LeavesLeaves are used by trees to are used by trees to absorb absorb sunlight. sunlight.

Leaves are the most recognizable feature of Leaves are the most recognizable feature of any tree.any tree.

They are also used to They are also used to distinguish different distinguish different types of treestypes of trees. .

What do we get from Trees?What do we get from Trees? Trees remove Trees remove carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere and release oxygenatmosphere and release oxygen.. Trees provide us with Trees provide us with paper and woodpaper and wood.. We get We get foodfood from trees (ex: apples, from trees (ex: apples,

peaches, maple syrup)peaches, maple syrup) Trees give us shade and prevent soil Trees give us shade and prevent soil

erosionerosion Provide Provide beauty to a particular areabeauty to a particular area.. Trees are home to many animals and Trees are home to many animals and

insects insects

Most of the Earth’s trees are found in Most of the Earth’s trees are found in forests.forests.

The types of trees found in certain areas The types of trees found in certain areas depends on the climate, altitude, and soil depends on the climate, altitude, and soil composition. composition.

Earth’s Forests: More than Earth’s Forests: More than just treesjust trees

In the last In the last 8000 years the Earth has lost 8000 years the Earth has lost nearly 40%nearly 40% of its original forests. of its original forests.

The The majoritymajority of this happened in the of this happened in the 2020thth century.century.

Humans have been using forest resources Humans have been using forest resources for thousands of years.for thousands of years.

With the rise of industry and big businesses, With the rise of industry and big businesses, humans began abusing forest resources humans began abusing forest resources

Forests provide Forests provide homes for thousands of homes for thousands of plant, animal, and insect speciesplant, animal, and insect species..

Food for these organisms are also provided Food for these organisms are also provided by the forest.by the forest.

Forests help regulate climate.Forests help regulate climate. Forests will dictate the type of soil found in Forests will dictate the type of soil found in

a specific area.a specific area. Provide jobs and sources of revenue for Provide jobs and sources of revenue for

people in surrounding towns and citiespeople in surrounding towns and cities.. Recreation and tourism is generated by Recreation and tourism is generated by

forests.forests.

Human territories and Human territories and ForestsForests

Forests are an Forests are an important source of important source of revenue revenue for governments, large for governments, large corporations, and local businesses.corporations, and local businesses.

When a logging company begins developing When a logging company begins developing a new part of a forest, a town begins to a new part of a forest, a town begins to form.form.

Workers need to live close by.Workers need to live close by. Within this town services (doctor, police, fire, Within this town services (doctor, police, fire,

schools,etc.) and businesses form. schools,etc.) and businesses form.

Roads and highways need to be built.Roads and highways need to be built. Gas and electrical lines need to be passed.Gas and electrical lines need to be passed. Ports are built if the town is close to a body Ports are built if the town is close to a body

of water.of water.

Recreational Recreational TourismTourism

What is recreational tourism?What is recreational tourism? It is a sector that provides a large source of It is a sector that provides a large source of

revenue for forest areas.revenue for forest areas. This This sector attracts tourists who enjoying sector attracts tourists who enjoying

participating in outdoor recreational participating in outdoor recreational activitiesactivities..

These activities include: These activities include: fishing, hunting, fishing, hunting, camping, hiking, skiing/snowboarding, camping, hiking, skiing/snowboarding, snowmobiling and off roading snowmobiling and off roading (atv’s) (atv’s)

Many recreational tourist areas have Many recreational tourist areas have gained international popularity.gained international popularity.

These same areas have now developed These same areas have now developed into multi-million dollar businesses. Ex: into multi-million dollar businesses. Ex: Mont.Tremblant, Quebec. Mont.Tremblant, Quebec.

Types of Forests Types of Forests Today, more than one fourth (25%) of the Today, more than one fourth (25%) of the

earth’s land mass are covered by forests.earth’s land mass are covered by forests. The main component of all forests are its The main component of all forests are its

trees.trees. Every Every type of forest has a very different type of forest has a very different

climate, soil type, species of trees and climate, soil type, species of trees and plants, and animalsplants, and animals

There are 3 types of forestThere are 3 types of forest. .

1) Tropical Rainforests1) Tropical Rainforests Are located in Are located in Central and South America, Central and South America,

central Africa, and Southeast Asiacentral Africa, and Southeast Asia.. Rainforests are home to some of the most Rainforests are home to some of the most

exotic species of plants, animals, and exotic species of plants, animals, and insects in world.insects in world.

