Human Physiology and Anatomy

Chap 1

Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy = Structure (form)     • Physiology = Function "All specific

functions are performed by specific structures!"

Course expectations

Skills other than content:• Note taking• Using other resources• Study disc• Quest in book• Websites• Color pgs- use of colors to help remember• Vocab/ flashcards- word dissections• Text Lab book• Diagramming• Study partners• Researching new info

Textbook Web Resource

• Website:

http://www.phschool.com/access/marieb_human_anat.html

Student registrationAccess code:

SSNAST-ABOHM-MAPLE-MEWED-TAINT-WIPES

Or email me an I’ll forward the link and access code so you can cut and paste

Text website

• http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/access/Pearson_Default/560/573796/login.html

GradingGrading: The following breakdown is approximate:• Exams: 50%• Quizzes: 10%• Labs: 10%• Lab Practicals: 20%• Homework: 5%• Case Studies: 5%Standard Grading Scale • 100% - 90% = A • 89% -80% = B • 79% - 70% = C • 69% -60% = D • 59%-0%=F •

ASSIGNMENTS AND DUE DATES • All homework and lab reports are due on the assigned date. Except for an

excused absence, LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

Guests Speakers

• Invite a guest speaker to class.• 3rd week of school until Christmas break. • Only one speaker each week -not enough weeks

for all students to schedule a speaker. • “Speaker Credit” may replace one test score

with 100%. All tests must be taken-redeem your credit at the end of the semester.

• To earn the credit, you must show a thank you letter and a stamped/addressed envelope.

Learning

• Read it

• Hear it

• See it

• Do it

• Teach it

Note taking

• Practice in class pgs 2-13 (Mostly review from Biology)

• Groups assigned sections- take notes on your sections using your own style

(15 min)

• Sections present so whole class has all notes

Summarize Note-taking

1. What format(s) have worked well for you for note-taking? (outlining, 2 column, complete sentences, paraphrasing, diagraming and labeling, recording and listening to many times………..)

2. What new tecnique(s) did you see today that might help improve your note-taking

Microscopic Anatomy

• Cytology – study of the cell

• Histology – study of tissues

Physiology

• Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement

Principle of Complementarity

• Function always reflects structure

• What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules

• Cellular – cells are made of molecules• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells• Organ – made up of different types of tissues• Organ system – consists of different organs

that work closely together• Organism – made up of the organ systems

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organism levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

Molecules

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Organ Systems of the Body

• Integumentary system– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and

nails• Skeletal system• Muscular system• Nervous system• Cardiovascular system• Lymphatic system• Respiratory system• Digestive system• Urinary system• Reproductive system

– Male– Female

Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

• Excretion – removal of wastes from the body• Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels

– Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells

– Organismal– sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person

• Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

Survival Needs

• Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building

• Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions• Water – provides the necessary environment for

chemical reactions• Maintaining normal body temperature –

necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

• Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• The variable produces a change in the body• The three interdependent components of

control mechanisms are:– Receptor – monitors the environments and

responds to changes (stimuli)– Control center – determines the set point at

which the variable is maintained– Effector – provides the means to respond to the

stimulus

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

1

2

3

Changedetectedby receptor

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

5 Response ofeffector feedsback to influencemagnitude of stimulus andreturnsvariable tohomeostasis

Variable (in homeostasis)

Imbalance

Imbalance

Receptor (sensor)

Controlcenter 4 Output:

Information sentalong efferentpathway to

Effector

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Figure 1.4

Negative Feedback

• In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus

• Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels

Negative Feedback

Figure 1.5

Positive Feedback

• In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

• Example: Regulation of blood clotting

Figure 1.6

Homeostatic Imbalance

• Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium

• Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

Anatomical position

•Supine- Face up

•Prone- Face down

Body Planes

Body Planes Links

• Website of body planes animated

• Visable Human- Male sections

• Visable Human- Female sections

Directional terms

anterior (ventral) = frontposterior (dorsal) = backsuperior (cranial) = upperinferior (caudal) = lowermedial = midlinelateral = away from midlineintermediate = between medial and lateralproximal = point of origindistal = away from originsuperficial = external/surfacedeep = internal/beneath surfaceparietal = associated with body wallvisceral = associated with organ

Regional terms- anterior view

Regional terms- posterior view

Cavities• dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the

dura mater), contains central nervous system           a. cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain           b. spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord

• ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory, cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera

       a. thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm             (1) right and left pleural cavities--contain lungs             (2) pericardial cavity--contains heart and is part of the

mediastinum           b. abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front

torso            (1) abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen,

kidneys, most of the small and large intestine            (2) pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of

the parts of the reproductive system

Body cavities

Other Cavities

Body Regions

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriacright lumbar umbilical left lumbarright illiac hypogastric left illiac

• Useful prefixes:Hypo- belowEpi – aboveGastri – bellyChondro - cartilage

Abdominals Regions with organs

Abdominal Quadrants with organs

Abdominals Regions w/o organs

Membranes

• Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity) and Visceral (covers organ)

• Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural