11

22

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Energy and its Sources: Energy and its Sources: Energy is the Ability To Do WorkEnergy is the Ability To Do Work It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant), It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant),

mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. sources of Energy: sources of Energy:

RRenewableenewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short (an energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time) period of time)

Renewable energy sources include Renewable energy sources include solarsolar energy, which comes energy, which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat.  from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat.  WindWind, , geothermalgeothermal energy from inside the earth, energy from inside the earth, biomassbiomass from plants, from plants, and and hydropowerhydropower and  and ocean energyocean energy from water are also renewable from water are also renewable energy sources.energy sources.

NNonrenewableonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil, recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil, Coal an Natural gas Coal an Natural gas

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Renewable Form of EnergyRenewable Form of Energy Solar Solar There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce

electricity.electricity. Use of solar cells and Use of solar cells and Solar thermal technology.Solar thermal technology.

Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites. They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy

authorities.authorities. Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-

powered vehicles. powered vehicles. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating. Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat

energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity. energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.

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BiomassBiomass

All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:

Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and heating. and heating.

Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel. (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.

Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane gas) from sewage and manure. methane gas) from sewage and manure.

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HydroelectricHydroelectric

Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of the water spins turbines which generate electricity.the water spins turbines which generate electricity.

Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.

Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land. land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land.

Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine. schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine.

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Wind Wind Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated 1 Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated 1

to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into wind energy. wind energy.

Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere. heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere.

The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving wings The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving wings that exert torque on a rotor. that exert torque on a rotor.

The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed), the The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed), the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).

Large wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with blades Large wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with blades spanning 130 meters. spanning 130 meters.

They can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heard They can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heard by humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a danger to by humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a danger to migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radio interference in migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radio interference in nearby homes. Because of their size, some people think wind generators nearby homes. Because of their size, some people think wind generators are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in some places they are a tourist are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in some places they are a tourist attraction.attraction.

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Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on Environment: Environment:

CoalCoal Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from

decomposing plants.decomposing plants. Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity

and as a source of heat for industry. and as a source of heat for industry. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from

burning coal. burning coal. When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon

dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's atmosphere).atmosphere).

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PetroleumPetroleum Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between

layers of rocks. layers of rocks. It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and

bitumen. bitumen. These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in

factories as a source of heat energy. factories as a source of heat energy. They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for

transport. transport. However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large

amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the

environment and people's health. Another common use for environment and people's health. Another common use for petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics. petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics.

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GasGas Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also

trapped between layers of rock.trapped between layers of rock. Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes

to be used in stoves and hot water systems.to be used in stoves and hot water systems. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil.

It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning appliances.and caravanning appliances.

LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent.cent.

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Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are

either split or joined together.either split or joined together. A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. A mineral called uranium is needed for this process.

Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine. mechanical power in a ship or submarine.

At each stage of the process various types of radioactive At each stage of the process various types of radioactive waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can cause harm to people and the environment coming into cause harm to people and the environment coming into contact with it.contact with it.

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Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :

Green House Effect:Green House Effect: Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables

and flowers to grow and flowers to grow Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect. Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect. Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon

dioxide into the atmosphere. dioxide into the atmosphere. Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into

the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse effect.effect.

These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans to live on earth. to live on earth.

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GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been

created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increase may have been caused by human activities, This increase may have been caused by human activities,

especially the burning of fossil fuels. especially the burning of fossil fuels. Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into

the air. the air. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides

gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and particulates. dioxide (NOx) and particulates.

However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being disturbed by global warming because: disturbed by global warming because:

It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has increased the extent of cloud formation. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas. It has produced higher rainfall in many areas.

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Climate Change: Climate Change: Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming

include: include: Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting

in greater flooding. in greater flooding. Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in

drought. drought. Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world, Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world,

with changing habitats. with changing habitats. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world. More severe storms. More severe storms. More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface

temperatures. temperatures. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans. The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans.