Rainforests can reach nearly 50°C and can Rainforests can reach nearly 50°C and can receive nearly 650 cm of rain every year receive nearly 650 cm of rain every year (over 54 ft.). (over 54 ft.).

2) Temperate Forest 2) Temperate Forest Are found in Southern Canada and Are found in Southern Canada and

Northern USA, Europe, China and Japan.Northern USA, Europe, China and Japan. These are mostly These are mostly made up of deciduous made up of deciduous

trees (loose their leaves) and conifers trees (loose their leaves) and conifers (evergreens)(evergreens)

Located near large urban centers.Located near large urban centers. These forests are very industrialized, These forests are very industrialized,

many are secondary forests (replanted) many are secondary forests (replanted)

3) Boreal Forest3) Boreal Forest Predominantly Predominantly found in Canada, found in Canada,

Northern Europe, China, and JapanNorthern Europe, China, and Japan.. These forests are These forests are primarily made up of primarily made up of

conifers (evergreens)conifers (evergreens).. In Canada the Boreal forests make up In Canada the Boreal forests make up

three quarters of forested lands.three quarters of forested lands. Another name for Boreal Forest is TaigaAnother name for Boreal Forest is Taiga

Terms to remember:Terms to remember: ForestryForestry: All activities related to the forest : All activities related to the forest

and its development.and its development. Clear-cuttingClear-cutting: Removing all of the trees : Removing all of the trees

from one area.from one area. DeforestationDeforestation: permanent destruction of a : permanent destruction of a

forested area.forested area. StandStand: A group of trees where there is only : A group of trees where there is only

one or few species growing togetherone or few species growing together

The Importance of the The Importance of the Boreal ForestBoreal Forest

The word The word Boreal comes from the Greek Boreal comes from the Greek word Boreas, the god of the north windword Boreas, the god of the north wind..

This forest was given this name because of This forest was given this name because of its long, dry winters and short, cool its long, dry winters and short, cool summers. summers.

The boreal forests The boreal forests represent nearly represent nearly 25% of the earth’s forested land25% of the earth’s forested land..

Overall the boreal forest ecosystem Overall the boreal forest ecosystem remains untouched.remains untouched.

This forest helps This forest helps filter millions of filter millions of litres of drinking water litres of drinking water every day.every day.

Gives Gives homes for thousands of homes for thousands of animal, plant and insect speciesanimal, plant and insect species..

Retains lakes and rivers.Retains lakes and rivers.

Over Over 14% of Canada’s population live in the boreal 14% of Canada’s population live in the boreal forestforest..

This includes nearly This includes nearly 600 aboriginal groups and 600 aboriginal groups and communities.communities.

Many of these aboriginal communities are taking an Many of these aboriginal communities are taking an active role in managing forest resources.active role in managing forest resources.

The The boreal forest also provides a prefect location boreal forest also provides a prefect location for recreational tourism.for recreational tourism.

This industry generates large sums of money for This industry generates large sums of money for forest communitiesforest communities..

Commercial value of the Commercial value of the Boreal ForestBoreal Forest

The stands of the boreal forest are primarily The stands of the boreal forest are primarily used for manufacturing pulp, paper, and used for manufacturing pulp, paper, and cardboard.cardboard.

Throughout Canada nearly 7000 logging Throughout Canada nearly 7000 logging companies provide jobs to nearly 400 000 companies provide jobs to nearly 400 000 people.people.

These industries inject billions of dollars These industries inject billions of dollars into Canada’s economy each year.into Canada’s economy each year.

Canada is the world leader in the Canada is the world leader in the production and export of newsprint. production and export of newsprint. Quebec accounts for one third of thisQuebec accounts for one third of this

•Newsprint is primarily Newsprint is primarily exported to the United exported to the United States and ChinaStates and China

Forestry in Canada TodayForestry in Canada TodayIs the forest industry in Canada & Quebec Is the forest industry in Canada & Quebec

doing well?doing well? The forest industry is currently going The forest industry is currently going

through very difficult times.through very difficult times. There are many logging companies, There are many logging companies,

sawmills, pulp and paper producers that are sawmills, pulp and paper producers that are shutting down there businesses.shutting down there businesses.

This forces many people out of workThis forces many people out of work

Why is this happening to the forest industry?Why is this happening to the forest industry? Poor world economyPoor world economy New laws which force companies to New laws which force companies to

replant or use fewer trees.replant or use fewer trees. New technology that requires less paper New technology that requires less paper

and wood.and wood.

