By citing outside sources, academics are able to converse with each other through their writing.

Citing appropriate sources shows your reader that you are aware of and engaged with the ongoing conversation about your topic.

Why to Cite

When in doubt, cite your source. You should include citations forDirect quotesParaphrasesSummarized ideas that aren’t your ownStatisticsVisuals like pictures, graphs, diagrams, or tables

Knowing What to Cite

The University of North Texas considers plagiarism as the use of another ’s thoughts or words without proper attribution in any academic exercise, regardless of the student’s intent, including but not limited to: The knowing or negligent use by paraphrase or direct quotation of the

published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgement or citation.

The knowing or negligent unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or by an agency engaged in selling term papers or other academic materials.

Understanding Plagiarism

American Psychological Association Style (APA) is one of the top three citation styles used by editors, professors, and publishers as an aid to preparing manuscripts in English. APA style is used in academic writing in Computer science and information managementEducationEnvironmental and physical sciencesHuman, behavioral, social, and political sciencesLinguistics

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Sixth Edition. ISBN: 978-1-4338-0561-5

www.apastyle.orghttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-f

ound-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html

Resources for APA

1. Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences2. Manuscript Structure and Content3. Writing Clearly and Concisely4. The Mechanics of Style5. Displaying Results6. Crediting Sources7. Reference Examples8. The Publication Process

Contents of the APA Publication Manual

41-59: Sample papers177: Table depicting how to set up parenthetical citations for

references with different numbers of authors193-98: Index of guidelines and examples for reference page entries

for different types of sourcesTable of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your

questions

Helpful Pages in the APA Manual

Papers written in APA format may include the following sections as well as other subsectionsTitle pageAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences Appendices

Setting Up Your Paper in APA Format

Sample APA Title Page

An abstract Runs about 150-250 words longGives the reader a brief overview of your paperIncludes your main idea and key pointsIncludes keywords Remember that the abstract is a preview. It exists outside of your

paper. It does not replace your introduction!

Writing an Abstract

Direct quotation:Fowler (2012) contends that problem-based learning is an approach that “teachers can use to engage their students in the process of discovery” (p. 6).

Problem-based learning is an approach that “teachers can use to engage their students in the process of discovery” (Fowler, 2012, p. 6).

Paraphrase:Fowler (2012) argues that problem-based learning should be the primary method of classroom instruction (p. 11).

Summary:Problem-based learning is the most effective method of classroom instruction (Fowler, 2012; Smith, 2014; Turner, 2006).

Using the APA In-Text Author-Date Citation

If you are using a quotation that is forty or more words, set it off from the rest of the text as a block quote by tabbing over once, like this:

When you tab over for this longer quote, you do not use quotation marks. Setting off the quote by tabbing the text indicates that you have just quoted something. In a block quote, the end punctuation comes before the parenthetical citation. (Fowler, 2012, p. 123)

Continue the paragraph by commenting on, interpreting, or connecting the quote to your ideas here.

Setting Off Longer Quotes

The first letter of the first word in a quotation may be changed to an uppercase or a lowercase letter.

The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax.

Single quotation marks may be changed to double quotation marks and vice versa.

Changes from the Source Requiring No Explanation

Omitting Material: Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Use four points to indicate any omission between two sentences. “The study found significant differences between the two groups . . . as expected”

(Hanisch, 1992, p. 30). Inserting Material: Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose

material such as addition or explanation inserted into a quotation. “when [his own or others’] behaviors were studied” (Hanisch, 1992, p. 24)

Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation

Sample APA References Page

Book with One Author

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addict ion? A study of computer dependency . London, England: Taylor & Francis.   Article with a DOI from an Online Database

Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kul ik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support , mari tal status, and the survival t imes of terminally i l l pat ients. Health Psychology , 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Article without a DOI from an Online Database

Sil l ick, T. J. &, Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intel l igence and self -esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Appl ied Psychology , 2(2), 38-48. Retr ieved from http: / /ojs. l ib.swin.edu.au/ index.php/ejap Article from a Website

