06 Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation 6

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Corporate identity 2

The impact of light 3

Signal from a distance:façades 4

Everything under oneroof: shopping malls 5

Dynamic lighting for shop windows and salesrooms 6

The shop window: stage in the street 8

The showcase: eye-catcher for exclusive merchandise 11

Entrance lighting 12

Salesroom lightingGeneral lighting 13

Salesroom lighting Accent lighting 16

Lighting for staircases,pay points and changing cubicles 20

Quality features in light-ing: what it takes to get it right 22

Visual performance and visual comfort 23

Light colour and colour rendering 24

Attachments and filters 25

Lamps 26

Luminaires 30

Lighting management 32

Ballasts and transformers 33

Emergency and security lighting 34

Acknowledgements for photographs 35

Imprint 36

Information on Lighting Applications:The series of bookletsfrom FördergemeinschaftGutes Licht 37

Contents

General lighting

Pay point

Façade

Entrance

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Emotion – Experience – Success

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Cosmetics promise beauty,clothes signal lifestyle –even a wholemeal breadroll stands for a philosophytoday. Long gone are thedays when merchandisewas bought just to meetneeds. Shopping today isan emotional activity, astimulating recreationalexperience.

And lighting helps shapethat experience. In a mod-ern retail store, lightingperforms a dual function:it helps busy shoppersquickly get their bearingsand creates a myriad ofinspirational environmentspacked with ideas for theshopper’s personal lifestyle.

Good lighting is more thanjust something that helpsus perform different visualtasks. A harmonious light-ing atmosphere promotesa sense of well-being,makes it easier for staff toserve customers, under-lines corporate identity andcontributes significantly tothe success of the enter-prise.

From full-blown departmentstore to niche-market deli-catessen – flexible lightinginstallations offer a wealthof possibilities for ensuringthat merchandise has theright visual impact. Lightingadds flair to a presentation.It guides and formulates,dramatises and differenti-ates, emotionalises andpersonalises.

and boosts retail

shoppingexperience

success.

Lighting makes

an emotional


Peripheral zone

Displays

Staircase/Lift

Changing Cubicles

Shop Window

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Technological change andthe Internet are transform-ing the world of retailing.Sales cycles are gettingshorter, the pace of busi-ness and competition arestepping up. A sharp pro-

file is needed to make amemorable impression.

A retailer’s corporate imageis primarily formed bysalesroom and shop win-dow design, product range,presentation and qualityof service. And lighting isimportant for them all. Thekind of lighting chosenhelps define retail identityand ensure high recogni-tion value. So customisedlighting performs morethan just a sales-boostingfunction; it also has amarked impact on corpo-rate design and corporateidentity: lighting as anidentifier – corporate light-ing - is becoming a majorfactor of retail success. Acrucial competitive edgeand lower overheads canbe achieved by effectively

harnessing the sales-pro-motional impact of lightand ensuring comfortableand energy-efficient light-ing at the design stage.

Generally speaking, themore exclusive the store

and product range, themore stylish the lightingrequired (see Fig. 1). How-ever, there are no patentrecipes for lighting systemdesign. Solutions are asvaried as the range oflamps and luminaires on

the market. So it is alwaysadvisable to consult a light-ing designer, shopfitter andinterior designer.

Corporate Identity

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Corporate Identity and Lighting

Viewing light, displaylight, decorative light

(visual ambiance)

Quality lighting systems,lighting for effect

Merchandisers orshop-in-shop outletsgeared to providing a“shopping experience”

Product presentationas stage.

Image-orientedstore architecture

e.g. fashion stores,specialty food stores

Viewing lightand display light(visual comfort)

Quality lightingsystems, different

lamps, accentlighting

Merchandiserswith quality

product ranges

Brand products,clearly structured

range

e.g. departmentstores, specialist

stores, pharmacies

Viewing light(visual performance)

Simplelighting systems,few lamp types

Low-pricemerchandisers

Open planarchitecture, combinedproduct presentation

and warehousing

e.g. DIY centres, super-markets, shoe andsports goods marts

Fig. 1

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Making a memorable impression: corporate lighting ensuresthat brand and company are quickly identified.

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■ Artificial lighting changesthe appearance of interi-ors and merchandise; asuccessful lighting “pre-sentation” calls for care-ful planning.

Light changes and shapesour mood. According toRichard Kelly – the leg-endary New York stageand architectural lightingdesigner of the fifties –light for salesrooms andshop windows can bedivided into three cate-gories: viewing light, dis-play light and decorativelight.

Viewing light is functionallight, providing uniformbackground brightness. Anadequate level of lightingand good glare limitationpermit good visual perform-ance, make displays andsurroundings visible andfacilitate orientation.

Display light is promotion-al light. Used to highlightpresentations and individ-ual areas of the store, itdirects the eye of the ob-server and picks out spe-cific product features –colour, shape, surfacestructure – e.g. in the fo-cused beams of spots ordownlights. To ensure thatthe resulting islands oflight develop their full im-pact, the level of accent

lighting needs to be signi-ficantly higher than thegeneral lighting level.

Decorative light is a spe-cial form of accent lighting– an object of attention it-self, not an illuminatingmedium. Examples includecoloured light, movingbeams, chasing lights,sparkle effects on glass,metal or paintwork andgobo spots, which projectdecorative silhouettes, lo-gos, advertising material,etc. onto a surface. Deco-rative light provides visualstimuli and creates a livelyambience.

Aside from lighting qualityrequirements, importantlighting design parametersare light colour and colourrendering properties oflamps, luminance, lumi-naire design and visuallyeffective use of light andshade. ■ Our eyes capture

around 80 percent ofall the information wereceive.

■ Lighting should bedesigned for emotionalappeal.

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The impact of light

Viewing light

Display light

Decorative light


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Signal from a distance: façades

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So too is a floodlit compa-ny name on building orcar-park signs, which hashigh recognition value andintroduces the observer tothe retailer’s corporateidentity. Fibre-optic or LEDlighting systems are well-suited to this kind of light-ing (see Page 12).

roundings, the greater theirpower of attraction.

Illuminated sign advertisingcomplements the long-range impact of façadesand shop windows, con-veying key informationfrom a distance. A clearlyvisible aesculapian staffoutside a pharmacy, forexample, or an illuminatedbrand logo are effectiveorientation aids.

During the day, the visualimpact of a building is de-fined by daylight and archi-tecture; at night, it is mod-elled by artificial lighting.Light sends out long-rangesignals: bright shop win-dows have an allure froma distance, eye-catchingilluminated façades invitepassers-by to browse andshop. The more their highilluminance makes themstand out from their sur-

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Shopping malls have beenon the advance worldwidesince the 1990s. A symbolof contemporary consumerculture, they unite a diverserange of merchandise, ser-vices and entertainmentunder one roof.

Ensuring a stimulating at-mosphere calls for intelli-gent lighting control. In theinward-directed architectur-al context of a shopping

mall, this means optimallyharnessing and filtering thelittle daylight that enters thecomplex and using artificiallighting to create an air oftranquillity and harmonycoupled with dynamismand excitement.

A variety of optical controlsystems are available fordirecting daylight indoorsand compensating forchanges in the direction,intensity and spectral com-position of daylight. Theywork with specular reflec-tors, shields, baffles, enclo-sures, foils, louvers, prismsor grids, either mounted inrigid arrangements or auto-mated to track the sun anddouble as sunscreens.

Artificial lighting is neededin shopping malls even ona bright day. It providesguidance for shoppers,makes communicationroutes and stairs safe, setsthe scene for store win-dows and showcases and

prevents “black holes” ondull days and at dusk. Forwide galleries and commu-nication routes, an attrac-tive combination of indirectand direct lighting is rec-ommended. Around 400lux is an adequate lightinglevel.

Everything under one roof: shopping malls

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An effective product pre-sentation makes for retailsuccess. It underlines thequality of the merchandise,shapes its image, gener-ates positive emotions.These marketing messagescan be conveyed particu-larly well by lighting. Spe-cial effects direct shoppers’attention and arouse theirinterest.

Modern lighting technologyhas added a new dimen-sion to the lively dialoguebetween lighting and mer-chandise: motion. Dynamiclighting productions banishmonotony from shop win-dows and add a note ofvitality to salesrooms.

Electronic lighting controlsystems permit modifica-tion of a product’s visualimpact on the observer:changing colours andspotlight beams vary thelighting atmosphere andset a constant stream ofnew accents. Computerisedsystems permit spots andluminaires to be individual-ly controlled on differentelectrical circuits. Any pos-sible combination, anylighting solution can thusbe programmed and acti-vated to run in the requiredsequence at a definablespeed between definablestarting and stopping times.(see also Page 32).