This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps. The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.

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Wise energy use.Wise energy use. We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections

in nature. in nature. We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users. We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users. We need to take the long-term view and think about the We need to take the long-term view and think about the

consequences of what we do. consequences of what we do. We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs:

sustainable ways. sustainable ways. We must not forget the connections between the environmental, We must not forget the connections between the environmental,

social and economic factors involved in development. social and economic factors involved in development. Making a difference through...Making a difference through... Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use Using more energy-efficient appliances Using more energy-efficient appliances Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energyUsing or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy

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Energy Distribution in different countries Energy Distribution in different countries

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Pakistan: Energy Sources.Pakistan: Energy Sources. No. No. SourceSource TOE TOE 11 Oil Oil 19,320,611 19,320,611 22 GasGas 18,410,007 18,410,007 33 LPGLPG 143,514 143,514 44 CoalCoal 2,009,552 2,009,552 55 HydroelectricityHydroelectricity 4,104,123 4,104,123 66 Nuclear ElectricityNuclear Electricity 476,714 476,714 TotalTotal 44,464,52244,464,522

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Electricity Electricity (Generation, Transmission and Distribution):(Generation, Transmission and Distribution):

Installed Total Number

Year

Capacity Cumulative

(MW)

Electricity Generation

GWH

% share of Hydel Power

of Villages Electrified

(Nos)

Length of Transmission Lines (KM)

1948 60 142 16

1960 656 1587 32 609 5,000**

1965 1593 3176 43 1882

1970 1862 6380 46

1983 4800 19697 58 15239 18,534

1988 6811 33091 50 27691 21,730

1993 10586 48751 43 45644 23,794

1996 14476* 48859 47 62127

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Energy Conservation in buildingsEnergy Conservation in buildings Energy Conservation After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy

input during its operation. The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings

occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or harvesting energy sources and generating power.

The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered.

The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts

of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on the

type of energy delivered.

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Energy Conservation in built Environment. Energy Conservation in built Environment. Energy-Conscious Urban Planning Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious are

not planned around the automobile, but around public transportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities have zoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments, allowing people to live near their workplaces.

Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings.

Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering. For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate

might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely spaced structures to maximize natural ventilation.

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Energy-Conscious Site Planning

Such planning allows the designer to maximize the use of natural resources on the site.

In temperate climates, open southern exposure will encourage passive solar heating; deciduous trees provide shade in summer and solar heat gain in winter.

Evergreens planted on the north of a building will protect it from winter winds, improving its energy efficiency.

Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to provide natural cooling in summer.

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Passive Heating and Cooling Solar radiation incident on building surfaces is the most

significant energy input to buildings. It provides heat, light, and ultraviolet radiation necessary for photosynthesis.

Historically, architects have devised building forms that provide shading in summer and retain heat in winter.

This basic requirement is often overlooked in modern building design.

Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to control the flow of solar radiation using building structure, so that it may be utilized at a more desirable time of day.

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Insulation

High-performance windows and wall insulation prevent both heat gain and loss. Reducing such heat transfer reduces the building’s heating and cooling loads and thus its energy consumption.

Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need for the equipment will be smaller.

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Alternate Sources of Energy

Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems are all commercially available to reduce or eliminate the need for external energy sources.

Electrical and heating requirements can be met by these systems, or combination of systems, in all climates.

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Day lighting Day lighting

Building and window design that utilizes natural light will lead to conserving electrical lighting energy, shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy consumptions.

At the same time, day lighting increases the luminous quality of indoor environments, enhancing the psychological wellbeing and productivity of indoor occupants.

These qualitative benefits of daylighting can be far more significant than its energy-savings potential.

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Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances After construction costs, a building’s greatest

expense is the cost of operation. Operation costs can even exceed construction costs

over a building’s lifetime. Careful selection of high efficiency heating, cooling,

and ventilation systems becomes critical. The initial price of this equipment may be higher

than that of less efficient equipment, but this will be offset by future savings.