Why is the closing of a sawmill or logging Why is the closing of a sawmill or logging company such a big deal?company such a big deal?

Many jobs are lostMany jobs are lost People in other industries are affected. Ex: People in other industries are affected. Ex:

stores and recreationstores and recreation

What are governments doing to help?What are governments doing to help? Investing millions of dollars into the industryInvesting millions of dollars into the industry Buying companies that have closedBuying companies that have closed Providing jobs to replant or manage forests.Providing jobs to replant or manage forests. Despite efforts it will take a long time for the Despite efforts it will take a long time for the

industry to reboundindustry to rebound

DeforestationDeforestation There are many different terms used by There are many different terms used by

governments and logging companies to governments and logging companies to describe the removal of trees from an area.describe the removal of trees from an area.

Land clearing: cutting down trees in an Land clearing: cutting down trees in an area for farming, construction (towns area for farming, construction (towns and roads), or loggingand roads), or logging..

Land clearing is usually done for specific Land clearing is usually done for specific purposes. Only what is needed is cut down.purposes. Only what is needed is cut down.

Degradation to a forest occurs when land Degradation to a forest occurs when land clearing is poorly managed.clearing is poorly managed.

Degradation means that the necessary Degradation means that the necessary conditions for the renewal of the forest is conditions for the renewal of the forest is greatly reduced or absentgreatly reduced or absent..

Proper conditions mean that soil conditions, Proper conditions mean that soil conditions, climate, and pollution levels are at climate, and pollution levels are at acceptable levels for re-growthacceptable levels for re-growth

Plant and animal life are still present as well Plant and animal life are still present as well Degradation can be reversed with proper Degradation can be reversed with proper

care and management.care and management.

Deforestation refers to permanent Deforestation refers to permanent deterioration of a forested area.deterioration of a forested area.

Deforestation occurs when all Deforestation occurs when all conditions are destroyedconditions are destroyed..

Ex: Forested area is cleared to make a Ex: Forested area is cleared to make a road or highway, malls, or housing road or highway, malls, or housing developments.developments.

Soil conditions and pollutions levels are too Soil conditions and pollutions levels are too high for re-growth.high for re-growth.

Plant and animal life has completely Plant and animal life has completely disappeared. disappeared.

Case study: Mauricie, Case study: Mauricie, Que.Que. Mauricie is one of the largest producers Mauricie is one of the largest producers

of cardboard and newsprintof cardboard and newsprint. Most of their . Most of their products are shipped to the US.products are shipped to the US.

Logging is a huge industry in this region Logging is a huge industry in this region and has been for over 150 years.and has been for over 150 years.

The forest is the heart of Mauricie. The The forest is the heart of Mauricie. The forest forest industry provides jobs to thousands of industry provides jobs to thousands of peoplepeople..

Many aboriginal groups benefit from the Many aboriginal groups benefit from the forests in Mauricie.forests in Mauricie.

Mauricie developed around their logging Mauricie developed around their logging industryindustry. (As explained earlier). (As explained earlier)

During the 20During the 20thth century century Mauricie grew as the Mauricie grew as the demand for wood an paper grewdemand for wood an paper grew..

Today the Today the forest industry in Mauricie is forest industry in Mauricie is one of the areas struggling during the one of the areas struggling during the current recessioncurrent recession. (Article given).. (Article given).

Silvicultural Practices in Silvicultural Practices in MauricieMauricie

Silviculture refers to practices that Silviculture refers to practices that ensure development of a forest and its ensure development of a forest and its conservationconservation..

Silviculture protects both the natural Silviculture protects both the natural resource and the people who benefit form resource and the people who benefit form it.it.

1.1. In Mauricie, the government and companies In Mauricie, the government and companies are are studying areas for development, as studying areas for development, as to not disrupt local hunting and fishingto not disrupt local hunting and fishing..

2.2. Companies invite tourists to Companies invite tourists to plant trees plant trees and visit harvesting operationsand visit harvesting operations..

3.3. Inclusion of First Nation communities in Inclusion of First Nation communities in decision making.decision making.

4.4. Following parts of the Coulombe report: Following parts of the Coulombe report: harvest in different places at different harvest in different places at different times; developing more wood products times; developing more wood products rather than shipping timberrather than shipping timber. .