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Lighting sets the scene, bright-ens communication routesand directs the visitor’s eye.Electronic lighting controlsystems combine conveniencewith energy savings.

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Lighting controlLighting control systemsoffer ultimate conveniencecoupled with economy.Lighting control permitsflexibility, functional diversi-ty and decorative lightingeffects.

– Flexibility: lighting isadjusted to cater to theneeds of changing dis-plays by raising or lower-ing the lighting level atspecific points for therequired length of time.There is no need to mod-ify electrical installations.

– Functional diversity:lighting levels in the dif-ferent shop zones (sales,periphery, shop window,façade) are set as re-quired. Settings can bedifferently defined fordifferent times: beforethe store opens, duringopening hours, shortlybefore closing time, dur-ing the night (security,cleaning, emergencylighting).

– Lighting effects:control of moving lightand special effects.

– Economy: energy-effi-cient lighting operatesonly when it is neededand thus consumes littleelectricity. A control sys-tem – activated by day-light, for example, or thepresence of movement –reduces energy con-sumption by an appre-ciable amount.

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Dynamic lighting for shop windows and salesrooms

Traditional: concentrated light from spots sets gleaming accents. The presentation underlines the highquality of the merchandise.

Atmospheric: the reddish light of special fluorescent lamps creates an agreeable warm ground colour.The garments are highlighted from below by spots.

Stimulating: a seductive mood is created by green, white and red coloured light – combined withsupplementary accent lighting.


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First impressions arecrucial. So special careneeds to be taken overshop window displays.They are the retailer’scalling card, a “stage inthe street”.

The “signal effect” of shopwindows is confirmed bymarketing studies: 180 lxilluminance stops 5 percentof passers-by in their tracks.1,200 lx produces a 20percent response and2,000 lx catches the eyeof 25 percent of passers-by. So: attractiveness in-creases with illuminance.

Light and shadowSuccessful product pre-sentation calls for morethan just brightness, how-ever. The secret of goodlighting lies in artistic pro-duction, in dramatic useof light and shadow, dy-namism and change.Artificial lighting offers amajor advantage here: itpermits precise control

and regulation, sets ac-cents (display light) andcreates effects (decorativelight) where they are re-quired.

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Keeping a distanceSpots and luminaires withspotlighting characteris-tics display a symbol in-dicating the minimumadmissible distance bet-ween the light sourceand the illuminated sur-face. This distance needsto be maintained to pro-tect illuminated surfacesand objects from hightemperatures.

The shop window: stage in the street

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Fig. 2

Effective modelling and brillianthalogen light combine to pre-sent this evening dress to bestadvantage (see also Fig. 2).

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Effective lighting in the opera shop: stage spotlights on powertrack arouse curiosity and permit changing window displays.

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Variable control for differenteffects – different lightcolours, chasing lights withor without motifs, changingcolours or patterns – makeslighting a fully fledged de-sign tool.

The lighting solution re-quired is determined bythe form of presentationneeded, which is in turndefined by the nature ofthe merchandise on dis-play. Options range fromplanar illumination of arepresentative cross-sec-tion of products to dramaticaccentuation of selectedexclusive articles.

The mood set by shopwindow lighting can bevariably, effectively andeconomically attuned tothe merchandise on displayusing functional recessedluminaires and spots onindividual mountings or inflexible arrangements onpower track or wire sys-tems. These can be wide-angled for general lighting,narrow-angled for high-lighting certain areas andsharply focused for accentlighting.

Spots for metal halidelamps or downlights forcompact fluorescent lamps– a practical option forlarge shop windows, forexample – are a suitablechoice for general lighting.In many cases, however,enough “viewing light” isprovided by stray illumina-tion from the accent light-ing.

Setting accents Accents are normally setby directional spots. Alter-natively, recessed down-lights with swivellable re-flectors can be used.These can be switchedand positioned to suit dif-ferent displays. A widevariety of luminaire attach-ments are available forcreating special effectsand protecting merchan-dise from UV and IRradiation (see Page 25).

Light sources used in shopwindows need high lumi-nous efficacy ratings andvery good colour renderingproperties. Low-voltageor line-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps or high-pressure sodium vapourlamps are a suitablechoice. Fibre-optic andLED lighting systems (seePages 11 and 12 respec-tively) are also an optionfor shop windows, makingpossible new forms oflighting production.

9Fördergemeinschaft Gutes LichtFördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

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General illumination is provided by square downlights fittedwith metal halide lamps.

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■ Shop windows are aretailer’s calling card.

■ Variable lighting forchanging displays isa prime requirement.

■ Highlights, special ef-fects and dynamic light-ing attract attention andenhance product image.

■ First-class colour render-ing is a must; sensitivemerchandise needs tobe protected from heatand UV radiation.

■ Lighting level needs tobe right for the sur-roundings: shop win-dows on a city boule-vard need more luxthan those in a quietshopping street in asmall town.

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A celebration of colour and shape in a flower shop. Metal halidelamps in spots ensure very good colour rendering with minimalheat gain and low power consumption.

Open planning: shop window and salesroom are connected bylight. Downlights for brilliant halogen light make merchandisegleam; additional accents are set by the showcase lighting.

An eye for what's special: fibre-opticlighting suits minimalist windowdressing for select designer items.

Even on a bright day, shopwindows need lighting.Without it, disturbing reflec-tions occur; passers-bylooking into the windowsthen see not the merchan-dise on display but them-selves or the buildings be-hind them (Photo 24). Witha brightly lit backgroundand attractive “displaylight” from various high-pressure lamps, the hautecouture creation here issuperbly presented.

The observer’s attention is direto the product presentation bydots of light.

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Sparkling diamonds, finefabrics, high-tech high-lights: showcases are aneye-catching capsule forexclusive merchandise.Essentially, showcase light-ing has to fulfil the samerequirements as shopwindow lighting (see Pages8–10).

Whether inside or outside astore, showcases direct theobserver's attention to themerchandise on display.So it is worth making themost of the dramatic po-

tential of light. Brilliant lightwith very good colour ren-dering properties under-lines the exclusivity of theproducts on show.

■ Showcases are oftenused for displayingsmall or sensitive items.So the lighting shouldalso be dainty: tungstenhalogen lamps, LED orfibre-optic systems arethe right choice.

■ Dot-shaped light sourcesmake merchandisesparkle.

The showcase: eye-catcher for exclusive merchandise

11Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

r what's special: fibre-opticuits minimalist windowfor select designer items.

Mobile phones looking good in showcases. Fibre-optic systems provide light and colour.

How do you get light intotiny corners? How canarchitecture,roof andcompanylogo be sim-ply and dra-maticallyilluminated?Fibre-opticlighting sys-tems offer awealth of newpossibilitiesfor decorativelighting –even for“problem locations”. Thisis how they work: electriclight is centrally generated

using halogen or metalhalide lamps and the lumi-

nous flux is fed into a cableof fibre-optic light guides.From light dots and “firma-

ments” to flowing ribbonsof light, fibre-optics offers

solutions that meet bothrequirements. Side-lightingfibre-optic cables are de-

signed so that light isemitted along the entire

length ofthe lightguide – withno significantcolour shiftsor loss ofintensity.They areeasy to in-stall andmaintain,carry noelectricity,emit no UVradiation,

dissipate next to no heatand do not affect lightcolour.

C l e a r a n d t o t h e p o i n t : f i b re - o p t i c s y s t e m s

The observer’s attention is directedto the product presentation by tinydots of light.


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Brilliant halogen light for finejewellery and precious stones.

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Entrance lighting

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Entrance areas are de-signed to underline pres-tige and thus have a signalfunction similar to storewindows. They need toensure a friendly receptionand – with the help ofappropriately arrangedluminaires – guide cus-tomers to the merchandise.Lighting here must alwaysbe a combination of artifi-cial lighting and daylight.

After dark, exterior lightingdoes more than just high-light architecture andmerchandise; it also facili-tates orientation. Correctentrance lighting helpsshoppers safely negotiatecurbs, steps and stairs.Lighting designers useentrance areas as a transi-tion zone, reducing lumi-nance gradually to helpour eyes adapt to the dif-ferent level of lightinginside and thus maintainfull visual performance.

■ Entrance lighting directsthe eye to architectureand merchandise, facili-tates orientation andguides the customeracross the threshold.

■ Short, soft shadowsmake stair treads clearlydiscernible, reducing therisk of accidents.

■ Dimmer switches and/ormotion detectors ensurelighting is activated anddeactivated as required.