Smith, J. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a l i fe-saver ( l i teral ly) [Blog post] . Retr ieved from ht tp:/ / f reakonomics.blogs.nyt imes.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a- l i fe-saver- l i teral ly/

Sample APA References Entries

The Chicago Manual of Style is used in academic writing in BusinessHistoryHumanitiesPolitical science

The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition. ISBN: 978-0226104201

Chicago Manual of Style Online available through Willis Library

Resources for CMS

Part One: The Publishing ProcessPart Two: Style and UsagePart Three: Documentation

Contents of the CMS Publication Manual

14.14: Notes and bibliography—an overview14.18: Notes and bibliography—examples and variationsOnline: Chicago-Style Quick Citation Guide (linked on the main page

of The Chicago Manual of Style Online).

Helpful Sections in the CMS Manual

Unlike other citation styles, CMS requires the citation for each source to appear in two locations: Notes: Each time a source is cited in the text, it is followed by a superscript number

that connects to either a footnote, an endnote, or both. The note includes a citation for the source in the note format. The notes are listed in the order that the sources are cited in the text.

Bibliography: The bibliography, which comes at the end of the paper, includes a slightly differently formatted citation for each source. These citations are listed in alphabetical order.

CMS Citation

Sample CMS Title Page

Sample CMS Paper Page with Notes

Sample CMS Bibliography Page

Book with Single Author or Editor

First Note:1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100.

Subsequent Note:18. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma , 3.

Bibliography Entry:Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

CMS Notes vs. Bibliography Entries

MLA style is used in academic writing in Cultural studiesHumanitiesLanguagesLiterature & literary criticismMedia studies

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition. ISBN: 860-1200663914

Resource for MLA

1. Research and Writing2. Plagiarism and Academic Integrity3. The Mechanics of Writing4. The Format of a Research Paper5. Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited6. Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text7. Abbreviations

Contents of the MLA Manual

117: Sample heading and title123-25: Index of works cited entry examples for different types of

sourcesTable of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your

questions

Helpful Pages in the MLA Manual

Setting Up the First Page in MLA Style

Include the author and page number of the quote or paraphrase in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence.

One of Amy's chief desires is "to pass in and out . . . unnoticed and elsewhere to be overlooked and forgotten" (Dickens 290).

If the author of the citation is mentioned in the sentence, include only the page number in the parenthetical citation.

“He was obeyed,” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect” (87).

Using Parenthetical/ In-Text Citations in MLA Format

If you are quoting three or fewer lines of a poem and do not want to put special emphasis on the way the poem is set up on the page, put it in quotation marks within your text.

Use a slash with a space on each side to separate the lines.In the parenthetical citation, include the line numbers instead of the

page numbers.

Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / That’s all that I remember” (11-12).

Using a Short Quote from a Poem

Verse quotations of more than three l ines should begin on a new l ine. Unless the quotation involves unusual spacing, indent each l ine one inch from the left margin

and double-space between l ines, adding no quotation marks that do not appear in the original.

El izabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” is r ich in evocative detai l :

It was winter. I t got dark

early. The waiting room

was ful l of grown-up people,

arct ics and overcoats,

lamps and magazines. (6-10)

Using a Long Quote from a Poem

Sample MLA Works Cited Page

Writing an MLA Works Cited Page

Book with a Single AuthorFranke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2003. Print.

Book with Two or More AuthorsBooth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.

A Work in an AnthologyBordo, Susan. “The Moral Content of Nabokov’s Lolita.” Aesthetic Subjects. Ed. Pamela R. Matthews and David McWhirter. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003. 125-52. Print.

Article in a Scholarly Journal (Print)Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print

Article in a Scholarly Journal (Web)Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10. Feb. 2015.

Consult the manual for your citation style! These manuals are incredibly detailed and contain the answers to almost any question you might have.

When in Doubt…