.2 2 0.6 2 30 0.7

1

2

2

2

1 3

3

1

2

1

2 2

1

2

2

1. 90

2.

221 5

5.3

5.3 3

2

1

/

1.

2.

3.

1

90 .

3

142

1.

2.

222

2

3

2

2

3

2

3

3 1 2

3

2

F2F1F2 F2+ = 0

223 5

3

F2 F3

F2

F3

F1R

= +

R

R

F2

F2

F3

F3

F1R

F1R

R

F1

= + RF

R R F1

F1 F2 S

F1

F2

F3

S

224

2

2

2

2

F3

S

S F3 F3S

F1

F2F2

F1

R

R F1 F2

1. 2

= 3 =

= 3 = 2

= 3

A B A

A

B

A B

B A C

C

225 5

F2F1

2. 3 4

7

3 4

2

F1 F2

F1 F2

F1

F2R

7

1

5

RF1 F1F2 F2

F1 F2

RR

F1 F2 F2F1

F1 F2

R

F1

F2 R

N

226

3.

A B

A B

BA

BA

R

BA

R

2

A BC

BA

RC

A B C

A B BC R

A B C R AC

227 5

4. , ,

+ + +

3.

, ,

+ + + + + +

F1 F2 F3 F4R F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4

F = 20 N4

F = 10 N2

F = 20 N3

F = 15 N1

37o

53oF1

F2

F3F4

R

F1 F2 F3 F4F2 F4 F3 F1

F1

F3F4

F2R

3

R

5.12

228

5.3

148

1

2 3

5.4

5.4

1

229 5

5.3

/

1.

2.

1

3

1.

2.

()

0.5

0.5

0.5

2

()

1.

2.

230

1

1

1

3

1.

2 ( )

( )

TW

T

W

231 5

3. ,

= 2 N, = 4 N = 5

2.

4 ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) W NF

f

W

N

f

F

F1 F2 F3

F1 F2 F3

F1 F2F3

F1 F2 F3R

R

F1

F2

F3

4.

R

F1F1F

F2F2F

F

232

5. 3

3 N

F

F

7 N10 N

F

6. 3

150 N F

F

F

100 N50 N

7. 3

F

10 N15 N

5 N

234

2

1.0 mol/dm3

4.0 g 20 cm3

100 cm3 10.0 g 40 cm3

250 cm3 50 % 8 cm3

100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

1.0 mol/dm3 10 cm3

100 cm3

1.0 mol/dm3

6.0 mol/dm3 16.7 cm3

100 cm3 6.0 mol/dm3 41.8 cm3 250 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

1.0 mol/dm3 10 cm3

100 cm3

0.5 mol/dm3

6.0 mol/dm3 8.3 cm3

100 cm3 6.0 mol/dm3 20.8 cm3 250 cm3

(II) 0.1 mol/dm3

(II) 36.3 g 20 cm3 100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

16.6 g 20 cm3

100 cm3

235

0.1 mol/dm3

15.8 g 20 cm3

100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

8.4 g 20 cm3 100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

20.8 g 20 cm3 100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

14.2 g 20 cm3 100 cm3

0.1 mol/dm3

15.8 g 20 cm3

100 cm3

236

2

1

/

12

34

5

6

7

8

910

1112

1314

15

16

17

18

1920

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

50 cm3

100 cm3

250 cm3

10 cm3

2

2 cm x 5.5 cm

() 5 cm

2 cm x 5.5 cm

10 cm x 10 cm

10 2

100 cm3 V

6 mm 50 cm

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

-3

3

3

2

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 - 2 /

237

1

/

28

29

30

3132

3334

35

36

37

38

3940

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 g

1 g

2 g

2 g

2 g

10 cm3

10 cm3

50 cm3

10 g

10 g

15 cm3

20 cm3

100 cm3 100 cm3

238

2

/

12

34

5

6

7

8

910

1112

1314

15

16

17

18

1920

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

100 cm3 250 cm3

10 cm3 5 cm3 1

CENT-O-GRAM OAHAUS

(II) 0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

1.0 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

0.5 mol/dm3

0.1 mol/dm3

1.0 mol/dm3

5 %

5 cm x 1.5 cm

1

6

8

1

1

2

1

1

----

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

6 cm3

15 cm3

11 cm3

6 cm3

5 cm3

3 cm3

3 cm3

5 cm3

1 g

1 g

3 g

5 - 8

2

8 /

8 /

6 /

4 /

4 /

1 /

239

/

32

3334

5 cm x 1.5 cm

5 cm x 1.5 cm

1 cm x 4 cm

2

2

2

3

/

12

34

5

6

7

8

910

1112

1314

15

16

17

18

1920

( 3 m )

30 cm x 30 cm

10 ( 2 mm)

13 cm x 19.5 cm

100 cm3

250 cm3

500 cm3

(- )

( 20 cm x 28 cm)

12

1. 7.

2. 8.

3. 9.