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Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy

Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is needed to produce them.

The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the energy that goes into the entire life cycle of building material. For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy because of the large amount of electricity that must be used to manufacture it from mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum requires far less energy to refabricate.

By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overall environmental impact of a building is reduced.

Using local materials over imported materials of the same type will save transportation energy.

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Energy Crisis in Pakistan Energy Crisis in Pakistan An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of

energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.

With economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements are With economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements are likely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistan’s energy likely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistan’s energy consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent). consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent).

By 2030, the nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current By 2030, the nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current requirement reaching 361MTOE requirement reaching 361MTOE

Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of energy resources through imports. energy resources through imports.

According to an official report, the gap between firm supply and According to an official report, the gap between firm supply and peak hours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440 MW) peak hours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440 MW) during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year (-441 during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year (-441 MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial year MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial year 2006-07.2006-07.

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National Energy Conservation Policy 2005

The National Energy Conservation Policy has four strategic goals. (a) Sustainable Development

Energy conservation will help in meeting the requirements of rising levels of energy consumption without putting corresponding additional burden on the environmental resources.

(b) Improve Economic Productivity and Poverty Alleviation Cost effective energy efficiency measures will improve Pakistan’s

economic performance and the value the economy derives from the use of energy resources. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can result in profitable business opportunities and will become a means for poverty alleviation.

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GHG Mitigation and Climate Control Energy efficiency and conservation measures will reduce CO2 emissions and help Pakistan meet its international climate change responsibilities. Efficient use of energy in various sectors of economy will reduce adverse local environmental effects which are otherwise attributed to energy inefficiency and wasteful energy use practices.

(d) Gender Mainstreaming A unit of energy conserved is a unit of energy produced,

which in turn creates a room for energy supplies for rural areas. Provision of energy to rural areas serves the goals of gender equality and mainstreaming.

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Renewable Sources of Energy

(a) Promote development and deployment of Biogas Units; Bring Livestock Farms and Diary Industry in the loop.

(b) Promote development and deployment of Solar Thermal technologies like solar water heater and solar geysers.

(c) Promote development and deployment of wind Mills Pump for other pumping and power generation.

(d) Promote development of Micro and Mini-Hydel Plants.

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Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development

To achieve the sustainable development objectives, ENERCON shall highlight that:- (a) Implementation of energy conservation measures can

increase resource productivity given the present state of technology.

(b) Conservation can meet the challenge of rising level of consumption without putting additional burden on the conventional sources of energy, and contribute to sustainable development.

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Energy Conservation and Environment

To demonstrate the Energy Conservation linkages with environment, ENERCON shall highlight that; (a) Conservation of convention energy resources lead to local

and global emission abatement. (b) Energy Efficient practices provide principal inputs to clean

production. (c) Energy Conservation projects provides a major avenue to

attract climate control and CDM finding. (d) Energy efficiency pursuits contribute to meeting MDG’s

and goals as envisaged in various multilateral agreements and protocols.

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Policy Interventions

The following key initiatives will be taken for achieving National Environment Conservation Policy objectives.

(a) Legislation and Regulatory Framework. (b) Public Awareness, Training and Education. (c) Integrating Energy Conservation into National Energy

Policies. (d) Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building. (e) Financial and Fiscal Incentives. (f) Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership (g) Energy Services Companies

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Buildings and Households Sectors

(a) Encourage and facilitate introduction of energy audits in commercial and community buildings.

(b) Encourage adoption of energy efficient considerations in the household.

(c) Evaluate Building and Insulation materials for the energy efficient characteristics with report to different climatic zones and promote their adoption nation wide.

(d) Encourage use of energy efficient equipment, fixtures and appliances in buildings.

(e) Develop/update a Building Energy Code for the country and institute measures for its compliance.

(f) Promote use of energy efficient HVAC and lighting practices in buildings.

(g) Promote through relevant authorities, energy efficient building design.

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