1 Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P

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Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1

Introduction to A & P

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – study of ____________ (Greek – “a cutting up”)

• Physiology – study of ____________ (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

“Structure dictates ______________.”

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Levels of Organization

•____________________– electrons, protons, and neutrons• ______________ – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• __________ – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• ________________ – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• ___________ – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• _________ – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• _____________ – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• __________ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • ______________ – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• ____________ – the human

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

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Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11

Organ Systems

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Characteristics of Life (10)

•_____________ – change in position; motion

• _____________ – reaction to a change

• __________ – increase in body size; no change in shape

• ______________ – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

• ___________ – production of new organisms and new cells

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• _______________ – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

• ______________ – movement of substances in body fluids

• ________________ – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

• _________________ – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

• ___________ – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Characteristics of Life (Cont.)

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Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• • • • •

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• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for _____________________- required for transport of substances- regulates ________________________

• Food- provides necessary _____________- supplies energy- supplies __________________

Requirements of Organisms

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• Oxygen (gas)- _____________ of air- used to ______________from nutrients

• Heat- form of _____________ - partly controls ____________________________

• Pressure - application of ________________________ - ______________ pressure – important for breathing - ______________ pressure – keeps blood flowing

Requirements of Organisms

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable _______________________

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the _____________________and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in common:

• ______________ - provides information about the stimuli; senses change in environment• ______________- tells what a particular value should be (called the set point); regulates set-point of variables• ______________- organ that acts in response to changes; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus(Change occursin internalenvironment.) Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)

Control center(set point)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)


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• There are two (2) types:

• _____________ feedback mechanisms

• _____________feedback mechanisms


The ________________________________control homeostasis in the body

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Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• ____________the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the _______________

• Causes __________________________to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating _________________

• Most _______________ type of feedback loop

• Examples: _____________________________________________


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Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Produces more _______________ in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are _________________

• Controls only ___________________that do not require __________________________________

• Considered to be the ______________________ loop

• Examples: _____________________________________


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AXIAL PORTION APPENCICULAR PORTION

MAJOR CAVITIES CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY

VERTEBRAL CANAL

* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY

* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

Organization of the Human Body

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Organization of the Human Body

• Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)

Paranasal sinuses:

Cranial cavity

Paranasal sinuses:

Fig. 1.10

Cavities of the Head

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• _______________= a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:

a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = _________________ MEMBRANE.b. lines a body cavity = ___________________ MEMBRANE.

•There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for ________________________.

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

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• There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:

a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: The membrane on the surface of the lung is called _______________. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called ____________________. The space between these two membranes is called the _____________, and it is filled with serous fluid.

b. Serous Membranes of the HEART: The membrane on the surface of the heart is called _______________

______________________ The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called _______________________. The space between these two membranes is called the ______________

_______________, and it is filled with serous fluid.


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c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called

_______________________________.

The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called ___________ _______________________. The space between these two membranes is called the _____________ ________________, and it is filled with serous fluid.


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Anatomical Terminology

A language used to describe the _____________________; needed for communication. Anatomical Position –


Midline

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Anatomical TerminologyRelative Positions

Superior = _________; Inferior = __________;Anterior = _________; Posterior = _________;Ventral = __________; Dorsal = ___________;Medial = __________; Lateral = ___________;Ipsilateral = ________; Contralateral = ________;*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.

Proximal = _____________; Distal = _____________;Superficial / peripheral = __________; Deep = ____________.

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

• ___________ – divides body into left and right portions• ____________ – divides body into equal left and right portions

• ____________________– divides body into superior and inferior portions

• ___________________ – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane


© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

• Regions ( )

• Quadrants ( )

(a)

(b)

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Body Regions

(a) (b)


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1 Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P