L(ight) E(mitting) D(iode)

A midget on a triumphant march: the LED (light emittingdiode) – a small luminous semiconductor chip originallyused for applications such as indicating the operating statusof technical equipment – could revolutionise artificial lighting.The luminous efficacy of white LEDs already matches thatof conventional incandescent lamps. And in the case ofcoloured LEDs, energy efficiency is considerably higher.LEDs are made in a wide variety of miniature sizes and, forlighting purposes, are used in LED units for multiple lightsources.

LED technology offers many advantages: LEDs generatevirtually no heat and consume little electricity, they havegood colour rendering properties, can easily be dimmedand, with a service life of up to 50,000 operating hours,provide lighting for nearly the full lifetime of a store.

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When we set foot in a shop,lighting helps us get ourbearings; then it directs oureye to the merchandise ondisplay. To ensure good“viewing light” for thesevisual tasks, balanced gen-eral lighting is a prime re-quirement. For the lightingdesigner, this normallymeans brightening mainlythe vertical surfaces andthe deeper parts of theroom.

General lighting – directand/or indirect – can berealised with a regulararrangement of wide-angled luminaires (verywide floods) over the entiresales area and/or the useof large luminous areasin horizontal or verticalarrangements. In many

cases, architectural fea-tures beg customised solu-tions. Arches or recesses,for instance, permit stylishindirect lighting.

How bright general lightingneeds to be depends onthe exclusivity of the store.In discount stores and DIYcentres, a relatively highilluminance level of up to1,000 lx indicates thatprices are keenly calcu-

lated. Luminaires for eco-nomical three-band fluo-rescent lamps are general-ly preferred here. Supple-mentary lighting is provid-ed by downlights withcompact fluorescent lamps.

In boutiques and specialiststores, however, the gener-al lighting level can belower. Downlights for com-pact fluorescent lamps arestill the right choice for thepresentation of exclusivemerchandise but theyshould always be supple-mented by other lightingcomponents. The class ofthe store can be under-lined by spots and down-lights for tungsten halogenlamps, metal halide lamps,high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps and LEDluminaires.

Salesroom lightingGeneral lighting

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A lighting solution for narrowsalesrooms: tubetrack systemwith luminaires for general andaccent lighting. Translucentmodules fitted with 16 mmfluorescent lamps provide directand indirect general lighting,while spots for halogen PARlamps set brilliant accents with-out discolouring the leathergoods on display. (see alsoFig. 3).


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Fig. 3

Appetisingly presented: the general lighting provided by recessed down-lights is supplemented by stem-mounted foodlights over the counter.

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Graduated brightness The high-level generallighting favoured for sales-rooms in the past is in-creasingly being super-seded by a combinationof general and accent light-ing. Even in supermarketsand discount stores, thebusinesslike atmospherecreated by simple generallighting alone is often nolonger desired. Accentlighting (“display light”)casts light where it is need-ed – onto the merchandiseon display.

It takes the interplay ofgeneral and accent lightingto create the ambience re-quired for a store interior.General rule of thumb: themore exclusive the mer-

chandise, the higher thequality of lighting requiredand the more differentiatedthe accent lighting, which,with special effects suchas coloured light, movingbeams or gobo spots,makes light itself a focusof attention.

For accent lighting todevelop its full impact, itsilluminance needs to besignificantly higher thanthat of the general lighting.Focused beams of light(spots) act as eye-catchers,attracting shoppers’ atten-tion to presentations, peri-

pheral zones and shelvingunits.

■ The secret of goodsalesroom lighting:– General lighting

provides security andfacilitates orientation.

– Accent lightinghighlights merchan-dise and createsambience.

– Decorative lightingdirects the eye tospecial highlightsand brings productpresentations to life.

■ Light colour definesthe impression a roommakes: warm white light(ww) creates a homelyatmosphere, neutralwhite light (nw) makesfor a businesslike mood.

■ All commercial lampsguarantee good colourrendering (grades 1A or1B) (see Pages 26–29).

■ Illuminating a shop ceil-ing makes it seem high-er, illuminating wallsvisually stretches thesalesroom landscape.

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Lighting makes shopping anexperience: in a high-classboutique, general lighting iskept relatively low; salesroomand merchandise are presentedto dramatic effect by accentand architectural lighting.

Salesroom lightingGeneral lighting

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Agreeably bright and glare-free: a “skylight” luminaire points the way into the department store. The general lighting is supplementedby downlights and accentuating peripheral zone lighting.

More “fun” than “run” in the DIY centre: an agreeable atmosphereis ensured here by a display-oriented lighting system with pendantreflector luminaires for metal halide lamps and almost concealedfluorescent lamps for highlighting the merchandise on the walls.

A homely atmosphere achieved with a well-chosen combination ofgeneral and accent lighting: coloured light attracts the eye and stim-ulates receptivity. The focused beams of halogen light from the spotshighlight the set table and lend a sparkle to porcelain and glass.

In special areas – e.g. at vegetable counters or displays - the high-level general lighting favoured in the past (see also Fig. 4) is increasinglybeing rejected in favour of a combination of general and accent lighting. This lighting concept has two advantages: it helps create an agree-able atmosphere for shopping and provides light where it is needed.


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Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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From upmarket minimalismto packed presentations ofproducts spoiling the shop-per for choice - accentlighting and special lightingeffects add lustre and life todisplays. Accent lightingderives its vitality from dif-ferent illuminance levels.

It plays with sharp contrastand shadow, varies bright-ness and light incidence,weaves a spell with coloursand contours. “Displaylight” and “decorative light”enhance product appeal.

Salesroom lightingAccent lighting

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chandise. So lighting forvertical surfaces is impor-tant and flexibility is alwaysa priority. For optimal im-pact, accentuating lightshould be significantlybrighter than the generallighting. The artistry of theinterplay of different de-grees of brightness andlight colours determinesthe appeal of the salesatmosphere.

On stands or shelves, inshowcases or displays –the purpose of accent light-ing is always to direct theshopper’s eye to the mer-

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Putting products“on stage”Dramatically lit displays area popular way of attractingshoppers’ attention. Oncea device reserved for ex-clusive shops, they arenow found even in super-markets. In-store featurelighting needs to show thestructure, texture andcolour of the merchandiseon display to best advan-tage. Damage to sensitive

materials and foods canbe prevented by safelightfilters and reflectors.

For larger islands of light,wide-angle spots – e.g.fitted with metal halidelamps - are a suitable op-tion. Punctual light sourcescasting focused beams oflight provide gleaminghighlights and the requisite

modelling. For merchan-dise on stands andshelves, wide-angle spotsor swivellable narrow-beam downlights are the

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Gobo effects make a powerful statement about the performanceof high-tech equipment. Decorative lighting attracts attention andshapes our perception of the room.

Accent lighting directs the shop-per’s attention to the display(see also Fig. 6). The focusedlight of halogen spots on powertrack sets gleaming highlights;attachments and filters ensurethat the merchandise is not dis-coloured.

Salesroom lighting Accent lighting

Coloured peripheral zone lighting: 16 mm fluorescent lamps fittedwith a special colour filter lend emphasis to selected product presen-tations.

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5150

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right choice. Also recom-mended for such applica-tions are continuous rowsof luminaires for fluorescentlamps, either suspendedfrom the ceiling or mount-ed on shelving units.Asymmetrical beam flood-lights guarantee shadow-free lighting even for highrows of shelves.

Warm white light ensures that fresh bread looks appetising.The accent lighting here is provided by wide-angle downlightsfor metal-halide lamps (see also Fig. 7).

A “skylight” luminaire sets the scene for the table. Swivellabledownlights and halogen light from surface-mounted ceiling lumi-naires lend a sparkle to the items on shelves and in showcases .


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Fig. 7

Setting the scene at the periphery Display and decorativelighting for peripheralzones also has a majorimpact on the ambienceand “feel” of a salesroom.These zones are brought tolife by dynamic lighting andspecial effects such asgobo images and chang-ing colours.

■ Accent lighting directsthe observer’s eye tothe merchandise, lendsshape to the room, em-phasizes architectureand creates atmos-phere.

■ For optimal impact,accent lighting shouldbe significantly brighterthan general lighting.

■ Damage to sensitivemerchandise is prevent-ed by safelight filters.

■ Lighting from belowoften has a surprisingeffect.

■ Dynamic and decorativelighting attract attention.

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Staircases are a prestige-enhancing feature of shoparchitecture. Well lit, theyact as signposts to furtherproduct presentations. Toensure safety for the user,luminaires can be integrat-ed into the staircase de-sign. They can be mountedon walls, centre pole orstrings or beneath thehand rail.

Staircase lighting needs tobe designed with specialcare to ensure freedomfrom glare. To avoid deepshadows, illuminance onthe treads must be higherthan on the risers. DIN5035 Part 2 recommendsa minimum of 100 lx forstaircases and escalators.200 lx is safer and morecomfortable and entailsonly marginally higheroperating costs.