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

40 cm3

9,700 cm3

1

1

1

1

1 /

1 /

2

240

3

/

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3132

3334

35

36

37

38

3940

41

42

43

44

4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

(

4 )

1.0 mol/cm3 15 cm3

10 ()

1,500 cm3

6.5 cm

1

1

2

3

1

1

1,600 g

2,000 g

2,000 g

4,500 g

600 g

4,000 - 3,000 g

5,000 g

1

1

1

2

50 g

1

1

1

1

15

1

241

3

/

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

7

5 cm x 5 cm

2 mm 5 cm x 5 cm

(

32 cm x 45 cm)

( 14 cm x 26 cm 10 cm)

1.5 cm

4 cm

(

8 cm 9 cm)

10 x 20 cm

()

20 cm x 30 cm

100 cm3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

5

1

2

1

1

1

242

4

/

12

34

5

6

7

8

910

1112

1314

15

16

17

18

1920

21

22

23

24

25

26

3 (

)

3

()

3

()

8 cm 9 cm

--

1

-

1 - 2

1

1

1 ,

1

1

4,500 cm3

1

3,000 g

1

1

1

1

1

5 cm3

2

2

1

1

200 - 500 g

1

1

1

1 /

1 /

1 /

243

4

/

27

28

29

30

3132

3334

35

36

37

38

3940

41

42

43

13.5 cm

26 cm 10 cm

1.0 cm

1

250 cm3

40 cm

7 x 7 cm

1

40 g

40 g

2,500 g

1

1

1

1

1

50 - 60 g

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

5

/

12

34

3

3

1

1

244

Newtons law of motion

law of conservation of

mass

filter paper

radioactivity

natural gas

compaction

filtration

erosion

distillation

fractional distillation

coastal erosion

condensation

motion

eluviation

leaching

precipitation

; garnet

metamorphism

mechanical weathering

chemical weathering

weathering

combustion

transportation

electrolysis

evaporation

graded bedding

extraction

deposition

metalloid

rock salt

core

outer core

inner core

magnitude

quartz

hardness

luster

corundum

period

carbonate

karst

kerogen

calcite

coquina

chromatography

mottle

aquifer

biosphere

chert

cementation

fossil

silica

sapphire

kaolin

delta

clay

dolomite

periodic table

coal

cave

sand

silt

sea

oxbow lake

talc

245

meander

irection

clean coal technology

geologic hazard

lithosphere

element

radioactive element

stream

subsurface water

flood

soil water

meteoric water

ground water

surface water

spring

crude oil

weight

() alluvial cone

() alluvial fan

sand dune

butte

mantle

atmosphere

bituminous coal

barite

combussion reaction

exothermic reaction

chemical reaction

eadothermic reaction

vector quantity

scalar quantity

petroleum

crust

crystal

landslide

antimony

nonrenewable

energy

peat

peridot

pyrite

fluorite

feldspar

mesa

; landform

ocean

Mohs hardness scale

magma

river

molecule

petrified wood

mica

gypsum

asbestos

gemstone

gravitational force

rock-forming

minerals

fracture

fault

water table

electro-static

precipitation

flue gas

desulfurization

distance

ray

foliation

mineral

force

246

resultant force

lava

lignite

metal

cycle of rock; rock cycle

vector

chemical equation

symbol

reactance

pure substance

compound

product

mixture

streak

soil profile

group

sinkhole

rock

conglomerate

breccia

gabbro

granite

quartzite

claystone

mud rock; mudrock; mudstone

stalagmite

slate

schist

bed rock

shale

diorite

parent rock; source rock

sedimentary rock

sandstone

siltstone

oil shale

gneiss

basalt

limestone

metamorphic rock

pumice

phyllite

stalactite

rhyolite

scoria

marble

obsidian

Igneous rock

intrusive igneous rock

extrusive igneous rock

andesite

particle

non-metal

orthoclase

; agate

atom

apatite

aluminium

electron

hydrosphere

anthracite

anhydrite

amethyst

olivine

hornblende

humus

haematite; hematite

. . :

, 2551.. . : . 2544.. .

, 2549. . . 4.

: , 2523. . 1. : , 2546.. . : , 2544., .

1. 1 : , 2546._______. 2. :

., , 2548._______. 1 7.

: .,, 2551.. . :

.,, 2553.Bartholomew, R. B. and Tillery, B. W. Heath Earth Science. Lexington : D. C. Heath and Company,

1984.

Cheng E., Chow J., Kai A., and Lai K. K., Chemistry : A Modern View. Teachers Book. Hong Kong :

Aristo Education, 2003.

Falcon, M. Geology. Lexington : D. C. Heath and Company, 1996.

Frank, D.V., Miller, S., Wainwright, C.L., Little, J.G. and Pasachoff, J.M., Physical Science. PRENTICE

HALL, 2002.

Jhon C. Kotz and Keith F. Purcell . Chemistry : Chemical Reactivity. 2nd Ed., Chicago : Saunders

College, 1991.

Plummer, C. C., McGeary, D. and Carlson, D. H. Physical Geology. Updated eighth edition. New York :

The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001.

Serway, R.A. and Faughn, J.S. HOLT Physics (TEACHERS EDITION). HOLT, RINEHART AND

WINSTON, 2009

Tarbuck, E. J. and Lutgens, F. K. The Earth. Third edition. Ohio : Merrill, 1990.

Thompson, G. R. and Turk, J. Modern Physical Geology. Orlando : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991.

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