A significantly higher levelof brightness shows shop-pers the way to the lift. In-side the lift, bright diffuselighting avoids deep shad-ows and – in conjunctionwith light-coloured shiny/reflective surfaces – givesan impression of space.

Pay points are workplaceswith particularly high visualrequirements. They arewhere staff and customerscheck merchandise andprices, where data areregistered and wheremoney is counted.

To meet these require-ments, 500 lx nominalilluminance is stipulatedfor pay point and salescounter lighting (DIN 5035Part 2 and workplace regu-lation ASR 7/3). It is alsoimportant that lighting isuniform and the lampsused are graded for goodcolour rendering.

Lighting for staircases, pay points and changing cubicles

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Max.

750 lx

500 lx

300 lx

200 lx

The isolux diagram (Fig. 8)shows an example of illumi-nance distributed at a pay pointand counter, where glare-freelighting to at least 500 lx is amust.

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Fig. 8

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Changing cubicles area place where importantdecisions are made, whereitems are bought or reject-ed. Bright cheerful lightingand very good colour ren-dering are important. Un-flattering shadows are un-desirable, so directionallight is not recommended.Sometimes, the generalstore lighting may beenough, provided its illumi-nance reaches inside thecubicle. Additional accentscan be provided by non-directional light behind orbeside the mirror.

For the ultimate in comfortand convenience, changingcubicle lighting can be de-signed to recreate a varietyof lighting atmospheres:dimmed warm-white light

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for evening wear, daylight-grade lighting for a busi-ness suit. At the flick of aswitch or push of a button,the lighting simulates theatmosphere in which theoutfit being tried on will beworn. ■ Stair treads must not

cast a shadow onto thetread below. The re-flectance of the materialsused must be taken intoaccount: dark surfacesreflect less light.

■ Staircases and escala-tors require at least 100lx illuminance; LED lumi-naires are a particularlyenergy-efficient optionwith low maintenancerequirements.

■ Pay points and countersneed at least 500 lxilluminance.


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VISUAL PERFORMANCEVIS

UA

LA

MB

I E N C E

V I S U A LC O

MFO

RT

Goodlighting

Lightinglevel

GlarelimitationModelling

HarmoniousbrightnessdistributionLighting

direction

ColourrenderingLight colour

Monitoring the condition offresh food, checking formatches in colours and pat-terns, labelling products,working at keyboards andscreens - the visual tasksaddressed in salesrooms areas varied as the activitiesthat are performed there.So the artificial lightingneeds to meet highquality standards.Whether it does so ornot depends largelyon quality of plan-ning.

Here is what specif-ic quality featuresdetermine:

■ lighting level –brightness,

■ glare limitation –undisturbed visionwith neither direct norreflected glare,

■ harmonious distributionof brightness – an evenbalance of luminance,

■ light colour – the colourappearance of lamps, andin combination with

■ colour rendering – accu-rate identification and dif-ferentiation of colours androom ambience,

■ lighting direction and

■ modelling – identificationof three-dimensionalforms and surface tex-tures.

The prime requirement forgood visual performance isbalanced general lighting.But the lighting requirementsof a supermarket are not thesame as those of an exclu-sive jewellery shop. So de-pending on the nature andgearing of the business,lighting quality features maybe differently weighted. Thestress may be on:

■ visual performance,which is affected by light-ing level and glare limita-tion,

■ visual comfort, whichdepends on colour ren-dering and harmoniousbrightness distribution,

■ visual ambience, whichis influenced by lightcolour, lighting directionand modelling.

Quality features in lighting: what it takes to get it right

A glossary of basiclighting terminology

Luminous flux Φ is therate at which light is emit-ted by a lamp. It is mea-sured in lumens (lm). Theluminous flux of a 100 Wincandescent lamp isaround 1,380 lm, that ofa 20 W compact fluores-cent lamp with electronicballast around 1,200 lm.

Luminous intensity Ι isthe amount of luminousflux radiating in a particu-lar direction from a reflec-tor lamp or luminaire. It ismeasured in candelas(cd). If the luminous inten-sity at different emissionangles is plotted on a po-lar diagram, the line con-necting the coordinates

produces an intensity dis-tribution curve (IDCs).

Luminance L is the bright-ness of an illuminated orluminous surface as per-ceived by the human eye.It is measured in candelasper unit area (cd/m2). Forlamps, the unit of measure-ment cd/cm2 is found moreconvenient.

Illuminance Ε is measuredhorizontally and verticallyin lux (lx). It indicates theamount of luminous fluxfrom a light source fallingon a given surface.

Luminous efficacy η de-scribes how much light alamp produces from theenergy consumed. It is cal-culated by setting the lumi-nous flux of a lamp (mea-

sured in lumens) in rela-tion to its power consump-tion (measured in watts).The higher the ratio of lu-mens per watt (lm/W), thegreater the energy efficien-cy of the lamp. For exam-ple: a standard incandes-cent lamp yields approx.14 lm/W, a 20 W compactfluorescent lamp approx.60 lm/W.

Reflectance ρ indicatesthe percentage of luminousflux reflected by a surface.It is an important factor forcalculating interior lightingrequirements. White sur-faces, for example, reflecta great deal more light thatdark surfaces, which there-fore require a higher illu-minance level to create thesame impression of bright-ness.

Nominal illuminance Enis the mean illuminancerequired for a furnishedroom from a lighting sys-tem of average age andcondition. It depends onthe visual task to be per-formed and is measuredin lx. On installation, illumi-nance should be 25 per-cent higher than the rec-ommended nominal illumi-nance to allow for ageingand soiling, which affectsthe quality of merchandisepresentation. Lighting sys-tem maintenance is re-quired at the latest whenmean illuminance falls to80 percent of nominalilluminance.

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:11 Uhr Seite 22


23

An adequate level of light-ing and minimum glareare fundamental require-ments for good visual per-formance. The more diffi-cult the visual task, thehigher the illuminancerequired: a minimum of300 lx nominal illuminanceis needed for salesroomworkplaces and at least500 lx for pay points.Regular lighting systemmaintenance ensures thatilluminance does not fallbelow the required level –which is important also forpresentational purposes.

Visual performance andvisual comfort dependessentially on correctbrightness distribution.Excessive differences inbrightness in the field ofvision force the eye toadapt constantly and thuscause fatigue; differenceswhich are not markedenough also have a dis-turbing effect. The solutionis a harmonious distribu-tion of brightness wherethe brightness of visualobjects – their luminance –makes them stand out fromthe surroundings.

OrientationCorrect distribution of lightand shadow makes forclearer perception of three-dimensional objects andthus helps us get our bear-ings in a room. Balancedmodelling with soft-edgedshadows guarantees goodvisual conditions. In daylitsalesrooms, the directionof light from luminairesshould be aligned with thatof the incident daylight.

For certain visual tasks,however, such as theinspection of surfaces,sharp modelling with direc-tional light is necessary.This can be provided bysupplementary individualluminaires with highlyfocused beams. Controlled

– but limited – use ofshadows can also be aneffective design tool: deephard-edged shadows ordiffuse lack of modelling

can create striking lightingeffects.

Avoidance of glare Glare impairs visual perfor-

mance and causes dis-comfort, which leads to afeeling of insecurity andpremature fatigue. So glarehas to be limited in bothsalesroom and shop win-dow so that the attention ofshoppers and staff is notdistracted. A distinction ismade between direct glareand reflected glare.

Direct glare is caused bydisturbing light from inade-quately shielded luminairesor excessively luminantgeneral-diffuse lamps inthe observer's field of vi-sion.

Reflected glare is causedat certain angles by reflec-tions of excessively lumi-nant lamps or luminaireson shiny surfaces. Reflect-ed glare can be harnessedto channel attention. If it istoo bright, however, it canbe as much a source ofdisturbance as direct glare.

Reflected glare also re-duces the contrasts vitalfor disturbance-free vision.For computerised cashregisters with visual dis-plays, the VDU workplaceregulations set out in DIN5035 Part 7 must be ob-served to avoid reflectionsand reflected glare.

Visual performance and visual comfort


DIN 5035 “Artificial lighting”Teil 1 “Terminology and general requirements”Teil 2 “Recommended values for lighting para-

meters for indoor and outdoor workspaces”ASR 7/3 “Artificial lighting at workplaces

in buildings”

Nominal illuminanceSalesroom workplace: 300 LuxPay point workplace: 500 Lux Position in 2001

62

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FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:11 Uhr Seite 23

24

4,000 K and a daylightwhite fluorescent lamp6,000 K.

For general lighting insalesrooms, shoppers andstaff find warm white orneutral white light agree-able. Warm white lightcreates a comfortable,cosy atmosphere; neutralwhite light strikes a morebusiness-like note.

Colour rendering Bluish tomatoes, pale greydough? In food stores es-pecially, the importance of

correct colour rendering byartificial light is obvious.

For certain objects, experi-ence provides us with“stored visual standards”.For example, we have astored impression of thecolour of human skin indaylight, which means weperceive skin colour as“natural” even in artificiallight which lacks a spectralcolour. In the case ofcoloured materials forwhich we have no storedimpressions, however,perceptions may differ

considerably in artificiallight.

The effect a lamp has onthe appearance of colour-ed objects is indicated bythe “general colour render-ing index” Ra. This showshow closely the appear-ance of an object undera particular light sourcematches its colour underreference lighting.

The Ra value of a lamp isestablished by illuminatingeight test colours with itand defining its perfor-

mance in relation to thereference light sourceRa = 100. The less theappearance of the illumi-nated test colour differsfrom that under the refer-ence lighting, the better thecolour rendering propertyof the lamp. Lamps withvery good colour renderingproperties (Ra > 90) renderall colours accurately.

Light and colour define theatmosphere of a room and,by their “warmth” or “cold-ness”, influence our moodand sense of well-being.

The colour characteristicsof lamps are governed bytwo separate criteria: lightcolour and colour render-ing. Light emitted by lampsof the same light colourcan render colours in total-ly different ways. From atechnical viewpoint, how-ever, the two quality fea-tures are connected: bothare determined by the

spectral composition ofthe light. They thus affectjointly the perceived colourof merchandise on display– and consequently meritclose attention.

Light colourLight colour describes thecolour appearance of alight source. It is charac-terised by the colour tem-perature Kelvin (K). Thehigher the temperature ofa lamp, the whiter its light.The colour temperatureof an incandescent warmwhite lamp, for example, isaround 3,300 K; a neutralwhite fluorescent lamp hasa temperature of around

1 7

2

3

45

6

8

9

10

11

121313

1514

16 1718

19

20

2122

1 De luxe fluorescent lamps, daylight 7 Three-band fluorescent lamps, daylight 13 Compact fluorescent lamps, warm tone 19 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 2B)2 Metal halide lamps 8 Metal halide lamps 14 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 1B) 20 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps3 De luxe fluorescent lamps, white 9 Three-band fluorescent lamps, white 15 Metal halide lamps 21 Standard fluorescent lamps, warm tone4 De luxe fluorescent lamps, warm tone 10 Compact fluorescent lamps, white 16 Fluorescent lamps, universal white 25 22 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 4)5 Tungsten halogen lamps 11 Metal halide lamps 17 Standard fluorescent lamps, white6 Incandescent lamps 12 Three-band fluorescent lamps, warm tone 18 Metal halide lamps

dw daylight white

nw neutral white

ww warm white

Most similar colour temperature TFA lamp has the same colour as a black body heated to this temperature

Colour rendering grade (CR)

Colour rendering index Ra

Light colours, colour rendering grades and general colour rendering index of lamps

6000 °C

5000 °C

4000 °C

3000 °C

2000 °C

1000 °C

0 °C -273 °C

5000 K

3300 K

1000 K

0 K

Celsius Kelvin1A 1B 2A 2B 3 4

100 90 80 70 60 40 20

Light colour and colour rendering

Despite identical light colour, the different colour rendering proper-ties of lamps result in colours being perceived differently. Where thespectrum of a lamp contains little red light, for instance – as here onthe right – red surface colours are imperfectly rendered.

Fig. 9

64

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:12 Uhr Seite 24


25

Like the stage in a theatre,shop windows and sales-rooms are set, or dressed,for impact. The aim is tocreate an appetising, fasci-nating, even provocativedisplay – one which, inshort, will arouse curiosity.Modern lighting technologypoints the way.

Special attachments areavailable for directing orcolouring light or for pro-jecting patterns onto illu-minated objects. They areeither secured directly infront of the light emissionaperture or mounted inpull-out frames. The widevariety of design tools avail-able includes anti-glareattachments for containingscattered light and shield-ing the face of the lumi-naire, honeycomb louversfor limiting glare as well aslenses for use with or with-out specular reflector ele-ments. Also encompassedby the range are barrierand coloured filters as wellas absorbers for IR andUV radiation.

LensesDiffusers, flood lenses andsculpting lenses are thelenses most frequentlyfound. They are used tochange beam characteris-tics. For adjustable beamspread, stepped Fresnellenses are available. Opti-cal lenses are positionedwith the help of focusingaids, which enable the lensto be moved in relation tothe lamp to focus the beamor sharpen the edges ofprojections.

Colour filtersGood effects can also beachieved with colour filters.These are discs made ofglass or highly heat resis-

tant non-combustiblecoloured plastic. Filtermagazines accommodateseveral colour filters.

Safelight filtersLike natural daylight, artifi-cial light sources emit in-visible rays of short andlong wavelength: ultraviolet(UV) and infrared (IR) radi-ation. Depending on thecolour stability of merchan-dise, infrared radiation candry out, discolour or de-form heat-sensitive materi-als.

Effective UV shielding, e.g.for luminaires illuminatingtextiles, leather goods ortobacco products, is pro-vided by barrier filters orUV absorbers. IR absorbersprotect sensitive food, furs

or flowers from excessivelyhigh temperatures. Com-bined UV-IR barrier filtersperform both functions. Itneeds to be rememberedat the lighting planningstage that filters reduceluminous flux.

Colour stabilityUse of UV filters extendsthe exposure time permit-ted for merchandise of dif-ferent grades of colour sta-bility (light-fastness). DIN5004 defines eight suchgrades (see Fig. 10): grade8 materials can be ex-

posed to light around143 times longer thanmaterials in grade 1without appreciablefading.

The reference lightsource for permissibleexposure time is1,000 lx daylight.Different filters havedifferent extensionfactors for calculatingpermissible exposuretime in comparisonwith unfiltered light.

An example: a sensi-tive leather jacket ofgrade 2 colour stabilityis exposed to 3,000 lxilluminance in a shopwindow lit by spots forlow-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps with

cool-beam reflectors andUV-A barrier filters. Under1,000 lx daylight, the per-missible exposure time (t)is 150 hours (h). At 3,000 lxilluminance (EEXP), theleather jacket may only beexposed to unfiltered lightfor 50 hours.

CALCULATION

t = 150 h x 1,000 lx = 50 h1,000 lx

The barrier filter has an ex-tension factor of 4. So theleather jacket can be dis-played four times longerwithout being damaged.The calculated figure ap-plies only to artificial light-ing, however; it cannot takeaccount of the much higheradditional UV content ofincident daylight becausethis is subject to naturalfluctuation. So, if in doubt,replace exhibits at regularintervals.

Colour stability grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8permissible exposure timefor 100 lx daylight,without visiblefading. 70h 150h 300h 600h 1200h 2500h 5000h 10000h

XLight source Filter FactorDaylight Shop windowpane 1.5General service lampsReflector lamps – 4.0

–Low-voltage Faceplate, UV blocking enclosure,tungsten halogen lamps safety pane 3.0

UV-A barrier filter 4.0– 2.0

230 V tungsten Faceplate, jacket,halogen lamps safety pane 3.0

UV-A barrier filter 4.0Metal halide lamps Safety pane 1.5

UV-A barrier filter 2.5

XEExp (illuminance 1,000 lxon exhibit in lx) EExp =permissible exposure time t/h t/h

Attachments and filters


65

Fig. 10

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:12 Uhr Seite 25

Lamps

26

1

2

3

4

5 5 5

6

7

8 9

18 18 14 24 5 18 18 55 100 35 70 35 25 4058 58 35 80 57 36 553) 165 150 150 400 100 250 100

1,350 1,000 1,100 1,600 250 1,100 1,200 3,500 8,000 3,300 6,500 1,300 260 –5,200 3,750 3,300 6,150 4,300 2,800 4,800 12,000 12,000 14,000 36,000 5,000 4,300 –751) 562) 79 67 50 61 67 65 80 87 90 39 10 –901) 652) 97 77 75 78 88 73 93 91 52 17 –

ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww ww ww1B 1A 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1A, 1B 1A,1B 1B 1A 1A

G23/24 G 8,5 Rx7s E14 E14G13 G13 G5 G5 2G7 2G10 2G11 Special Special G12 Fc2 PG12 E27 E27Gx24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Linear fluorescent lamps

“de l

uxe”

, ˇ26

mm

three

-ban

d ˇ

16 m

m4)

high

lumino

us ef

ficac

y

three

-ban

d, ˇ

16 m

m4)

high

lumino

us flu

x

2-, 4

-, 6-tu

be la

mp

4-tub

e lam

p2-

tube l

amp

with p

lug-in

base

Lamp typeFeaturesPower rating classes from(Watt) toLuminous flux from(Lumen) toLuminous efficacy from(Lumen/Watt) toLight colourColour rendering grade

Base

three

-ban

d, ˇ

26 m

m

with b

ase

at bo

th en

ds

Compact fluorescent lamps h.-p-sodiumlamps

Metal halidelamps

Induction lamps

high-

outpu

t flu

oresc

ent la

mp

high-

outpu

t flu

oresc

ent la

mp1) Where lamps are operated by EB, luminous

efficacy is increased to 81–100 lm/W. 2) Where lamps are operated by EB, luminous

efficacy is increased to 63–75 lm/W.1+2) Power consumption decreases from 18 W to

16 W, from 36 W to 32 W and from 58 W to50 W.

3) 40 W and 55 W only with EB4) Only for operation by EB

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:14 Uhr Seite 26



10 13 1312

11

22 23 2421

19

17

20

1614 15

18

Good lighting concepts call for the right choiceof lamp. The table below shows the most impor-tant lamp types, their technical specifications ex-pressed in ranges. Precise ratings for individuallamps and other specifications, such as servicelife, can be found in manufacturers’ product lit-erature.

Power rating class indicates how much powerin Watts (W) is consumed by the lamp. The op-eration of discharge lamps (lamps 1–12) re-quires ballasts, which consume additional elec-tricity. Ballast power consumption is not takeninto account in the table, except in the case ofinduction lamps (lamps 8, 9).

Luminous flux is the rate at which light is emit-ted by a lamp in all directions. It is measured inlumens (lm). Luminous efficacy is the measureof a lamp's energy efficiency. It is the luminousflux of a lamp in relation to its power consump-tion and is expressed in lumens per Watt (lm/W).The higher the ratio of lumens to watts, the morelight a lamp produces from the energy it con-sumes.

Lamps have different light colours. These areclassed as warm white (ww), neutral white (nw)or daylight white (dw), depending on the colourtemperature of the lamps (see bottom right).

The colour rendering properties of a lamp aredefined by its colour rendering index Ra. Thehighest Ra value possible is 100. The lower alamp’s Ra index, the poorer its colour renderingproperties. For practical purposes, DIN 5035groups indices into six colour rendering grades: 1A (Ra ≥ 90), 1B (Ra = 80–89), 2A (Ra 70–79),2B (Ra 60–69), 3 (Ra = 40–59) und 4 (Ra < 40).

The base provides the mechanical connectionwith the luminaire and supplies power to thelamp. Basically, there are two kinds of lampbase: screw bases, e.g. all E bases, and plug-inbases.

1919

100 35 70 35 25 40 50 25 25 60 5 35 20 20 35 0.7150 150 400 100 250 100 75 250 2.000 100 50 50 50 100 1.5

8,000 3,300 6,500 1,300 260 – – 230 230 840 60 900 – – – 1812,000 14,000 36,000 5,000 4,300 – – 1,100 4,300 44,000 2,200 1,260 – – – 27

80 87 90 39 10 – – 9 9 14 12 25 – – – 1393 91 52 17 – – 15 17 22 22 26 – – – 23

ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww –1B 1A, 1B 1A,1B 1B 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A –

G 8,5 Rx7s E14 E14 GZ10 G4Special G12 Fc2 PG12 E27 E27 GU10 G9 B15d R7s GY6,35 GY6,35 GU5,3 GU5,3 G53 Special

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

with p

lug-in

base

highly

co

lour-c

orrec

tedwith

jack

etwith

alum

inium

reflec

tor

withou

t jack

et

IRC p

in ba

se

with re

flecto

r,

ˇ51

mm

withou

t jack

etwith

bas

e at

both

ends

pin b

ase

with co

ol-be

am

reflec

tor, ˇ

51 m

m

with al

umini

um

reflec

tor, ˇ

111

mmLE

Dswith b

ase

at bo

th en

ds

h.-p-sodiumlamps 230 V tungsten halogen lampsMetal halide

lampsLow-voltage tungsten halogen lamps LEDs

with al

umini

um o

r

cool-

beam

refle

ctor

high-

outpu

t flu

oresc

ent la

mp

ww = warm whitecolour temperature below 3,300 K

nw = neutral whitecolour temperature 3,300 to 5,000 K

dw =daylight white colour temperature under 5,000 K

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:14 Uhr Seite 27

Three-band fluorescentlamps are suitable for gen-eral salesroom and shopwindow lighting. The 26mm (1) or 16 mm (3, 4)diameter linear lamps havea long service life and highluminous efficacy ratings.They are even more ener-gy-efficient when operatedby electronic ballasts (EBs);in the case of Ø 16 mmlamps, EB operation is arequirement.

Three-band fluorescentlamps are available in alllight colours. Colour ren-dering is very good (grade1B). “De luxe” Ø 26 mmfluorescent lamps (2) haveeven better colour render-ing properties (grade 1A);this is achieved at the ex-pense of luminous efficacy,however, which is max. 65lm/W.

With appropriate EBs,three-band and “de luxe”fluorescent lamps can bedimmed.

Compact fluorescentlamps are available innumerous shapes, sizesand designs and are aneconomical option for gen-eral and accent lighting.Used in compact ceilingand wall luminaires as wellas downlights with shallowmounting depths, short andcompact models (5) haveconquered nearly everyapplication which was oncethe sole preserve of theincandescent lamp.

The flat designs (6, 7) areprimarily used as an alter-native to linear three-bandfluorescent lamps.

Compact fluorescentlamps have the samepositive qualities as linearthree-band fluorescentlamps: long service life,high luminous efficacy, verygood colour renderingproperties (grade 1B).Some are also available in“de luxe” designs. The lightcolour range spans warmwhite, neutral white anddaylight white. Lamps forextra-efficient operationin conjunction with elec-tronic ballasts (EBs) anddimmable EBs have a4-pin base.

Because they have nocomponents which aresubject to wear, such asincandescent filaments orelectrodes, inductionlamps (8, 9) have an ex-tremely long service life(up to 60,000 operatinghours) and thus requireless frequent replacement.They are therefore a partic-ularly attractive option forceilings which are noteasily accessible, such asthose above escalatorsor in high malls. Light isgenerated in these high-output fluorescent lampsby electromagnetic induc-tion and gas discharge.

Compact design, highluminous efficacy and verygood colour renderingcoupled with a long servicelife make metal halidelamps (10, 11) powerfuland economical lightsources for accent lighting.Models with bases at oneor both ends are also suit-able for general lighting.Light colour options: warmwhite or neutral white.Nearly all metal halidelamps have UV-absorbingbulbs.

High-pressure sodiumvapour lamps (12) emit aparticularly warm whitelight with no UV contentand have a high luminousefficacy rating. Models withvery good colour rendering(grade 1B) are available

for use in salesrooms andshop windows. They aresuitable for both generaland accent lighting.

Tungsten halogen lampsare indispensable today forsuperior lighting design.The advantages they offer:attractive, fresh, warm whitelight with exceptional bril-liance, excellent colourrendering (grade 1A) and

luminous efficacy ratingswhich are substantiallyhigher than those of gener-al service lamps. Especiallyas an accent lighting tool,halogen owes its successto the highly focused light itpermits.

Lamps

28

1

2

3

4

6

7

5 5

8 9

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:17 Uhr Seite 28

Tungsten halogen lampsare available in a widerange of shapes and powerratings. A distinction ismade between tungstenhalogen lamps for linevoltage (230 V) and low-voltage tungsten halogen

lamps (mostly designed for12 Volt operation but alsoavailable for 6 or 24 Voltsystems), which requireconventional or electronicupstream transformers.230 Volt lamps are fullydimmable; dimming low-voltage lamps calls for spe-cial dimmer/transformercombinations.

Tungsten halogen lampswith infrared coating (IRC)are a good choice for low-ering energy consumption.In linear 230 Volt lamps(18) und low-voltage lamps(20), IRC cuts energy con-sumption by as much as

45 percent with no reduc-tion of luminous flux. Muchof the radiant heat dissipat-ed by the incandescentfilament is reflected backonto the filament by thespecial bulb coating.

Line-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps with E27base (13) or E 14 base(not illustrated) have clearor matt bulbs. They are uni-versally suitable for use indownlights, wallwashers ordecorative luminaires.

230 Volt tungsten halogenlamps with aluminiumreflector are available withE 27 (14) and E 14 (notillustrated) screw base orwith GU10/GZ10 plug-inbase (15). The computer-designed reflectors areavailable for 10°, 25°, 30°or 50° beam spread. Plug-in base lamps are alsoavailable with cool-beamreflector for illuminatingheat-sensitive materials:the faceted reflector (cool-beam specular reflector)reduces the radiant heat ofthe beam by two thirds; theretained radiant heat isconducted backwards bythe reflector.

Line-voltage tungsten halo-gen lamps without reflec-tor (16, 17) have particular-ly small dimensions. Theyare primarily used in lumi-naires with built-in reflector.

Line-voltage tungsten halo-gen lamps with base atboth ends (18) are for usein luminaires with safetyglass enclosure. Theirwarm white floodlightmakes for attractive illumi-nation of walls, ceilings orlarge pictures.

Low-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps withoutreflector (19, 20) haveeven smaller dimensionsthan their 230 Volt counter-parts. They can be free-burning (e.g. in a “firma-ment”) or used in lumi-naires with built-in reflector.

The beam spread of low-voltage tungsten halogenlamps with reflectorranges from 3° to 60°, fromspot (narrow beam) to verywide flood (wide-angledbeam). The reflectors are ofaluminium or faceted glass.The reflector sizes mostcommonly used for glassreflector lamps (21) are 35or 51 (illustrated) millimetrediameter. The same appliesto lamps with cool-beamreflector (22); this specialreflector reduces beamheat by 66 percent. Lampswith aluminium reflector(23) are available in 48,70 or 111 millimetre dia-meters.

Light-emitting diodes (24)– LEDs for short – used tobe used mainly in electricaland electronic equipmentas status and signal indica-tors. Today, the luminoussemiconductor chips arealso used to address light-ing applications. The illus-tration on the left showsLEDs on a flexible printed-circuit board.

LEDs are available in manycolours, e.g. blue, green,yellow and red. The specialfluorescent coating in blueLEDs produces daylightwhite light (6,000 K) withgood colour renderingproperties (grade 1B, Ra =80). The most importantlighting applications forLEDs at present are in ori-entation and decorativelighting.

LEDs have a very longservice life, so they rarelyneed to be replaced. Theyare extremely small, verypowerful considering thevoltage and currents theyoperate on, have a highresistance to impact andemit neither IR nor UVradiation. They are de-signed for 24 Volt d.c.operation.

29Fördergemeinschaft Gutes LichtFördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

5 5

10 13 1312

11

171614 15

18

19 20

22 23 2421

1919

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:17 Uhr Seite 29

“Luminaires are appliances for distrib-uting, filtering or directing lamplightand contain the components neededto mount, protect or operate lamps”.(DIN 5039)

Basically, luminaires fall into two cate-gories: interior and exterior luminaires.Within these categories, they aregrouped according to the way theyare mounted or where they are de-signed to be positioned: recessedand surface-mounted luminaires,stem-mounted and pendant lumi-naires, point outlet spots and spotsmounted on wire-and-rod-systems orpower track, wall, desktop and stan-dard luminaires are examples. Lumi-naires are further classified by shapeand lamping requirements; other dis-tinctions are made on the basis ofoptical control properties.

Selection criteriaQuality of lighting, economy, reliabilityand easy installation are importantaspects of luminaire construction.Moreover, modern luminaires meetthe highest standards of contempo-rary design. Their appearance – i.e.shape of housing, surface finishesand colour scheme – matches theirfunctionalism in every respect.

Operational reliability and conformityto industrial standards is assured bythe VDE symbol and the Europeansafety test symbol ENEC, which enjoyequal status. Both are awarded by theOffenbacher Institut des Verbandesder Elektrotechnik Elektronik Infor-mationstechnik (formerly: VerbandDeutscher Elektrotechniker), which isidentified as the ENEC certifyingagency by the numeral “10” shownbeside the symbol.

Luminaire selection depends initiallyon the choice of lamps. Suitabilityis then largely determined by roomarchitecture, furnishings and design.The way luminaires impact on a roomfrom a lighting viewpoint depends onthe shape of their beam, which isillustrated by intensity distributioncurves.

The illustrations on the right, whichare not to scale, show a cross-sectionof the luminaires suitable forsalesrooms and shop windows.

(1) Specular louver luminaire for 26 mmdiameter fluorescent lamps

(2) Direct/indirect luminaire for 26 mm dia-meter fluorescent lamps

(3) Continuous row luminaire for 16 mmdiameter fluorescent lamps or compactfluorescent lamps

(4) Specular louver luminaire for compactfluorescent lamps

(5) Downlight for low-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps

(6) Downlight for compact fluorescentlamps

(7) Swivellable downlight for tungstenhalogen lamps

Luminaires

30

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:19 Uhr Seite 30

(8) Module with swivellable downlights(9) Swivellable spots for metal halide lamps,

high-pressure sodium vapour lamps(colour rendering grade 1B) or tungstenhalogen lamps

(10) Rotatable and swivellable spot for metalhalide lamps or high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps (colour rendering grade1B)


Although fibre-optic lighting systems(Fig. 16) consist of a number of lightguides several metres in length, theyincorporate only a single light source.The lamp, a 230 Volt tungsten halo-gen or metal halide lamp, feeds itsluminous flux into a cable of fibre-optic light guides, which carry thelight to where it is needed. The lightguides are flexible. They can be of

different lengths and thicknesses.Optical connectors fix the end of thecable and determine the directionand spread of the beam. Speciallighting effects can be achieved withfilters or rotating coloured discsmounted in front of the light emis-sion elements. The cables carry noelectric current and emit only mini-mal IR and UV radiation.

Fibre-optic lighting systems

(11) Rotatable and swivellable spots for low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps withplug connector for point outlets

(12) Suspended reflector luminaire for metalhalide lamps or high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps (colour rendering grade1B)

(13) Recessed floor floods for metal halidelamps or tungsten halogen lamps

(14) Wall uplight for metal halide lamps orhigh-pressure sodium vapour lamps(colour rendering grade 1B)

(15) Wall luminaire for tungsten halogenlamps or compact fluorescent lamps

(16) Escape sign luminaire(17) Fibre-optic lighting system

9 10

11 12

14 15 16

17

13

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:19 Uhr Seite 31

32

Lighting management en-sures the right lighting atthe right place at the righttime. Automated controland regulation of shoplighting guarantees fourmajor advantages: highflexibility, task-dependentlighting adjustment, dynam-ic or decorative lightingand lower power consump-tion and costs.

Regulation and controlAs a general rule, lightingcontrol is only possiblewhere luminaires can beswitched or dimmed ingroups. Regardless ofwhether these functionsare performed manually,by time switches or bycomputer, a lighting systemcan only be regulated ifappropriate provision is

made when it is installed.Lighting managementencompasses all systemswhich go beyond mere“on/off” control – systemswhich include tools forexecuting overriding one-off commands and forregulating lighting by re-sponding to variance fromsetpoint values.

Lighting management toolswhich can be used at dif-ferent stages either aloneor in combination withothers include:● pre-programmed lighting

scenes for different loca-tions and activities

● motion detectors for in-stant activation, timeddeactivation or dimmingof lighting in response tothe presence of move-ment

● daylight-dependentdeactivation and/ordimming of lightingsystem elements toregulate lighting levele.g. in shopping mallswith a large number ofskylights – via light sensors on

individual luminaires – via light sensors in

the room – via external light

sensors.

The regulation and controlcomponents of lightingmanagement systems areeither integrated in lumi-naires or defined for aroom or group of rooms(see box “Simple andefficient: DALI”).

Building managementsystems Building management sys-tems offer the ultimate inflexible, smart control. Viaa two-wire bus cable, they“network” all installationsand services systems, suchas lighting, sunscreen andwindow blind control, air-conditioning, heating andsecurity systems. As the“intelligence” is installedin the end appliances, abuilding bus network doesnot require a sophisticatedcontrol centre. The systemis easy to program andequally easy to modify.

It is thus possible, for ex-ample, to lower windowblinds automatically andat the same time adjustthe lighting level to com-pensate for the loss oflight.

Lighting management

Energy consumptionin relation toluminous flux

System power

lum

inou

s flu

x

100 %

80 %

60 %

40 %

20 % dimmable EB

100 %50 %

Simple and efficient: DALI

DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is a digitalinterface specially designed to meet the needs of mod-ern lighting systems: an intelligent lighting managementsystem which is easy to use, cost-efficient and, if re-quired, can be incorporated into higher-level buildingservices management systems based on EIB (Euro-pean Installation Bus) or LON (Local Operating Network)technology. DALI is designed for operating low-pressuredischarge lamps in lighting control systems for individ-ual rooms or small sections of buildings. It supersedesthe analogue 1…10 Volt system.

The working group AG DALI set up under the wing ofthe German electrical and electronics association Zen-tralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e.V.(ZVEI) numbers leading European and US electronicballast and lighting control system manufacturersamong its members. Further information is available atwww.dali-ag.org, e-mail: [email protected]

Daylight-dependent dimmingmakes for high energy savings:where luminous flux is dimmedto 40 percent, for example, theenergy consumed by EB-operat-ed three-band fluorescent lampsis less than half that consumedat full power.

Lighting ambience of a mall –during the day and in theevening. The lighting manage-

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:20 Uhr Seite 32


33

Fluorescent lamps andcompact fluorescent lampsare the first choice foreconomy. They have ser-vice lifespans up to 15,000hours. The low-pressuredischarge lamps need bal-lasts. Conventional ballasts(CBs) with their compara-tively poor energy balance

were very quickly super-seded by low-loss ballasts(LBs).

Very high energy savings,however, are achieved withelectronic ballasts (EBs).They are now the norm.

EBs convert 230 V/50 Hz

line voltage into a high-fre-quency a.c. voltage of 25 to70 kHz with very little pow-er loss. An EB-operated16 mm diameter three-band fluorescent lamp thusconsumes up to 25 per-cent less power than aconventional system (seealso table). Other advan-tages are fast, silent, flicker-free starting and constantsteady lighting with no

electrode flicker. Use of anappropriate EB permitsdimming.

Transformers andoperation at ratingAnyone opting for a low-voltage tungsten halogenlamp system needs atransformer, which is eitherbuilt-in or installed as aseparate unit. Transformersare normally designed tothrottle back standard linevoltage to 12 Volts butmodels for 6 or 24 Voltoutput are also available.Electronic transformersgenerate little heat andhave a significantly betterenergy balance than con-ventional models.

As a general rule, thetransformers used shouldbe isolating transformersconforming to DIN VDE0551. This is because othertransformers do not havethe fuses needed to guardagainst overloading. Theyshould be mounted on anon-resonant surface in awell ventilated, easily ac-cessible location near thepower supply point.

Transformers should alwaysbe operated at rating be-cause a mere six percentincrease in secondary volt-age cuts the life expectan-cy of a low-voltage lamp byhalf. Dimmers must be cali-brated for transformer use.

Ballasts and transformers


66

67

Energy cost comparisonLamp rating in watts (W) 58 50 ≤ 50Number of lamps per luminaire 2 2 2Number of operating hours a day 10 10 10Number of operating days a year 300 300 300Number of operating hours a year 3,000 3,000 3,000Price of electricity in E/kWh 0.19 0.14 0.14

Type of ballast CB EB dimmableEB

System power per luminaire 142 110 56in watts (W) Power saving compared – 32 86to CB luminaire in watts (W) Annual energy costs 60.99 47.24 24.05per luminaire in E

,Electricity cost saving – 13.74 36.94compared with CB luminaire in EHigher price of luminaire – 33.23 61.36compared with CB luminaire in EPay-back time t0 in years – 2.42 1.66Interest on capital in percent 7 7 7Pay-back time t0 in years – 2.82 1.85

The pay-back time in relation to conventional ballast operation iscalculated for twin-lamp luminaires with 58W three-band fluorescentlamps operated by twin-lamp ballasts, assuming an electricity priceof 0.14 E /kWh. The system power shown for dimmable electronicballasts is the average connected load per luminaire (empirical value).

ment system permitting automatic regulation and control of themall lighting makes for high flexibility, tailored lighting solutionsand energy savings.

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:21 Uhr Seite 33

Emergency and security lighting

Security and accident pre-vention are important light-ing assignments. In theevent of line power failure,special lighting systemsprovide emergency guid-ance, indicating escaperoutes and ensuring ade-

all other rooms, such asoffices, stores and staffrooms, directly connectedwith them.

Security lighting is requiredfor all shop premises witha sales or display arealarger than 50 m2. It is alsocompulsory for ■ escape routes and

salesroom and exhibi-tion room exits,

■ corridors, stairwells andfire escape balconies,

■ rest rooms and chang-ing rooms with an areagreater than 50 m2,

■ kitchens and washroomswith an area greaterthan 50 m2,

■ rooms for standby gen-erators and rooms wherethe main distributionboards for normal andemergency power sup-ply lines are located.

Appropriate escape signluminaires need to be usedto indicate escape routes.More information on thissubject is contained inBooklet 10 of the seriesInformation on LightingApplications published byFördergemeinschaft GutesLicht (available only inGerman, see Page 37).

quate safety for shoppersand staff. In Germany,emergency and securitylighting requirements areset out in DIN VDE 0108and regional regulationsgoverning retail premises.The retail premises cov-

ered are department stores,supermarkets and shop-ping centres with at leastone sales outlet and morethan 2,000 m2 of usablefloor space. Sales outlets –whether retail or wholesale– include salesrooms and

68

FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 34


Title page and all photographs except Nos. 19and 22: FGL* No. 19, No. 22: Uwe SickingerLamps, pp. 26–29: Andreas Kelm

* provided by member companies ofFördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL).

69

70

71

72

Acknowledgements for photographs


Back page:

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age

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FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 35

This booklet is No. 6 in the series Information on Lighting Applicationspublished by FördergemeinschaftGutes Licht (FGL) to provideinformation on good lightingwith artificial light. The titlesand numbers of all the bookletsin this series are given on the opposite page. The bookletscan be ordered using thedetachable postcards on thispage. They will be deliveredwith invoice.

Publisher: Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) Stresemannallee 1960596 Frankfurt am MainGermanyphone (069) 6302-0fax (069) 6302-317e-mail [email protected]

Technical Fördergemeinschaftconsultant: Gutes Licht

Editing and rfw. redaktion für realisation: wirtschaftskommunikation

Darmstadt

Design: Breschinski/StammlerDarmstadt

DTP/Lithos Layout Service Darmstadt

Printed by: westermann druckBraunschweig

Acknowledgements The booklets in this series VDE stipulations: contain references to current

DIN standards and VDE stipulations. DIN standards:Beuth-Verlag GmbH10787 BerlinGermanyDIN-VDE standards:VDE-Verlag GmbH10625 BerlinGermany

ISBN: 3-926193-24-7

Reprints: With the express permission of the publishers.4/02/00/6IVE

Printed on paper bleached without chlorine.

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afety on Roads, Paths and S

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Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

37

Fördergemeinschaft GutesLicht (FGL) provides infor-mation on the advantagesof good lighting and offersextensive material dealingwith every aspect of artifi-cial lighting and its correctusage. FGL information isimpartial and based oncurrent DIN standards andVDE stipulations.

Information on LightingApplications The booklets 1 to 16 in thisseries of publications aredesigned to help anyonewho becomes involvedwith lighting – planners,decision-makers, investors– to acquire a basic knowl-edge of the subject. Thisfacilitates cooperation withlighting and electricalspecialists. The lightinginformation contained inall these booklets is of ageneral nature.

LichtforumLichtforum is a specialistperiodical devoted totopical lighting issuesand trends. It is publishedat irregular intervals.

www.licht.deFGL is also on the Internet.Its website

“www.licht.de”

offers tips on correct light-ing for a variety of domes-tic and commercial “light-ing situations”. These arelinked to a “product/manu-facturer” matrix which notonly lists products but alsocontains the addresses ofmore than 140 FGL mem-bers. Under “FGL publica-tions”, visitors can viewspecimen pages of allFGL print publications.Other site features includehotlinks and a discussionforum.

Gutes Licht für Büros und Verwaltungsgebäude 4Gutes Licht für Sicherheit

auf Straßen, Wegen, Plätzen 3Gutes Licht für Schulenund Bildungsstätten 2Die Beleuchtung

mit künstlichem Licht 1

Gutes Licht für Sport und Freizeit 8Gutes Licht

im Gesundheitswesen 7Gutes Licht für Verkaufund Präsentation 6Gutes Licht für

Handwerk und Industrie 5

Wirtschaftlicher Lichtkomfortmit Beleuchtungselektronik12Gutes Licht für Hotellerie

und Gastronomie 11NotbeleuchtungSicherheitsbeleuchtung 10Repräsentative

Lichtgestaltung 9

Gutes Licht am Haus und im Garten15 Stadtmarketing mit Licht16Ideen für Gutes Licht

zum Wohnen14Gutes Licht für kommunaleBauten und Anlagen13

FGL6e 17.04.2002 19:16 Uhr Seite 37

Information onLighting ApplicationsBooklet 6

Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation


FGL6e 12.04.2002 19:53 Uhr Seite 2

Documents

06 Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation