1. *ø5øù - Ankara Üniversitesi Açık Erişim Sistemiacikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/27164/194454(1).pdf · 6WRFN P DQ \Õ O ÕQGD NR \ XQODUGD aborta neden olan Vibrio benzeri

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1. *ø5øù

6RQ�\ÕOODUGD�NDQDWOÕ�VHNW|U�QGH�J|U�OHQ�KÕ]OÕ�JHOLúPH\H�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN��W�NHWLPL�DUWDQ�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH��U�QOHULQGHQ�ND\QDNODQDQ�JÕGD�LQIHNVL\RQ�YH�LQWRNVLNDV\RQODUÕQGD�DUWÕú�J|]OHQGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� *HQHOOLNOH� D]� SLúPLú� YH\D� UHNRQWDPLQH� NDQDWOÕ� HWinin

tüketilmesi sonucu meydana gelen salmonellosis ve campylobacteriosis, üzerinde en

oRN�GXUXODQ�]RRQR]�KDVWDOÕNODUGÕU��%X�SDWRMHQOHUH�LOLúNLQ�ULVNLQ�ROXúPDVÕQGD��NDQDWOÕ�HWL� LúOHPH� SURVHVLQLQ� YH� SLúLUPH� LúOHPLQLQ� HWNLOL� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �%U\DQ� YH�Doyle, 1995; Berndtson ve ark., 1996).

'�Q\DGD� �UHWLOHQ� NDQDWOÕ� HWLQLQ� \DNODúÕN� �� PLO\RQ� WRQD� �$QRQ�� 7�UNL\H¶GH� LVH� �� ELQ� WRQD� XODúPDVÕ\OD� �$QRQ�� SLOLo� HWL� W�NHWLPLQLQ� VRQ�\ÕOODUGDNL� DUWÕúÕQD� SDUDOHO� RODUDN� Campylobacter W�UOHULQH� ED÷OÕ� JDVWURHQWHULW�ROJXODUÕQÕQ� DUWÕú� J|VWHUPHVL�� DUDúWÕUPDFÕODUÕ� EX� LOLúNL\L� WDQÕPODPDN� �]HUH� KDUHNHWH�JHoLUPLúWLU��'DUND�YH�<ÕOPD]��

Campylobacter� W�UOHUL� GR÷DGD�� NDQDWOÕ� GDKLO� W�P� HYFLO� YH� YDKúL� KD\YDQODUÕQ�ED÷ÕUVDN� IORUDVÕQGD�� GHQL]� FDQOÕODUÕQGD bulunan (Blaser ve ark., 1983b)

PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUGÕU�� *HOLúPH� VÕFDNOÕNODUÕ� EDNÕPÕQGDQ� GL÷HU� Campylobacter

VSS�¶LQGHQ�IDUNOÕOÕN�J|VWHUHQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter türleri (C. jejuni, C. coli, C.

lari ve C. upsaliensis) insanlarda ciddi gastroenteritlere yol açabildikleri gibi ölümle

de sonlanabilen olgulara neden olabilmektedirler (Bryan ve Doyle, 1995).

<DSÕODQ� oDOÕúPDODUGD�� SLOLo� HWLQLQ� NHVLP� LúOHPL� VÕUDVÕQGD� VÕNOÕNOD� ED÷ÕUVDN�LoHUL÷L� LOH� NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷X�� PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕODQ� NXOODQÕPD� KD]ÕU� NDQDWOÕ� HWOHrinin

QHUHGH\VH�WDPDPÕQGD��WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter türleri�LoHULVLQGH�HQ�VÕN�J|U�OHQ�W�U�olan C. jejuni¶QLQ�VDSWDQGÕ÷Õ�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��:LOOLV�YH�0XUUD\��$WDED\�YH�&RUU\��1997). Piliç eti ve ürünlerinden kaynaklanan termofilik Campylobacter

infeksiyoQODUÕQGD�� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQD� NHVLP� LúOHPL� VÕUDVÕQGD� ED÷ÕUVDN� LoHUL÷LQLQ�EXODúPDVÕQÕQ� �-RQHV� YH� DUN�� E�� ,]DW� YH� DUN�� JÕGD� LúOHPH� DúDPDVÕQGD�PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ�� \HWHUVL]� SLúLUPH� LúOHPOHUL� YH� KLM\HQ�

2

HNVLNOL÷LQLQ�|QHPOL�URO�R\QDGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��2RVWHURP�YH�DUN��$QQDQ-Prah

ve Janc, 1988a; Annan-Prah ve Janc, 1988b).

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X� LQIHNVL\RQODUGD�� NDQDWOÕ� HWL�ve ürünlerinin ULVN� JUXEX� JÕGDODUÕQ� EDúÕQGD� \HU� DOGÕNODUÕ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �6FKRUU� YH�ark., 1994; Atanassova ve Ring, 1999; Solomon ve Hoover, 1999; Effler ve ark.,

��$UDúWÕUÕFÕODU��oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH��U�QOHULQLQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. ile

NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�G�]H\OHULQLQ� ��LOH��DUDVÕQGD�GH÷LúHELOHFH÷LQL�EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU��$WDQDVVRYD�YH�5LQJ��:LOOLV�YH�0XUUD\��øQIHNVL\RQD�QHGHQ�RODQ�GL÷HU�ULVN� JUXEX� JÕGDODU� DUDVÕQGD�� oL÷� V�W� YH� NRQWDPLQH� LoPH� VXODUÕQÕQ� GD� \HU� DOGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6FKRUU�YH�DUN��1HDO�YH�6ODFN��6RORPRQ�YH�+RRYer, 1999).

&DPS\OREDFWHULRVLVLQ��G�Q\DGD�\D\JÕQ��RODUDN�W�P�\Dú�JUXSODUÕQÕ�HWNLOH\HQ�YH�LQVDQODUGD� � DNXW� JDVWURHQWHULW� ROXúWXUDQ� ]RRQR]� ELU� KDVWDOÕN� ROGX÷X�� 7�UNL\H¶GH� GH�DNXW� EDNWHUL\HO� JDVWURHQWHULW� ROJXODUÕQGDQ�� Campylobacter� VSS�� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕQ�%2-�� DUDVÕQGD� GH÷LúWL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� DUN�� D�� )HGHULJKL� YH� DUN��'DUND� YH�<ÕOPD]�� *HOLúPLú YH� JHOLúPHNWH� RODQ �ONHOHULQ� oR÷XQGD� YH�SHN� oRN� $YUXSD� �ONHVLQGH� EDNWHUL\HO� ND\QDNOÕ� GL\DUHOHULQ� ROGXNoD� \D\JÕQ� ROGX÷X��Campylobacter spp.’den kaynaklanan JÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ�� Salmonella

VSS�¶GHQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� LQIHNVL\RQODUGDQ� GDKD� VÕN� J|U�OG�÷�� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�(Humphrey ve ark., 1993; Bryan ve Doyle, 1995; Ketley, 1997; Rosenquist ve ark.,

2003).

�.DQDWOÕ�HWL�YH��U�QOHULQLQ�W�ketilmesi sonucu meydana gelen Campylobacter

LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ�HQJHOOHQPHVLQGH��\HWLúWLUPH�DúDPDVÕQGD��PH]EDKDGD�YH�VRQ�RODUDN�GD�VDWÕú�\HUOHULQGH�JÕGD�J�YHQOLN�SURJUDPODUÕ�YH�+$&&3��+D]DUG�$QDO\VLV�&ULWLFDO�&RQWURO�3RLQW��VLVWHPLQLQ�X\JXODQPDVÕQÕQ�ROGXNoD�|QHPOL�ROGX÷X��D\UÕFD�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH� �U�QOHULQLQ� L\L� SLúLULOPHVLQLQ�� PXWIDN� YH� SHUVRQHO� KLM\HQLQLQ� VD÷ODQPDVÕQÕQ� GD�JHUHNOLOL÷L��]HULQGH�|QHPOH�GXUXOPDNWDGÕU��6WHUQ�YH�.D]PL��$OWHNUXVH�YH�DUN��1999).

3

%X� oDOÕúPD�� $I\RQ¶GD� GH÷LúLN� PDUNHWOHUGH� DoÕN� RODUDN� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQGDNL� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ� VDSWDQPDVÕ� YH� NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�C. jejuni L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�3&5�LOH�GR÷UXODQPDVÕ�DPDFÕ\OD�\DSÕOPÕúWÕU�

1.1.Tarihçe:

Bugün Campylobacter spp. olarak bilinen bakteriler LON�NH]��\ÕOÕQGD�7KHRGRUH�(VFKHULFK� WDUDIÕQGDQ� WDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU� �.HHQHU� YH� DUN�� McFadyean ve

6WRFNPDQ� �� \ÕOÕQGD� NR\XQODUGD aborta neden olan Vibrio benzeri bir bakteri

EXOGXNODUÕQÕ� EHOLUWPHNOH� ELUOLNWH�� EXQGDQ� EHú� \Õl sonra Smith, ineklerde infeksiyöz

LQIHUWLOLWH� YH� DERUWD� VHEHS� RODQ� VSLUDO� ELU� EDNWHUL� NHúIHWWL÷LQL�� EX� EDNWHULQLQ� GDKD�|QFHNL�DUDúWÕUPDFÕODUÕQ�WDQÕPODGÕ÷Õ�W�U�LOH�D\QÕ�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLú�ROXS�EX�EDNWHUL\L�Vibrio fetus RODUDN�WDQÕPODPÕúWÕU��$\QÕ�G|QHPGH�-RQHV�YH�DUNDGDúODUÕ�EX�EDNWHULQLQ�VÕ÷ÕU� GL]DQWHULVLQH� QHGHQ� ROGX÷XQX�� GL÷HU� PLNURDHURILOLN� YLEULRODUOD� DUDODUÕQGD� ELU�LOLúNL�ROGX÷XQX�J|VWHUPLúOHU�YH�Vibrio jejuni�RODUDN�LVLPOHQGLUPLúOHUGLU��C. jejuni ilk

RODUDN��\ÕOÕQGD�Campylobacter genusu içerisinGH�WDQÕPODQPÕú��IDNDW��\ÕOÕQD�NDGDU��LQVDQ�VD÷OÕ÷Õ�DoÕVÕQGDQ�\D\JÕQ�YH�|QHPOL�ELU�SDWRMHQ�ROGX÷X�DQODúÕODPDPÕúWÕU��%ODVHU�YH�DUN��E��'R\OH��\ÕOÕQGD�GRPX]�GÕúNÕVÕQGDQ�L]ROH�HWWL÷L�YLEULRODUÕ�ise Vibrio coli�RODUDN�WDQÕPODPÕúWÕU��9DQGDPPH�YH�*Rossens, 1992).

Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin 420&¶GH�JHOLúWLNOHULQL�YH� � LQVDQODUGD�DNXW�HQWHULWLVH�QHGHQ�ROGXNODUÕQÕ�ELOGLUHQ�LON�DUDúWÕUÕFÕQÕQ�(�2�.LQJ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%X� DUDúWÕUÕFÕ�� Campylobacter spp.’nin, Vibrio� VSS�� LOH� LOLúNLOL� ROGX÷XQX�� bu

EDNWHULOHULQ� PRUIRORMLN� \DSÕODUÕQÕQ� �YLUJ�O� IRUPXQGD�� Vibrio türlerine oldukça

EHQ]HGL÷LQL� LOHUL� V�UP�úW�U�� (�2�.LQJ� LQVDQ� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ� LON� RODUDN� ��¶GH��NHQGLVLQLQ� µYLEULRV� LOLúNLOL¶� RODUDN� LVLPOHQGLUGL÷L� YH� VRQUDGDQ� Vibrio fetus olarak

DGODQGÕUÕODQ� HWNHQ� WDUDIÕQGDQ� ROXúWXUXOGX÷XQX� ELOGLUPLúWLU�� $UDúWÕUÕFÕQÕQ� \DSWÕ÷Õ�oDOÕúPDODU�� ³YLEULRV� LOLúNLOL´� RODUDN� WDQÕPODQDQ� PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ� �C. jejuni)

LQVDQODUGD� HQWHULWLVH� QHGHQ� RODQ� |QHPOL� ELU� ]RRQRWLN� HWNHQ� RODELOHFH÷LQH� LOLúNLQ�veriler ortaya koymaktDGÕU�� $UDúWÕUÕFÕ�� EX� GL\DUHO� DMDQÕQ� IHNDO� |UQHNOHUGHQ�L]RODV\RQXQ� �ROGXNoD�J�o�ROGX÷XQX�EHOLUWPLúWLU��.LQJ��D\UÕFD�VLVWHPLN� LQIHNVL\RQOX�

4

KDVWDODUÕQ� NDQODUÕQGDQ� L]ROH� HGLOHQ�HWNHQLQ� �úLPGLOHUGH�C. fetus subsp. fetus olarak

DGODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU�� 0C’de üreyemedL÷LQL�� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� GL\DUHO� |UQHNOHUGHQ� L]ROH�HGLOHQ�³YLEULRV�LOLúNLOL´RODUDN�WDQÕPODQDQ�PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ��0&¶GH��UH\HELOGL÷LQL�YXUJXODPÕúWÕU��6WHUQ�YH�.D]PL��

øON� VÕQÕIODQGÕUPDGD� Vibrio genusu içerisinde klasifiye edilen Campylobacter

spp.’niQ�� RNVLMHQ� NRQVDQWUDV\RQX� G�ú�N� RUWDPODUGD� JHOLúHELOPH� \HWHQHNOHULQLQ� YH�'1$�ED]�GL]LOLPOHULQLQ�IDUNOÕOÕN�J|VWHUPHVLQGHQ�GROD\Õ�YLEULRODUGDQ�IDUNOÕ�ROGXNODUÕ�DQODúÕOPÕúWÕU��&RUU\�YH�DUN��1LWHNLP��6HEDOG�YH�9pURQ��\ÕOÕQGD�EX�\HQL�genusu Campylobacter JHQXVX�RODUDN�LVLPOHQGLUPLúWLU��9DQGDPPH�YH�'H�/H\��

1.2. Taksonomi:

U51$� KLEULGL]DV\RQ� oDOÕúPDODUÕ� VRQXFXQGD� Campylobactericeae� IDPLO\DVÕ� DOWÕQGD�yer alan Campylobacter genusunun, 16S-rRNA analizi ile 3 ribozomal rRNA

homolog alt grubunu içHUGL÷L� WHVSLW� HGLOPLúWLU (Vandamme ve De Ley 1991; Van

damme ve Goossens, 1992). Buna göre, önceleri Campylobacter genusunun 18 tür,

DOW�W�U�YH�ELRYDUGDQ�ROXúWX÷X�ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU��6WHUQ�YH�DUN��D��dL]HOJH��

Çizelge 1.1. rRNA süper familya VI içerisinde yer alan gruplar (Stern ve ark., 1992a)

U51$�6�SHU�)DPLO\D�9,��øoHULVLQGH�<HU�$ODQ�*UXSODU

I. homolog grup II. homolog grup (Arcobacter)

III. homolog grup (Helicobacter)

C. fetus C. nitrofigilis C. pylori

C. rectus C. butzleri C. fennelliae

C. curvus C. cryaerophilus C. cinaedi

C. upsaliensis C. mustelae

C. lari

C. coli

C. jejuni

C. sputorum

C. mucosalis

C. concisus

C. hyointestinalis

5

'DKD�VRQUD�\DSÕODQ�'1$-U51$�KLEULGL]DV\RQ�oDOÕúPDODUÕ�VRQXFXQGD Campylobacter

spp. ile benzer özellikler gösteren iki Bacteroides türü (Bacteroides gracilis,

Bacteroides ureolyticus) ile Wolinella genusunun tek türü olan W. succinogenes ve

Helicobacter� W�UOHULQLQ� D\UÕ� ELU� WDNVRQRPLN� VWDW�GH� GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL� JHUHNWL÷L�ELOGLULOPLú�YH�C. pylori, C. mustelae, C. cinaedi ve C. fennelliae türleri Helicobacter

RODUDN�LVLPOHQGLULOHQ�\HQL�ELU�JHQXV�LoHULVLQH�GDKLO�HGLOPLúWLU��

Aerotolerans özellik gösteren Campylobacter spp. benzeri organizmalardan

C. nitrofigilis, C. cryaerophilus ve C. butzleri ise Arcobacter�JHQXVX�DOWÕQGD�NODVLIL\H�HGLOPLúWLU� �9DQGDPPH� YH� *RRVVHQV�� %XJ�Q�Campylobacter genusunda yer

DODQ� ED]Õ� W�U� YH� DOW� W�UOHU� LOH� PH\GDQD� JHWLUGLNOHUL� KDVWDOÕNODU� dL]HOJH��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��1DFKDPNLQ��

6

Çizelge 1.2. Campylobacter JHQXVXQGD�\HU�DODQ�ED]Õ�W�U��DOW� W�U�YH�PH\GDQD�JHWLUGLNOHUL�KDVWDOÕNODU�(Nachamkin, 1997).

Mikroorganizma Rezervuar øQVDQODUGD�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�KDVWDOÕNODU

Hayvanlarda meydana

JHOHQ�KDVWDOÕNODU

C. jejuni subsp. jejuni øQVDQ��PHPHOLOHU��NXúODU Diyare, sistemik

KDVWDOÕNODU��*%6 Primatlarda diyare

C. jejuni subsp. doylei Bilinmiyor Diyare -

C. fetus subsp. fetus 6Õ÷ÕU��NR\XQ 6LVWHPLN�KDVWDOÕNODU Abort

C. fetus subsp. veneralis 6Õ÷ÕU - øQIHUWLOLWH

C. coli 'RPX]��NXúODU Diyare -

C. lari .XúODU��N|SHN Diyare -

C. upsaliensis 3HW�KD\YDQODUÕ Diyare Diyare

C. hyointestinalis 6Õ÷ÕU��GRPX] Proktitis,diyare Proliferatif enterit

C. mucosalis Domuz Diyare Proliferatif enterit

C. hyoilei Domuz - Proliferatif enterit

C. sputorum biovar

sputorum øQVDQ Stomatit -

C. sputorum biovar

bubulus 6Õ÷ÕU Stomatit *HQLWDO�\DQJÕODU

C. sputorum biovar

faecalis 6Õ÷ÕU��NR\XQ - Enterit

C. concisus øQVDQ 'Lú�HWL�KDVWDOÕNODUÕ -

C. curvus øQVDQ 'Lú�HWL�KDVWDOÕNODUÕ -

C. rectus øQVDQ 'Lú�HWL�KDVWDOÕNODUÕ -

C. showae øQVDQ 'Lú�HWL�KDVWDOÕNODUÕ -

C. helveticus 3HW�KD\YDQODUÕ - Diyare

C. hyoilei Domuz - Proliferatif enterit

C. gracilis øQVDQ dHúLWOL�LQIHNVL\RQODU -

7

1.3. Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin Morfolojik, Biyokimyasal ve Fizyolojik

Özellikleri:

Campylobacter� LVPL� NÕYUÕN� NÕYUÕOPÕú�� NDYLVOL� DQODPÕQD� JHOHQ�<XQDQFD� ³NDPS\ORV´�NHOLPHVLQGHQ� W�UHWLOPLúWLU�� )D]� NRQWUDVW� PLNURVNREXQGD� oR÷XQOXNOD� KÕ]OÕ�� RN� JLEL�IÕUOD\DQ�� DúD÷Õ� \XNDUÕ� SLVWRQYDUL� KDUHNHW� HGHQ�� \D\JÕQ�� ³6´� \D� GD� PDUWÕ� NDQDGÕQD�benzeyen h�FUHOHU� úHNOLQGH� J|U�OG�NOHUL� WHVSLW� HGLOPLúWLU� �.HHQHU� YH� DUN�� Önceleri Campylobacter�VSS��K�FUHOHULQLQ�FRFRLG�úHNLOOL�ROGX÷X�G�ú�Q�OVH�GH��0RUDQ�YH�8SWRQ��EX�PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ�VSLUDO� IRUPGDQ�N�OW�UH�HGLOHPH\HQ�FRFRLG�IRUPD�G|Q�úW�÷��ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��-RQHV�YH�DUN��D��

Campylobacter spp., Campylobactericeae� IDPLO\DVÕQD� DLW�*UDP-negatif, spor

ROXúWXUPD\DQ�� WD]H� N�OW�UOHUGHQ� KD]ÕUODQDQ� ER\DPDODUGD� �FRUNVFUHZ�� RODUDN�WDQÕPODQDQ� NÕYUÕN� VSLUDO� J|U�Q�PGH� ROXS�� WHN� \D� GD� SRODU� IODJHOODODUÕ� LOH hareketli,

0.2-��P�JHQLúOL÷LQGH�� -��P�X]XQOX÷XQGD�YH�PLNURDHURILOLN� ��-15 O2, %3-5

CO2, %85 N2�� NDUDNWHUGHGLU�� 7LSLN� NRORQL�PRUIRORMLOHUL�� \DVVÕ�� SDUODN� JUL� UHQNOL� YH�nemli görünümlüdür (Buck ve Kelly, 1981; Anon, 1995; Corry ve ark., 1995).

Bowdre ve ark., (1976) C. jejuni¶QLQ� PLNURDHURILOLN� \DSÕVÕQÕ�� EX� RUJDQL]PDQÕQ�DHURELN� JHOLúLPLQL� VD÷OD\DFDN� G�]H\GH� GHPLU� ED÷OD\ÕFÕ� ELOHúLNOHUL� VHQWH]OHPH�\HWHQH÷LQLQ�ROPDPDVÕQD�ED÷ODPÕúWÕU�

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� \DNODúÕN� ��-��0ES� E�\�NO�÷�QGH�$7� �$GHQR]LQ-

Timin) baz diziliminden zengin, GC (Guanin-6LWR]LQ��ED]�GL]LOLP�RUDQÕ�\DNODúÕN��RODQ�N�o�N�ELU�JHQRPD�VDKLS�ROGX÷X��&KDQJ�YH�7D\ORU��1XLMWHQ�YH�DUN��C. jejuni� '1$¶VÕQÕQ� LVH� ��-�� RUDQÕQGD� *&� � ED]� GL]LOLPLQGHQ� ROXúWX÷X�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� �1DFKDmkin, 1997). Campylobacter� W�U� JHQRPXQXQ� N�o�N� ROPDVÕ��JHOLúHELOPHN� LoLQ� NRPSOHNV� EHVL� \HUOHULQH� JHUHNVLQLP� GX\PDODUÕ� YH� NRPSOHNV�PDGGHOHUL�D]DOWPDN�LoLQ�NDUERQKLGUDWODUÕ�IHUPHQWH�HWPH�\HWHQHNOHULQLQ�ROPDPDVÕ�LOH�LOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúWLU��*ULIILWKV�YH�3DUN��990).

Genusun tüm üyelerinin oksidaz reaksiyonu pozitif, jelatin ve üre

hidrolizasyonu ile metil red ve Voges-3URVNDXHU� UHDNVL\RQODUÕ� QHJDWLIWLU��

8

.DUERQKLGUDWODUÕ� IHUPHQWH� YH� RNVLGH� HWPH� |]HOOLNOHUL� EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU� �6WHUQ� YH�Kazmi,1989; Anon, 1996). C. jejuni�µQLQ�KLSSXUDWÕ�YH�LQGRNVLO��DVHWDWÕ�KLGUROL]H�HWPH�\HWHQH÷L�YDUGÕU� C. jejuni subsp. doylei ve C. fennelliae�GÕúÕQGDNL�W�UOHULQ�D]�PLNWDUGD�QLWUDWD]� �UHWHELOGLNOHUL� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� �$QRQ�� .DWDOD]� SR]LWLI� Campylobacter

spp. hayvanlarda, dizanteri, infertilite ve aborttan sorumlu tutulmakla birlikte,

LQVDQODUGD�DNXW�HQWHULWLV�YH�EDNWHULHPL�DMDQÕ�RODUDN�ELOLQPHNWHGLU��.|SHNOHUGHQ��\ÕOÕQGD�NDWDOD]�QHJDWLI�\D�GD�oRN�]D\ÕI�NDWDOD]�SR]LWLI�UHDNVL\RQ�YHUHQ�ELU�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter türünün izole eGLOGL÷L��'1$�KLEULGL]DV\RQ�oDOÕúPDODUÕ�VRQXFXQGD�EX�yeni türün, C. upsaliensis� RODUDN� LVLPOHQGLULOGL÷L� YH� LQVDQODUGD� LQIHNVL\RQD� QHGHQ�RODELOHFH÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� DUN�� D�� $VSLQDOO� YH� DUN�� %D]Õ�Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� JHOLúLP� YH� EL\RNLPyasal özellikleri Çizelge1.3’de

J|VWHULOPLúWLU��6WHUQ�YH�DUN��D��

Çizelge 1.3.�%D]Õ�Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�JHOLúLP�YH�EL\RNLP\DVDO�|]HOOLNOHUL (Stern ve ark, 1992a)

Tür *HOLúLP Biyokimyasal reaksiyon

25 0 C

420 C

% 1

Gli

sin

% 3

.5 N

aCl

%0.

1 T

MA

O(T

rim

etil

amin

oksi

t)

Nal

idik

sik

asit

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loti

n

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idaz

Kat

alaz

Glu

koz

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rit r

edük

siyo

n

H2

S , T

SI

Hip

pura

t hid

roli

zi

C. jejuni

C. coli

C.lari

C. fetus subsp. fetus

C. fetus subsp. venerealis

- + + - - H Di

- + + - - H Di

- + + - + Di Di

+ D + - D Di H

+ - - - - Di H

+ + - + - +

+ + - + D -

+ + - + - -

+ + - + - -

+ + - + - -

'��GH÷LúNHQ�� -%89 pozitif H = Hassas Di = Dirençli

1.4. C. jejuni’nin Serotipleri:

C. jejuni VHURWLS� úHPDODUÕQÕQ�� RUJDQL]PD\D� LOLúNLQ� VDOJÕQ�� HNRORML�� EXODúPD� YH��SDWRMHQLWH�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�HSLGHPL\RORMLN�ELOJL�VD÷ODPDVÕ�DoÕVÕQGDQ�ROGXNoD�NXOODQÕúOÕ�ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �:DVVHQDDU� YH� 1HZHOO�� 3HQQHU� VHURWLS� úHPDVÕQGD�NXOODQÕODQ� SURWRNROGH�� SDVLI� KHPDJO�WLQDV\RQ� WHNQL÷L� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� ÕVÕ� Lúlemine

9

GD\DQÕNOÕ� VRPDWLN� K�FUH� DQWLMHQOHULQLQ� WHPHO� DOÕQGÕ÷Õ� YH� EX� VLVWHPGH� HQ� D]� ��VHURWLSLQ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��3HQQHU�YH�+HQQHVV\��

C. jejuni¶QLQ�IDUNOÕ�VHURWLSOHUL�LoLQ�oDEXN�DJO�WLQDV\RQ�VHURWLS�úHPDODUÕ��3HQQHU�YH�+HQQHVV\�VHURWLS�úHPDODUÕQD�ELU�DOWHUQDWLI�RODUDN�J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU��%X�úHPDODUÕQ��IODJHOODU� DQWLMHQOHULQ� LPPXQRORMLN� D\UÕPÕQGD� NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� ø]ROH� HGLOHQ�W�UOHULQ�VHURWLSOHQGLULOPHVL�DPDFÕ\OD��oDEXN�DJO�WLQDV\RQ�WHVWLQGH�NXOODQÕOPDN��]HUH��FDQOÕ� EDNWHULOHUGHQ� DQWLVHUXP� �UHWPHN� LoLQ� VÕFDNOÕ÷D� GX\DUOÕ� DQWLMHQLN� IDNW|UOHULQ�NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� *�Q�P�]GH�� C. jejuni grubunun en az 90 serotipi için

DQWLVHUXP�EXOXQGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��/LRU�YH�DUN��

��$QWLEL\RWLN�GLUHQoOLOL÷L

'L÷HU� Campylobacter türlerindH� ROGX÷X� JLEL� NRQMXJDWLI� SOD]PLG� YH� EDNWHUL\RIDM�formundaki ekstakromozal elementlere sahip olan C. jejuni¶GHQ� WDQÕPODQDQ�SOD]PLGOHULQ��DQWLEL\RWLN�GLUHQoOLOL÷LQGH�J|UHY�\DSWÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��:DONHU�YH�DUN��$QWLEL\RWLN�GLUHQoOLOL÷LQLQ��NURPR]RPODUda meydana gelen mutasyonlarla ya

GD� \DEDQFÕ� '1$¶ODUOD� �GÕúDUÕ\D� DLW� SOD]PLG� \D� GD� WUDQVSR]RQ�� LOLúNLVL� ROGX÷X�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU� �7D\ORU� YH� &RXUYDOLQ�� <DSÕODQ� DUDúWÕUPDODUGD��Campylobacter spp.’nin, Gram-negatif ve Gram-SR]LWLI� PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUD� NDUúÕ�NXOODQÕODQ� ELUoRN� DQWLEL\RWLN� DMDQD� YH� |]HOOLNOH� GH� WHWUDVLNOLQOHUH� GLUHQoOL� ROGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��*HRUJH�YH�/HY\��7D\ORU�YH�&RXUYDOLQ��

�)ORURNLQRORQODUÕQ� LQVDQODUGD� �� \ÕOÕQGDQ� LWLEDUHQ� Campylobacter

HQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGD� YH� DPSLULN� JDVWURHQWHULW� WHGDYLOHULQGH� VÕNOÕNOD� NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ��NXLQRORQODUÕQ� LVH�� ¶ODUÕQ� RUWDODUÕQGDQ� LWLEDUHQ� LQVDQ� WHGDYLVLQGH� NXOODQÕOPD\D�EDúODQGÕ÷Õ�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��*XSWD�YH�DUN��

6RQ� G|QHPOHUGH� \DSÕODQ� oDOÕúPDODUGD�� C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin fenotipik

idHQWLILNDV\RQ�WHVWOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�|QHPOL�ELU�\HUL�RODQ�DQWLEL\RWLN�GX\DUOÕOÕN�WHVWOHULQGH�NXOODQÕODQ� NLQRORQODUD� �QDOLGLNVLN� DVLW�� GLUHQo� JHOLúWL÷L�� D\UÕFD� IORURNLQRORQODUÕQ� GD�(norfloksasin ve siprofloksasin) Campylobacter LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ�WHGDYLVLQGH�HWNLViz

10

NDOGÕ÷Õ� YH� EX� DQWLEL\RWLNOHUH� GLUHQoOL�Campylobacter VSS�� VXúODUÕQÕQ� WHVSLW� HGLOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��:LOVRQ�YH�DUN��+RXQJ�YH�DUN��

ABD’de 1997-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� JDVWURHQWHULW�ROJXODUÕQGDQ�HOGH�HGLOHQ��Campylobacter L]RODWÕQÕQ��¶LQLQ��C. jejuni,

63’ünün (%4) C. coli� YH� ��¶XQXQ� �� GL÷HU� Campylobacter VSS�� ROGX÷X�� EX�L]RODWODUÕQ� ��-��¶XQXQ� VLSURIORNVDVLQH�� ¶VLQLQ� HULWURPLVLQH� GLUHQoOL� ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��$\QÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��PDUNHWOHUGHQ�DOÕQDQ��Siliç eti ürününün 80’inden

(%44) Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L�� EXQODUGDQ� ��¶VLQLQ� �� C. jejuni,

��¶VÕQÕQ� ��C. coli�ROGX÷X��¶VLQLQ� LVH� ��EHOLUOHQHPHGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��(OGH�edilen 62 C. jejuni� L]RWÕQÕQ� ��¶VÕQÕQ� D]LWURPLVLQH�� ¶�Q�Q� VLSURfloksasine,

��¶LQLQ�NOLQGDPLVLQH��¶VÕQÕQ�HULWURPLVLQH��¶XQXQ�QDOLGLNVLN�DVLGH��¶XQXQ�LVH�WHWUDVLNOLQH�GLUHQoOL�ROGX÷X�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU��*XSWD�YH�DUN��

Ishihara ve ark. (2004), Japonya’da 1999-�� \ÕOODUÕQGD� \DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��EURLOHU�V�U�OHULQGHQ�WRSODGÕNODUÕ��GÕúNÕ�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶LQGHQ�C. jejuni

izole ettiklerini, izole edilen C. jejuni serotiplerinden, dihidrostreptomisine serotip

$¶QÕQ��VHURWLS�%¶QLQ��VHURWLS�'¶QLQ��VHURWLS�*¶QLQ��VHURWLS�5¶QLQ��oksitetrasikline serotip� $¶QÕQ� �� VHURWLS� %¶QLQ� �� VHURWLS� '¶QLQ� ��VHURWLS�*¶QLQ��VHURWLS�5¶QLQ��NLQRORQODUD�VHURWLS�$¶QÕQ��VHURWLS�%¶QLQ�� VHURWLS�'¶QLQ�� VHURWLS�*¶QLQ�� VHURWLS�5¶QLQ��RUDQÕQGD�GLUHQoOL�ROGXNODUÕQÕ�VDSWDPÕúODUGÕU�

Avrain ve� DUN�� )UDQVD¶GD� \DSWÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDGD�� EURLOHUOHULQ� VHNXP�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�HOGH�HWWLNOHUL�� L]RODWÕQ��¶VÕQÕQ�C. jejuni, %24.4’ünün C. coli

ROGX÷XQX��C. jejuni� L]RODWODUÕQÕQ� ��¶�Q�Q� DPSLVLOLQH�� ¶LQLQ� QDOLGLNVLN� DVLGH��%17’sinin enrofloksasine,��¶VLQLQ�WHWUDVLNOLQH��¶�Q�Q�HULWURPLVLQH�YH��¶ÕQÕQ�JHQWDPLVLQH�GLUHQoOL�ROGX÷XQX�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU��$QWLEL\RWLN�GLUHQoOLOL÷LQ�DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ�EHQ]HU�ELU� oDOÕúPDGD��NLQRORQODUD�GLUHQFLQ�\�NVHN�ELU�SUHYDODQV� ��J|VWHUGL÷L�EHOLUOHQPLúWLU��0D\UKRIHU�Ye ark., 2004).

11

��dHYUHVHO�6WUHV�.RúXOODUÕQD�&HYDS�

Campylobacter�VSS��QDULQ�\DSÕGD�ROPDODUÕQD�UD÷PHQ��EXOXQGXNODUÕ�oHYUH�úDUWODUÕQGD�FDQOÕ�NDODELOPH�\HWHQH÷LQH�VDKLS�ROGXNODUÕ��oHYUH�ÕVÕVÕ�G�úW�÷�QGH��RUWDPGDNL�EHVLQ�PLNWDUÕ� D]DOGÕ÷ÕQGD�� N�OW�UGH� �UHWLOHPH\HQ�� DQFDN� FDQOÕ� RUWDPGD� LQIHNVL\RQ�ROXúWXUDELOHQ� IRUPD� G|Q�úW�NOHUL�� EX� VD\HGH� EHVLQOHU� �]HULQGHNL� YH� GR÷DGDNL�YDUOÕNODUÕQÕ�V�UG�UHELOGLNOHUL�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��7KROR]DQ�YH�DUN��

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� DHURE� úDUWODUGD�� ÕOÕN� YH\D� NXUX� RUWDPODUGa

FDQOÕOÕNODUÕQÕQ� ]D\ÕI� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� 6X� RUWDPÕQGD� X]XQ� V�UH� EXOXQDQ� C.

jejuni’nin� NRNRLG� IRUPD� JHoHUHN� GXUJXQOXN� �KDUHNHWVL]�� ID]ÕQD� JLUGL÷L� YH� EX� ID]GD�LNHQ� VHOHNWLI� ROPD\DQ� EHVL� \HUOHUL� NXOODQÕODUDN� N�OW�UH� HGLOPHOHULQLQ� P�PN�Q�ROPDGÕ÷Õ� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� EX� V�UH� ]DUIÕQGD� FDQOÕ� IDNDW� N�OW�UH� HGLOHPH]� �9%1&��Viable But Non-&XOWXUDEOH��RODUDN�WDQÕPODQDQ�FRFRLG�IRUPD�JHoWLNOHUL�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(Rollins ve Colwell, 1986; Jones ve ark., 1991a).

Kültüre edilemeyen süspansiyonlardaki spiral morfolojili bu hücrelerin elektron

PLNURVNREXQGD� GÕú� ]DUGDQ� EDúOD\DUDN� ER\OX� ER\XQFD�� |]HOOLNOH� NXWXS� E|OJHVL� YH�K�FUH�]DUÕ�E�]�OP�ú�KDOGH��ROGXNoD�E�\�N�SURWRSOD]PDOÕ�K�FUHOHU�RODUDN�J|U�OG�÷��YH� SHQHWUDV\RQ� LúOHPLQL� EX� úHNLOGH� VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��6SLUDO� IRUPGDNi etkenin

IODJHOODU�IODPHQWLQLQ�N�o�N�SDUoDODU�LOH��IUDJPHQWOHU��WHPVLO�HGLOGL÷L�YH�EX�SDUoDODUÕQ�IODPHQW� DGÕQD� KDUHNHW� HWWL÷L� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU�� +�FUH� NRNRLG� IRUPD� JHoHUNHQ�SURWRSOD]PDQÕQ�E�]�OG�÷��YH�KHU�LNL�IODJHOODQÕQ�IUDJPHQWOHU�LoHUVLQH�JLUHUHN�VLUN�OHU�vH� NRQNDY� IRUP� DODUDN� WRSODQGÕ÷Õ�� EX� IRUPGDNL�PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ� IODPHQWOHULQGH�IUDJPHQWOHULQ� ROPDGÕ÷Õ� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� %DNWHULQLQ� ³GRUPDQW-like state” (hareketsiz,

X\NX� KDOL� IRUPXQGD�� GXUXPXQGD� ROPDVÕQÕQ�� oHYUH� úDUWODUÕQD� GLUHQFLQL� DUWWÕUGÕ÷Õ��hücrenin kok fRUPD�JHoHUNHQ�FDQOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ�WDPDPHQ�\LWLUPHGHQ�|QFH�GLQOHQPH�ID]ÕQD�JHoWL÷L�YH�EX�úHNLOGH�NDOGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��-RQHV�YH�DUN��D��.HWOH\��%X�IRUPGD\NHQ�� VHOHNWLI� ROPD\DQ� EHVL� \HUOHULQGH� JHOLúHPHGLNOHUL�� IDNDW� KD\YDQODUGD�LQIHNVL\RQX� EDúODWPD� \HWHQHNOHULQLQ� ROGX÷X� YXUJXODQPÕúWÕU� �5ROOLQV� YH� &ROZHOO��1986; Jones ve ark., 1991a).

12

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ�� RNVLGDWLI� VWUHVH� NDUúÕ� FDQOÕOÕNODUÕQÕ� V�UG�UPHOHULQGH PerR,

SodB ya da SodF, KatA ya da KatE ve AhpC JHQOHULQLQ� URO� R\QDGÕ÷Õ��süperoksitdismutaz (SOD), alkil hidroksiperoksit redüktaz (Ahp) ve katalaz

HQ]LPOHULQLQ� RNVLGDWLI� VDYXQPD� VLVWHPL� RODUDN� DGODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ� EXQXQ� \DQÕQGD�RVPRUHJ�ODV\RQX�VD÷OD\DQ�ProP, stasyoner fazda karbon depolama regülatörü olan

CsrA��VR÷XN�YH�VÕFDN�VWUHVLQH�GLUHQFL�VD÷OD\DQ�HspR, HrcA, GroELS, DnaJ, DnaK ve

Lon�JHQOHULQH�GH�VDKLS�ROGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��3DUNKLOO�YH�DUN��3DUN��

1.7. Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin GHOLúLPLQL�(WNLOH\HQ��)DNW|UOHU�

��S+�GH÷HUL

Campylobacter spp.’QLQ� �UHPHVL� LoLQ� JHUHNOL� S+� DUDOÕ÷ÕQÕQ� ��-�� ROGX÷X��ODERUDWXYDU� NRúXOODUÕQGDNL� RSWLPDO� S+� GH÷HULQLQ� ��-�� DUDVÕQGD� GH÷LúWL÷L�� ¶�Q�DOWÕQGDNL�S+�GH÷HUOHULQGH�FDQOÕ�NDODPDGÕNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��$QRQ��

1.7.2. NaCl konsantrasyonu

C. jejuni’nin, 420C’de, optimum %0.5 maksimum %1.5 tuz konsantrasyonunda

JHOLúWL÷L�� WX]� \RNOX÷XQGD� ORJDULWPLN� �UHPH� ID]ÕQÕQ� X]DGÕ÷Õ�� !�� WX]�NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQGD��JHOLúHPHGL÷L��\�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕNWD��VRG\XP�NORULGL�GDKD�L\L�WROHUH�HWWL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� �$QRQ��C. jejuni¶QLQ�EX]GRODEÕ� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� ��0C) %1’lik

WX]�NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQD�GX\DUOÕ�ROGX÷X��IDNDW��0&¶GHNL�PXKDID]D\D�RUDQOD�EX]GRODEÕ�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGDNL�LQKLELV\RQ�RUDQÕQÕQ�GDKD�\DYDú�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6WHUQ�YH�.D]PL��1989).

��6ÕFDNOÕN

Campylobacter spp.’nin 25-430&�DUDVÕQGDNL�VÕFDNOÕNODUGD�JHOLúHELOGLNOHUL��WHUPRILOLN�türler olan C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari ve C. upsaliensis’in RSWLPXP� JHOLúPH�VÕFDNOÕNODUÕQÕQ� ��0&� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� .D]PL�� 6WHUQ� YH� DUN��

13

1992a; Keener ve ark., 2004). Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin 37-420C’lerde

üredikleri, 250&¶GH��UH\HPHGLNOHUL�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��0F&OXUH�YH�DUN��

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� DUDVÕQGD� HQ� |QHPOL� W�U� RODQ� C. jejuni’nin

RSWLPDO�JHOLúPH�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ��-450&�DUDVÕQGDGÕr (Stern ve Kazmi, 1989). Musgrove ve

DUN�� RUJDQL]PDQÕQ� '� GH÷HULQLQ� '52:1.96–10.82 dk., D60: 0.18-0.39 dk.

ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��C. jejuni¶QLQ��SDVW|UL]DV\RQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�FDQOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ�\LWLUGL÷L�YH� L\L� �UHWLP� úDUWODUÕ� VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ� WDNWLUGH� SDVW|UL]e edilen süt ve süt ürünlerinde

PLNURRUJDQL]PD\D� UDVWODQPDGÕ÷Õ� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� �3DOXPER�� 6WHUQ� YH� .RWXOD�(1982), 106 kob/g düzeyinde C. jejuni� LOH� NRQWDPLQH� HGLOGLNWHQ� VRQUD� ��GDNLNDOÕN�KDúODPD�LúOHPLQH�WDEL�WXWXOPXú�YH�PHUNH]�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ��0C’ye ulaúPÕú�RODQ�HWOHUGH�C.

jejuni�VDSWD\DPDGÕNODUÕQÕ��ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�

Dondurma-o|]�QG�UPH�LúOHPLQLQ�Campylobacter spp. SRSXODV\RQXQX�D]DOWWÕ÷Õ��(Stern ve Kazmi, 1989) –150&¶GH��GN�¶GD�LQDNWLYH�ROGXNODUÕ�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��6WHUQ�YH�Kotula, 1982). Piliç� NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ� ��5 hücre/karkas düzeyinde kontamine edilmesi

sonucu C. jejuni� VD\ÕVÕQÕQ� -180&¶GH� �� GN�� GD� ELU� ORJDULWPLN� G�]H\GH� D]DOGÕ÷Õ�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �*LOO� YH� +DUULV�� Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ�� D]DODQ� VÕFDNOÕN�GHUHFHOHULQH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN�FDQOÕ�NDODELOPH�\HWHQH÷LQLQ�DUWWÕ÷Õ��X\JXQ�Dw�GH÷HUOHULQGH�EX]GRODEÕ� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� ELOH� PHWDEROLN� RODUDN� J�QOHUFH� DNWLI� NDODELOGLNOHUL� DQFDN��UH\HPHGLNOHUL�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%XVZHOO�YH�DUN��+D]HOHJHU�YH�DUN��

%RVWDQ�YH�DUN��VR÷XWXOPXú�YH�GRQGXUXOPXú�PXKDID]DQÕQ�C. jejuni’nin

FDQOÕOÕ÷Õ��]HULQH�HWNLOHULQL�DUDúWÕUGÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD��5 kob/g düzeyinde C. jejuni

inoküle edilen ve 40C’de 9 gün, –180&¶GH��J�Q�PXKDID]D�HGLOHQ��NÕ\PD�YH�NXúEDúÕ�HWOHUGH� EDúODQJÕoWD� ��-4.3x105 kob/g olan C. jejuni� VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�� NÕ\PDGa 1.1x104

NRE�J¶D�� NXúEDúÕ� HWWH� ��[��3� NRE�J¶D� G�úW�÷�� EHQ]HU� UHG�NVL\RQODUÕQ� -180C’deki

GHSRODPD�VÕUDVÕQGD�GD�J|]OHQGL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

$KR�YH�+LUQ��PDUNHWOHUGHQ�WRSODGÕNODUÕ��GRQPXú�NDUNDVÕQ��¶�QGHQ�(%7) Campylobacter spp. izole ettiklerini, karkas yüzeyindeki Campylobacter spp.

14

NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQXQ� �� KDIWDOÕN� GRQPXú� PXKDID]D� VRQXFXQGD� �� ORJ10 düzeyinde

D]DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ�VDSWDPÕúODUGÕU�

C. jejuni’QLQ� RGD� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� WXWXODQ� JÕGDODUGD�� 0C’de tutulanlardan daha

oDEXN� LQDNWLI� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU (Koidis ve Doyle, 1984; Hazeleger ve ark.,

1998).

1.7.4. Rutubet ve su aktivitesi (aw)

C. jejuni¶QLQ� RGD� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� PXKDID]D\D� YH� NXUXWPD� LúOHPLQH� ROGXNoD� GX\DUOÕ�ROGX÷X��EX]GRODEÕ�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�YH��¶WHQ�G�ú�N�UHODWLI�UXWXEHWWH�KDIWDODU�ER\XQFD��haIWD�� FDQOÕ� NDODELOGL÷L� � ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� DUN�� D�� 6Õ÷ÕU� NDUNDVODUÕQGD�VR÷XWPDGDQ� |QFHNL� Campylobacter spp. LQVLGHQVLQLQ�� VR÷XWPDGDQ� VRQUDNL�LQVLGHQVWHQ� GDKD� \�NVHN� ROGX÷X�� EXQXQ� LVH� �0&¶GHNL� VR÷XN� KDYDQÕQ� NDUNDV�\�]H\LQGHNL� QHPL� EXKDUODúWÕUDUDN� NDUNDV� \�]H\� GRNXODUÕQÕ� NXUXWPDVÕQGDQ�ND\QDNODQGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��$QRQ��

Fraser ve ark. (1992), C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin %99 relatif rutubet içeren, %10

CO2¶OL� RUWDPGD� GDKD� JHQLú� NRORQLOHU� ROXúWXUGXNODUÕQÕ�� UHODWLI� UXWXEHWWH�JHOLúPHQLQ� ]D\ÕI� ROGX÷XQX� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��%HVL� \HUOHULQLQ�NXUXPDVÕ� YH�PXKDID]DVÕ�VÕUDVÕQGD�RNVLMHQ� LQKLELV\RQXQD�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN�NRORQL�PRUIRORMLOHULQLQ�GH÷LúHELOHFH÷L��bununla birlikte C. jejuni koloni morfolojilerinin besi yeri içerisindeki rutubet

G�]H\LQH� KDVVDV� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �%XFN� YH� .HOO\�� Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ� JHOLúLPL� LoLQ� JHUHNOL� RODQ� RSWLPXP� Dw GH÷HULQLQ� �� PLQLPXP� ��ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��$QRQ��

��,úÕQODPD

Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�JDPD�ÕúÕQÕQD�ELUoRN�YHMHWDWLI�*UDP-negatif bakteriden daha

KDVVDV� ROGX÷X�� NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDVÕQD� X\JXODQDQ� ��-�� N*\� GR]XQGDNL� JDPD� ÕúÕQÕQÕQ�(60Co) 109 (Campylobacter/karkas) düzeyindeki Campylobacter kolonilerini inaktive

HWPHN�LoLQ�\HWHUOL�ROGX÷X��Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ�HOLPLQDV\RQX�LoLQ�NXOODQÕODQ�ÕúÕQ�

15

dR]XQD� GLUHQFLQ�� GRQPXú� JÕGDODUGD� EX]GRODEÕ� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� PXKDID]D� HGLOHQ�JÕGDODUGDQ�GDKD� \�NVHN�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�89� ÕúÕQÕQD�E. coli ve

Yersinia enterocolitica¶GDQ�GDKD�KDVVDV�ROGX÷X�YH��-3.7 mW/cm2 dozundaki UV

ÕúÕQÕQÕQ� �� V� V�UH\OH� oL÷� SLOLo� NDUNDV� \�]H\LQH� X\JXODQPDVÕ\OD� WRWDO� C. jejuni

PLNWDUÕQÕ�� ORJ�G�]H\GH�D]DOWWÕ÷Õ�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �&RUU\�YH�$WDED\��&ODYHUR�YH�ark. (1994), C. jejuni¶QLQ� LQDNWLYDV\RQXQGD� NXOODQÕODQ� '10� GH÷HULQLQ� ��-0.235

N*\�DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLúOHUdir.

��.LP\DVDO�øQKLELW|UOHU

��.ORULQ��NORULQGLRNVLW�YH�GL÷HU�NORULQ�W�UHYOHUL

6R÷XN� VX� WDQNÕ� YH� \ÕNDPD� VX\XQD� LODYH� HGLOHQ� ��-50 ppm düzeyindeki klorinin

karkas yüzeyindeki toplam Campylobacter� VSS�� VD\ÕVÕQÕ� D]DOWWÕ÷Õ�� NORULQH� PDUX]�kalan birçok Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� VXEOHWDO� KDVDUD� X÷UDGÕ÷Õ� YH� VHOHNWLI� EHVL�\HUOHULQGH��UH\HPHGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��$QRQ��&RUU\�YH�$WDED\��.DUNDV�\�]H\LQH�WXWXQDQ�EDNWHUL�G�]H\LQL�D]DOWPDN�LoLQ�NXOODQÕODQ�NORULQGLRNVLWLQ�NORULQGHQ�GDKD� HWNLOL� ROGX÷X, bununla birlikte Campylobacter spp.’nin sitrik aside fosforik

DVLWWHQ�oRN�GDKD�GX\DUOÕ�ROGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��&RUU\�YH�$WDED\��

$KR� YH�+LUQ� �� VR÷XWPD� WDQNODUÕ� YH� KDúODPD� WDQNÕ� VX\XQD� ��-300 ppm

düzeyinde ilave edilen klorinin karkas yüzeyindeki Campylobacter spp.

NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQX� |QHPOL� G�]H\GH� D]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕ�� KDúODPD� WDQNÕQD� NORULQOH� ELUOLNWH�%0.1-�� NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQGD� LODYH� HGLOHQ� DVHWLN� DVLWLQ� NDUNDVODUÕQ� RUJDQROHSWLN�|]HOOLNOHULQGH�GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH�\RO�DoDELOHFH÷LQL�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�

1.7.6.2. Laktik asit

Cudjoe ve Kapperud (1991), 40C’de karkas yüzeyine sprey olarak uygulanan %1-

2’lik laktik asitin karkas yüzeyindeki Campylobacter� VSS�� VD\ÕVÕQÕ� D]DOWWÕ÷ÕQÕ� IDNDW�WDPDPHQ�HOLPLQH�HGHPH÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

16

1.8. Virulens Faktörleri

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� SDWRJHQH]LQLQ� YH� PROHN�OHU� PHNDQL]PDVÕQÕQ� KHQ�]� WDP�RODUDN� DQODúÕODPDGÕ÷Õ� ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU�� Campylobacter� VSS�� WDUDIÕQGDQ� PH\GDQD�JHWLULOHQ� SDWRORMLN� GH÷LúLNOLNOHU�� EDNWHULQLQ� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� YLUXOHQV� IDNW|UOHUOH�LOLúNLOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU (Rollins ve Colwell, 1986). C. jejuni¶QLQ� KDVWDOÕN� ROXúWXUPD�PHNDQL]PDVÕ� KHQ�]� WDP� RODUDN� DoÕNOÕ÷D� NDYXúWXUXOPDPÕú� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ� WRNVLQ�ROXúWXUPD�� KDUHNHWOLOLN� YH� WXWXQPD� |]HOOLNOHUL� YLUXOHQV� IDNW|UOHUL� RODUDN�WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU�� %D÷ÕUVDN� PXNR]DVÕQÕQ� K�FUH� GXYDUÕQD� DGDSWDV\RQXQXQ�� C.

jejuni’nin eQ�|QHPOL�YLUXOHQV�IDNW|UOHULQGHQ�ELUL�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��6WHUQ�YH�DUN��1992a). C. jejuni ve C. coli¶QLQ��JÕGD��YH�VXGD�PDUX]�NDOGÕNODUÕ�IL]LNVHO�VWUHVOHUH�NDUúÕ�hayatta kalma ve dirençlilik gibi faktörlerinin,�LQIHNVL\RQXQ�ROXúPD�YH�EXODúPDVÕQGD�|QHPOL�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�JÕGD�YH�VXGDNL�EX�GLUHoOLOLNOHUL�FDQOÕ� IDNDW� N�OW�UH� HGLOHPH\HQ� IRUP� RODQ�9%1&� \DSÕODUÕ� LOH� LOLúNLOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU�(Jones ve ark, 1991a; Lázaro ve ark, 1999).

Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�PLGH�DVLGLQH�GX\DUOÕ�ROGXNODUÕ��DQFDN�\D÷OÕ�EHVLQOHU��V�W�YH�VX�LOH�ELUOLNWH�DOÕQGÕNODUÕQGD�DVLGLQ�]DUDUOÕ�HWNLVLQLQ�D]DOGÕ÷Õ��$OWHNUXVH�YH�DUN�� PLGH� DVLW� EDUL\HULQL� JHoHUHN� GLVWDO� LOHXPD� YH� NRORQD� NRORQL]H� ROGXNODUÕ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLr. Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ�� ED÷ÕUVDN� K�FUH� \�]H\LQH� DGH]\RQX�(tutunma-ED÷ODQPD��YH�PXNR]D\D�NRORQL]DV\RQX�GHYDP�HGHUNHQ��\D�ED÷ÕUVDN�HSLWHO�K�FUH� IRQNVL\RQODUÕQD� ]DUDU� YHUHUHN�� ED÷ÕUVD÷ÕQ� QRUPDO� DEVRUEVL\RQ� NDSDVLWHVLQL�bozma yolu ile direkt etki gösterdiklHUL��\D�GD�WRNVLQ�VDOÕQÕPÕQÕ��K�FUH�LQYD]\RQXQX��YH� LQIODPDWRULN� �\DQJÕVDO�� GX\DUOÕOÕ÷Õ� EDúODWDUDN� LQGLUHNW� HWNL� J|VWHUGLNOHUL�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��.HWOH\��

��ùHPRWDNVLV�YH�0RWLOLWH

Campylobacter spp.’nin kimyasal maddeleri belirleme ve bakterinin bu maddelere

GR÷UX� KDUHNHW� HGHELOPH� IRQNVL\RQXQD� VDKLS� ROGXNODUÕ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� 0ROHN�OHU�düzeyde, Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� úHPRWDNVLVLQH� LOLúNLQ� oRN� D]� ELOJLQLQ� PHYFXW�ROGX÷X�ELOLQPHNWHGLU��%X�GXUXPXQ��LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOHQ�WHN�UHJ�ODWRULN�NRPSRQHQW�RODQ�

17

cheY geni� LoLQ� GH÷LúWL÷L� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� %X� JHQGHNL� PXWDV\RQODUÕQ� LQYD]\RQ� \D� GD�PRWLOLWH� �]HULQH� HWNLOL� ROPDGÕ÷Õ� IDNDW� LQ� YLWUR� RUWDPGD� � úHPRWDNVLV� ND\EÕQD� QHGHQ�ROGX÷X� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �.HWOH\�� 0LGH� EDUL\HULQL� JHoHQ� C. jejuni¶QLQ�� KDVWDOÕN�sürecini baúODWDELOPHVL�LoLQ�ED÷ÕUVDN�PRNR]DO�\�]H\LQH�XODúPDVÕ�YH�NRORQL]H�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNWL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��ùHPRWDNVLVLQ�VWLPXODV\RQX\OD�PRWLOLWHQLQ�HWNLQOL÷LQLQ�DUWWÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� C. jejuni’nin test edilen 20 karbonhidrattan sadece L-fukoza, 15

aminoasitten L-aspartata, L-sisteine, L-glutamata ve L-serine, bununla birlikte

SLUXYDW�� VXNVLQDW�� IXPDUDW�� PDODW� YH� .-ketoglutarat gibi birkaç organik asit tuzuna

úHPRWDNVLV� J|VWHUGL÷L�� JHQHOOLNOH� NULSW� LoHULVLQGH� EXOXQPDODUÕQÕQ� |]HOOLNOH� VDIUD� YH�PXVLQH� J|VWHUGL÷L� NLP\DVDO� \DNÕQOÕ÷ÕQ�� PXKWHPHOHQ� PXVLQ� YH� PXVLQ�PHWDEROL]PDVÕQD�RODQ�ED÷ÕPOÕOÕNODUÕQGDQ�LOHUL�JHOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��:DONHU�YH�DUN��1986; Hugdahl ve ark., 1988).

Campylobacter�VSS¶QLQ�KDUHNHWOLOL÷L�LoLQ�IODJHOOXPXQ�\DSÕODQPDVÕ�JHUHNWL÷L�YH�flagellumun en i\L�NDUDNWHUL]H�HGLOPLú�YLUXOHQV�GHWHUPLQDQWÕ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��+�FUH� úHNOL� YH� IODJHOOXP� NRPELQDV\RQXQXQ�� Campylobacter türlerine visköz

RUWDPODUGD� � \�NVHN� G�]H\GH�KDUHNHWOLOLN� ND]DQGÕUGÕ÷ÕQD� LQDQÕOPDNWDGÕU� �)HUUHUR� YH�Lee, 1988).

C. jejuni¶QLQ� úHPRWDNVLV� YH� KDUHNHWOLOLN� |]HOOL÷LQLQ� ED÷ÕUVDN� HSLWHO� K�FUHVLQH�ED÷ODQPDGD� |QHPOL� IDNW|UOHU� ROGXNODUÕ� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �&DOGZHOO� YH� DUN�� 0RURRND� YH� DUN�� :DONHU� YH� DUN�� %D]Õ� C. jejuni� VXúODUÕQÕQ�NURPR]RPODUÕQD� DLW� � JHQ� KDULWDODUÕQÕQ�� flaA ve flaB¶\L� LoHUHQ� LNL� ELWLúLN� JHQL�NDSVDGÕ÷Õ�� KHU� LNL� JHQLQ� GH� HúLW� E�\�NO�NWH� ROGX÷X� �\DNODúÕN� �� NES�� PROHN�O�D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕQÕQ� \DNODúÕN� RODUDN� ��–�� 0ES� ROGX÷X� YH� SURWHLQ� NRGODGÕNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� *HQOHULQ� PHUNH]LQGH� �¶� YH� �¶� E|OJHOHULQGH� EXOXQDQ� flaA ve flaB

genlerinin baz dizilimlerinin yüksek düzeyde (> %93) benzerlik gösterdikleri

ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� C. coli ve C. jejuni’nin flaA� JHQOHUL� NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD�� W�P�DPLQRDVLW� GL]LOLPLQLQ� ��¶VLQLQ� EHQ]HU� ROGX÷X�� HQ� E�\�N� GH÷LúLNOL÷LQ� PHUNH]�bölgede bXOXQGX÷X� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU�� flaA ve flaB� JHQOHULQLQ� ED÷ÕPVÕ]� RODUDN�NRS\DODQGÕ÷Õ� YH� IDUNOÕ� WLSWHNL� SURPRWRUODUOD� �GHVWHNOH\LFL� PHNDQL]PD�� UHJ�OH�HGLOGLNOHUL�YXUJXODQPDNWDGÕU��flaA¶QÕQ�\RNOX÷XQGD��flaB geninden kodlanan flagellin

18

SURWHLQOHULQGH� NÕVDOPD� YH� N�o�OPHQLQ� úHNLOOHQGL÷L�� EX� GXUXPGD� IODJHOOXPXQ�IRQNVL\RQHO� ROPDGÕ÷Õ� J|U�OP�úW�U�� 6RQXo� RODUDN�� NRORQL]DV\RQ� YH� DGH]\RQ� LoLQ��IODJHOOXPXQ�GROD\ÕVÕ\OH� � flaA¶QÕQ�]RUXQOX�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �1DFKDPNLQ�YH�DUN��1993; Wassenaar ve ark., 1993).

1.8.2. AdezyoQ��%D÷ODQPD-Tutunma)

C. jejuni�� LQYD]\RQXQ� �LVWLOD�� EDúODQJÕFÕQGD� ED÷ÕUVDN� HSLWHO� K�FUHVLQH� ED÷ODQPDN�]RUXQGDGÕU�� $GH]\RQD� ELUoRN� IDNW|U�Q� HWNLOL� ROGX÷X�� ED÷ÕUVDN� K�FUHVLQH� ED÷ODQPD�\HWHQH÷LQLQ��IODJHOOD�YH�OLSRSROLVDNNDULW��/26��JLEL�\�]H\�ELOHúHQOHULQLQ�oHúLWOLOL÷LQH�ED÷OÕ� ROGX÷X� �0F6ZHHJDQ� YH� :DONHU�� YH� EDNWHUL� K�FUH� \�]H\LQGHNL� ED]Õ�\DSÕODUÕQ� DGH]LY� |]HOOLNWH� ROGXNODUÕ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �0F6ZHHJDQ� YH� :DONHU�� :DVVHQDDU� YH� %ODVHU�� %DNWHUL� GÕú� PHPEUDQÕQGD� EXOXQDQ� ��-30 kDa

PROHN�OHU� D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGDNL� SURWHLQ� DQWLMHQOHULQLQ� D\QÕ� ]DPDQGD� DGHVLQ� ROGXNODUÕ�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��)DXFKpUH�YH�DUN��C. jejuni�GÕú�PHPEUDQÕQGDQ��LQYLWUR�N�OW�U�hücresi olan Hep-2 hücrelerine adere olabilen PEB1, PEB2, PEB3, PEB4 olarak

WDQÕPODQDQ� YH� DQWLMHQLN� |]HOOLN� J|VWHUHQ� G|UW� SURWHLQ� L]ROH� HGLOPLúWLU� �3HL� YH� DUN��3HL�YH�%ODVHU��0ROHN�O�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ��N'D�RODQ�3(%�¶LQ�� C. jejuni ve C.

coli�LoLQ�K�FUH�DGHUHQ]�PROHN�O��YH�RUWDN�DQWLMHQL�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��3(%��NRQDN�K�FUH\H�ED÷ODQGÕ÷Õ�DQGD�SRWDQVL\HO�DGH]LQ�JHQLQLQ��NRGODQGÕ÷Õ�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU��%XQXQOD�birlikte, PEB2 ve PEB3’ün adezyondaki önemi bilinmemektedir (Pei ve Blaser,

��%LU�GL÷HU�GÕú�PHPEUDQ�SURWHLQL�RODQ�3(%�¶��NRGOD\DQ�JHQLQ�'1$�GL]LOLPL\OH��SURWHLQ� WDúÕPD� VLVWHPLQLQ� ELU� E|O�P�Q�� NRGOD\DQ� JHQin DNA diziliminin benzer

ROPDVÕQÕQ�3(%�¶�Q�GH�PXKWHPHO�ELU�DGH]LQ�RODELOHFH÷L�J|U�ú�Q��\D\JÕQODúWÕUPÕúWÕU��%XUXFRD�YH�DUN�� øQ�YLYR�DUDúWÕUPDODUGD�GD� WH\LW�HGLOGL÷L��]HUH�� IODJHOODQÕQ�LQYLWUR� RUWDPGD� DGHUHQ]� |]HOOL÷H� VDKLS� ROGX÷X�� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH bakteri hücre

PHPEUDQÕQGD�EXOXQDQ� OLSRSROLVDNNDULWLQ� �/36�� GH�ED÷ÕUVDN�N|NHQOL�N�OW�U�K�FUHVL�olan INT-�� K�FUHOHUL� �]HULQGH� DGHUHQ]� RODUDN� J|UHY� \DSWÕ÷Õ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(McSweegan ve Walker, 1986; Wassenaar ve Blaser, 1999).

Campylobacter spp.’nin beOOL� EDúOÕ� NRORQL]DV\RQ� E|OJHVLQLQ� LQFHED÷ÕUVDN�ROGX÷X� IDNDW� NRORQGD�GD� NRORQL]H� ROGXNODUÕ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �:DONHU� YH� DUN��

19

C. jejuni� NODVLN� ELU� ILPEULDGDQ� \RNVXQ� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ�� VDIUD� WX]ODUÕQD� PDUX]�NDOGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�EDNWHULGH�VDo�EHQ]HUL�ILPEULDO�\DSÕODU�J|]OHQPLúWLU��<DNÕQ�ELU�]DPDQD�kadar Campylobacter WDUDIÕQGDQ�ILPEULD��UHWLPLQLQ�WDP�RODUDN�DoÕNOÕN�ND]DQPDGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOVH� GH�� 'ROJ� YH� DUN�� ILPEULD� �UHWLPLQL� GR÷UXODPÕú� YH� HOHNWURQ�PLNURVNREXQGD�JHQLúOL÷LQLQ��-��QP��ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLULOPLúOHUGir. Bununla birlikte bu

ILPEULDO� IODPHQWOHUL� NRGOD\DQ� JHQ� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOPHPLúWLU�� )LPEULD� EL\RVHQWH]LQGH�J|UHY� DOGÕ÷Õ� G�ú�Q�OHQ� pspA JHQLQLQ� LQDNWLYDV\RQX� ILPEULDVÕ]� PXWDQWODUÕQ�ROXúXPX\OD� VRQXoODQPÕúWÕU��%X�PXWDV\RQXQ� LQYLWUR�RUWDPGD�EDNWHUL\HO�ED÷ODQPDya

HWNLOL�ROPDGÕ÷Õ��ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6RQXo�RODUDN��OLSRSROLVDNNDULW��/36��IODJHOOD��ILPEULDO�flamentler, yüzey-LOLúNLOL� SURWHLQOHU� JLEL� ELUoRN� EDNWHUL\HO� \DSÕQÕQ� DGH]LY� |]HOOLN�J|VWHUGL÷L�ELOGLULOPHNWH�YH�EX�|QHPOL�\DSÕODUÕQ�LQYLYR�DGH]\RQ�YH�NRORQL]DV\RQ�için

JHUHNOL�ROGXNODUÕ�YXUJXODQPÕúWÕU��:DVVHQDDU�YH�%ODVHU��

1.8.3. øQYD]\RQ�YH�+�FUH�øoL�<DúD\DELOLUOLOLN

+�FUH�KDVDUÕ��K�FUH�IRQNVL\RQODUÕQGD�ND\ÕS��\DQJÕ�YH�GL\DUH�LOH�NDUDNWHUL]H�K�FUHVHO�LQYD]\RQ�� |QHPOL� ELU� SDWRMHQLN� PHNDQL]PDGÕU�� øQYD]\RQ� VÕUDVÕQGD�� NRQDN� K�FUH�PRQROD\HULQGHNL� OL]DWD]ODUÕQ� �K�FUH\H� ED÷ODQPD\Õ� HQJHOOH\HQ� HQ]LP�� EDNWHUL\HO�SURWHLQ� VHQWH]LQL� LQKLEH� HWWLNOHUL� EX� \�]GHQ� EDNWHULQLQ� LQYD]\RQ� VÕUDVÕQGD�de nevo

RODUDN� DGODQGÕUÕODQ� �� \HQL� SURWHLQL� VHQWH]OHGL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %X� SURWeinlerin

LQYD]\RQ�LoLQ�JHUHNOL�ROGXNODUÕ�ND\GHGLOPLúLU��.RQNHO�YH�&LHSODN��:RROGULGJH�YH�.HWOH\��7�UOHUH�J|UH� LQYD]LY�|]HOOLNWHNL� IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕ�J|VWHUPHN�DPDFÕ\OD��bakteriyel invazyonun modeli olarak INT-407, Hep-2, ve CaCo-2 gibi doku hücre

N�OW�UOHULQLQ�NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��C. jejuni’nin de doku hücre kültürlerini istila

HGHUHN��L\L�\DSÕODQPD�\HWHQH÷LQH�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU��)DXFKHUH�YH�DUN��Wooldridge ve Ketley, 1997).

+�FUH�LoLQH�DOÕPÕQ��HWNHQLQ�NRQDN�K�FUH�LOH�HWNLOHúLPLQGHQ�VRQUD��NRQDN�K�FUH�PHPEUDQÕQÕQ�LoHUL\H�GR÷UX�NÕYUÕOPDVÕ�YH�\DODQFÕ�D\DNODUÕQ�úHNLOOHQPHVL\OH�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� (QGRVLWRVLV� RODUDN� ELOLQHQ� EX� PHNDQL]PDGD�� HWNHQLQ� \D�PLNURWXEXOOHU� DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ� LOH� NRQDN� K�FUH� ]DUÕ\OD� VDUÕODUDN� ELU� YDNXRl içersinde

�HQGR]RP��\D�GD�DNWLQ�IODPHQWOHULQ�ROXúWXUGX÷X�YH�NDYDRO�GHQHQ�ED÷ÕPVÕ]�\DSÕODUOD�

20

NRQDN�K�FUH\H�DOÕQGÕ÷Õ�J|]OHQPLúWLU��'H�0HOR�YH�DUN��.RQNHO�YH�DUN��D��2HOVFKODHJHU�YH�DUN��+�FUH\H�DOÕP�PHNDQL]PDVÕ�ùHNLO��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLr (Ketley, 1997).

ùHNLO�� Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�NRQDN�K�FUH\H�DOÕP�PHNDQL]PDVÕ�(Ketley, 1997)

a) +DUHNHWVL]�GXUXPGD�K�FUH\H�DOÕP�VWLP�OH�HGLOPH] b) +�FUH\H�DOÕP�KDUHNHWOLOLN�YH�SULPHU�DGH]LQOHU�\ROX\OD��úHNLOGH�JHUoHNOHúLU c) 0LNURWXEXOHU�HQGRVLWLN�DOÕP��vakuol içerisinde)

d) $NWLQ�IODPHQWOHU�\ROX\OD�DOÕP��NDYDRO�LoHULVLQGH�

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� K�FUH\H� JLULúLQGH�� DNWLI� KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ� \DQÕVÕUD�LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOPHPLú�DGH]LQLQ�GH�JHUHNOLOL÷L��]HULQGH�GXUXOPDNWDGÕU� �6]\PDQVNL�YH�ark., 1995)

Hep-2 ve INT-407 hücre yüzeyine inoküle edilen bakterinin 1-2 saat sonra

K�FUH�WDEDNDODUÕQÕQ�DOWÕQGD�L]OHQHELOGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��%X�DúDPDGD�VSLUDO�PRUIRORML\H�VDKLS� RODQ� HWNHQLQ� \R÷XQ� OL]R]RPDO� NXúDWPD� VRQXFXQGD� NRNRLG� IRUPD� JHoWL÷L� YH�GHMHQHUH�ROPD\D�EDúODGÕ÷Õ�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��&DQOÕ�EDNWHUL�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ��VDDW�VRQUD�D]DOGÕ÷Õ��

21

�� VDDW� VRQUD� LVH� ELUNDo� FDQOÕ� EDNWHULQLQ� NDOGÕ÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� $QWLEL\RWLN�X\JXODQPDGÕ÷Õ�YH� LQN�EDV\RQ�SHUL\RGXQXQ�X]DGÕ÷Õ�GXUXPODUGD�� LQWUDVHO�OHU�EDNWHUL�VD\ÕVÕQGD� DUWÕú� ROGX÷X� YH� YDNXROOHULQ� LoHULVLQGH� ELUGHQ� ID]OD� EDNWHULQLQ� EXOXQGX÷X�J|]OHQPHVLQH� UD÷PHQ��C. jejuni¶QLQ� LQWUDVHO�OHU� oR÷DOPDVÕQD� LOLúNLQ� oRN� D]� NDQÕWÕQ�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��'H�0HOR�YH�DUN��

1.8.4. (SLWHO�7UDQVORNDV\RQ��*HoLú�

C. jejuni¶QLQ� LQWUDVHO�OHU� DNÕEHWL� YH� HSLWHO� K�FUH� LoHULVLQGHNL� LQWHUDNVL\RQODUÕ��E�W�Q�\OH�DQODúÕODPDPÕúWÕU��:DVVQDDU�YH�%ODVHU��ø\L�NDUDNWHUL]H�ROPXú�GL÷HU�invaziv patojenler gibi C. jejuni¶QLQ� GH� HQGRVLWRVLV� \ROX\OD� NRQDN�K�FUH\H�DOÕQGÕ÷Õ�bilinmektedir (Konkel ve ark., 1992b). C. jejuni ve C. coli¶QLQ��ED÷ÕUVDN�PXNR]DVÕQÕQ�ODPLQD� SURSULD� NDWPDQÕQD� WUDQVORNDV\RQX�� \DQJÕQÕQ� EDúODQJÕFÕ� RODUDN� NDEXO�edilmektedir (Wooldridge ve Ketley, 1997; Konkel ve ark., 1992b). Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ�ELU�\HUGHQ�EDúND�ELU�\HUH�JHoLúLQLQ�ROGXNoD�KÕ]OÕ�JHUoHNOHúWL÷L�YH�EX�úHNLOGH�NDQ�DNÕPÕQD�UDKDWOÕNOD�XODúWÕNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�LQWHVWLQDO�VXEPXNR]DQÕQ�LoLQH� JLUPHN� LoLQ�3H\HU�SODNODUÕQGDNL�0�K�FUHOHULQL� WHUFLK�HWWLNOHUL�� EXQXQ�\DQÕQGD�DOWHUQDWLI� \RO� RODUDN� HQWHURVLW� K�FUH� GXYDUÕQD� SHQHWUH� RODUDN�GD�GRku derinliklerine

JLUGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��:DONHU�YH�DUN��

��/|NRVLWOHUOH�(WNLOHúLPOHU�

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� VHEHS� ROGX÷X� ED÷ÕUVDN� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGD�� NRQDN� K�FUHGH�PRQRVLW� YH� SROLPRUI� PRQRQ�NOHDU� O|NRVLW� �301/V�� LQILOWUDV\RQXQD� ED÷OÕ� ROarak

\DQJÕVDO� ELU� FHYDS� ROXúWX÷X� J|]OHQPLúWLU� �5XVVHOO� YH� DUN�� Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ�� ED÷ÕUVDNWD� EXOXQDQ� 3H\HU� SODNODUÕQGDNL�0� K�FUHOHULQH� JLULúOHULQL� WDNLEHQ��UHWLNXOXHQGRWHOLDO� VLVWHPGHNL� 301/V� K�FUHOHUL� WDUDIÕQGDQ� IDJRVLWH� HGLOGLNOHUL� GDKD�sonrD� RNVLGDWLI� \DQPDQÕQ� LQG�NOHQGL÷L� YH� HWNLOL� ELU� úHNLOGH� \RN� HGLOGLNOHUL�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��3HQQLH�YH�DUN��$XWHQULHWK�YH�DUN�� C. jejuni’nin makrofaj

içerisinde 6-�� GN� FDQOÕ� NDODELOGL÷L� ELOGLULOVH� GH�� PRQRVLWOHU� LoHULVLQGH� FDQOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ� ��günün üzeULQGH� NRUXGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� Campylobacter VSS¶QLQ� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X�

22

LQIHNVL\RQODUGD� QDGLU� RODUDN� úHNLOOHQHQ� EDNWHUL\HPL� WDEORVX�� HWNHQLQ� X]XQ� V�UHOL�LQWUDVHO�OHU�FDQOÕOÕ÷Õ�LOH�LOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúWLU��.LHKOEDXFK�YH�DUN��

&DPS\OREDFWHULRVLVLQ�\DQJÕVDO�ELU�KDVWDOÕN�ROGX÷X��LQIHNVL\RQGDQ�VRQUD�,J*��,J0� YH� ,J$¶QÕQ� VHUXP� WLWUHVLQLQ� DUWWÕ÷Õ� YH� LNL� D\� LoHULVLQGH� V�UDWOH� D]DOGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� %D÷ÕUVDNODUGD� KXPRUDO� \DQÕWOD� ELUOLNWH�� LQIHNVL\RQX� VÕQÕUODQGÕUPDN�DPDFÕ\OD�K�FUHVHO�ED÷ÕúÕNOÕ÷ÕQ�GD�GHYUH\H�JLUGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��øQIHNVL\RQ�DoÕVÕQGDQ�PDOQ�WULV\RQ�YH�\DúÕQ�N�o�N�ROPDVÕQÕQ�ULVN�IDNW|UOHUL�RODUDN�J|U�OG�÷��JHQHOOLNOH��\DúÕQ� DOWÕQGDNL� oRFXNODUÕQ�Campylobacter spp. LQIHNVL\RQXQD� \DNDODQGÕ÷Õ�� VRQUDNL�\DúODUÕQGD� LVH� DVHPSWRPDWLN� WDúÕ\ÕFÕ� ROGXNODUÕ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �&DOYD� YH� DUN�� Taylor ve ark., 1988; Taylor ve ark., 1993; Wassnaar ve Blaser, 1999).

1.8.6.7RNVLQ�ROXúXPX

Campylobacter�VSS��LOH�LOJLOL�oDOÕúPDODUD�NRQX�RODQ�YLUXOHQV�PHNDQL]PDODUÕQGDQ�ELUL�GH� WRNVLQ� �UHWLPLGLU�� $UDúWÕUPDODU�� VLWRWRNVLQ� ya da enterotoksin olarak da

DGODQGÕUÕODQ� HN]RWRNVLQ� �]HULQGH� \R÷XQODúPÕúWÕU�� 7HUPLQRORMLGH� NXOODQÕOPDVD� GD�birçok olguda enterotoksinin, E. coli ve Vibrio enterotoksinleriyle homolog olan

VLWRWRQLN�WRNVLQL�WHPVLO�HWWL÷L��VLWRWRNVLQOHULQ�LVH��RUWD�YH\D�\�]H\H�ED÷OÕ�VDOJÕODQDQ�YH�K�FUHOHUH� WRNVLN� HWNLVL� RODQ� GL÷HU� E�W�Q� IDNW|UOHUL� �SURWHLQ� WDELDWÕQGDNLOHU�� WHPVLO�HWWLNOHUL�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�ED]Õ�W�UOHUL�LoLQ�G�ú�N�G�]H\GH�VLWRWRQLN�DNWLYLWH�EHOLUOHQPLú� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ�� HQWHURWRNVLQ� JHQOHUL� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOHPHPLúWLU�� %X�\�]GHQ�J|]OHPOHQHQ�G�ú�N�G�]H\GHNL�VLWRWRQLN�HWNLOHULQ�PXKWHPHOHQ�HQWHURWRNVLQH�EHQ]HU� úHNLOGH� HWNL� J|VWHUHQ� GL÷HU� WRNVLQOHU� WDUDIÕQGDQ� ROXúWXUXOGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU��Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ�K�FUH��]HULQGH�PH\GDQD�JHWLUGL÷L� WRNVLN�HWNLlerin bir veya

ELUNDo�VLWRWRNVLQH�ED÷OÕ�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOVH�GH�HQ�D]��IDUNOÕ�WRNVLQ�YH\D�WRNVLQ�VÕQÕIÕQÕQ�YDUOÕ÷ÕQGDQ�V|]�HGLOPHNWHGLU��:DVVHQDU��:DVVHQDDU�YH�%ODVHU��

1. 0ROHN�O� D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ� ��-kDa olan HeLa hücreleri üzerinde toksik etkisi olan fakat

Vero ve hayvan hücresine etkisi olmayan toksin

2. HeLa ve Vero hücreleri üzerinde sitotoksik etkisi olan toksin

3. cdt (cytolethal distending toxin)

23

4. Shigella benzeri toksin

5. Hemolotik etkili sitotoksin

6. Hepatotoksin

%X� WRNVLQOHU� DUDVÕQGDQ�� FGW¶QLQ� JHQHWLk lokusu klonlanan ve dizilimi analiz

HGLOHQ� LON� WRNVLQ� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �3LFNHWW� YH� DUN�� C. jejuni cdt

WRNVLQLQLQ��+H/D�K�FUHVLQLQ�oR÷DOPDVÕQÕ�HQJHOOHGL÷L��EX�GXUXPXQ�K�FUHQLQ�|O�P�QH�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�YH�KDVWDOÕ÷ÕQ�ROXúXPXQGD�FGW¶QLQ�GLUHNW� URO�R\QDGÕ÷Õ�GD�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�(Wassenaar ve Blaser, 1999; Whitehouse ve ark., 1998).

C. jejuni¶QLQ�ED]Õ�W�UOHUL�WDUDIÕQGDQ��UHWLOHQ�WRNVLQLQ��LPPXQRORMLN�RODUDN�NROHUD�

toksini (CT) ve E. coli¶QLQ� � ÕVÕ\D� GX\DUOÕ� WRNVLQL� �/7�� LOH� LOLúNLOL� ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU. Campylobacter spp. toksininin, siklik AMP üretiminin

VWLP�ODV\RQX\OD�� GRNX� K�FUH� N�OW�UOHULQGH� VLWRWRQLN� GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH� VHEHS� ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6LWRWRNVLQLQ��SDWRJHQH]GHNL�URO��WDP�RODUDN�DoÕNODQDPDPDNOD�ELUOLNWH��\DSÕODQ� KD\YDQ� GHQH\OHULQGH� VLWRWRNsin pozitif türlerin, sitotoksin negatif türlerden

oRN�GDKD�úLGGHWOL�LVKDOH�VHEHS�ROGX÷X�J|]OHQPLúWLU��6WHUQ�YH�DUN��D��

C. jejuni� WDUDIÕQGDQ� �UHWLOHQ� VLWRWRNVLQLQ�� K�FUH� VSHVLILWHVL� \|Q�QGHQ� � IDUNOÕ�|]HOOLNOHU�WDúÕPDVÕ�DoÕVÕQGDQ�KHPROL]LQOHUGHQ��Shigella benzeri toksinden ve cdt’den

�F\WROHWKDO� GLVWHQGLQJ� WR[LQ�� IDUNOÕ� ROGX÷X� J|]OHQPLúWLU (Wassenaar, 1997).

Genellikle sitotoksin olarak bilinen ve E. coli� WDUDIÕQGDQ��UHWLOHQ�FGW� LoLQ�NRGODQDQ�genlerin (cdt ABC), C. jejuni¶GHQ� GH� NRGODQGÕ÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLútir (Pickett ve ark.,

�� <DSÕODQ� DUDúWÕUPDODUGD�� C. jejuni¶QLQ� HQWHURWRNVLQ� �UHWWL÷L� YH� EX� WRNVLQLQ�JHQHWLN� RODUDN� NROHUD� WRNVLQL� LOH� LOLúNLVLQLQ� ROPDGÕ÷Õ� IDNDW� NROHUD� WRNVLQLQH� EHQ]HU�úHNLOGH� VXOX� LVKDOH� VHEHS�ROGX÷X� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �-RKQVRQ� YH�/LRU�� 6; Wassenaar,

1997).

C. jejuni¶QLQ� VLWRWRNVLN� DNWLYLWHVL�� GÕúNÕVÕQGD� YH� NDQÕQGD� EDNWHUL� WHVSLW� HGLOHQ�EDNWHUL\HPL�VDIKDVÕQGDNL�KDVWDODUGD�J|]OHQPLúWLU��6ÕFDNOÕ÷D�GD\DQÕNOÕ��WULSVLQH�KDVVDV�sitotoksin, HeLa, MRC ve HEp-��K�FUH� GL]LOHUL� NXOODQÕODUDN� LON� NHz Yeen ve ark.,

��WDUDIÕQGDQ�WDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU��C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. lari ve C.

24

upsaliensis¶LQ�GH�GDKLO�ROGX÷X��WHVW�HGLOHQ��W�U�Q��¶LQGH�FGW��UHWLPLQLQ�ROGX÷X�WHVSLW�HGLOPLúWLU��*ULIILWKV�YH�3DUN��-RKQVRQ�YH�/LRU��86).

1.8.7. Plazmidler

Birçok bakteride, epitel hücrelere adezyon, invazyon, toksin üretimi, demir tutma,

serum elementlerine ve antibiyotiklere direnç gibi virulens özelliklerinin

SOD]PLGOHUGHQ�NRGODQGÕ÷Õ�ELOLQPHNWHGLU� Campylobacter spp.’nin konjugatif plazmid

YH�EDNWHUL\RIDM�IRUPXQGDNL�HNVWDNURPR]DO�HOHPHQWOHUH�VDKLS�ROGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(Ketley, 1997).

Tenover ve ark. (1985), tetrasiklinlere direnci kodlayan konjugatif plazmidlerin

PROHN�O� D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕQÕQ� �� LOD� �� NE� �NLORED]�� DUDVÕQGD� GH÷LúWL÷Lni ve nükleotid

GL]LOLPOHULQLQ� ELUELULQH� EHQ]HGL÷LQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� C. jejuni¶GHQ� WDQÕPODQDQ�SOD]PLGOHULQ��DQWLEL\RWLNOHUH�GLUHQo�YH�ED]Õ�NOLQLN�L]RODWODUGD�HQWHURWRNVLQ��UHWLPLQL�NRGODGÕ÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� C. coli¶QLQ� LVH�� NE� D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGD� YH� NDQDPLVLn ile

WHWUDVLNOLQH� GLUHQFL� NRGOD\DQ� NRQMXJDWLI� ELU� SOD]PLGH� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(Walker ve ark, 1986).

��'HPLU�LKWL\DFÕ

Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ� ED÷ÕUVDNODUD� NRORQL]H� RODELOPHN� LoLQ� VSHVLILN� ROPD\DQ�NRQDNoÕ� VDYXQPDVÕ� YH� EDVNÕQ� IORUD� LOH� \DUÕúPak gibi enerji gerektiren durumlarla

EDúD� oÕNPDN� ]RUXQGD� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� 'HPLU�� E�W�Q� FDQOÕ� RUJDQL]PDODU� YH�infeksiyon periyodu boyunca patojen bakteriler için esansiyel bir elementtir.

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� VLGHURIRU� �G�ú�N� PROHN�O� D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGDNL� GHPLU� ED÷OD\ÕFÕ�ELOHúLNOHU�� UHWHPHGLNOHUL� DQFDN� HNVRMHQ� �GÕú� RUWDPD� DLW�� VLGHURIRUODUÕ�NXOODQDELOGLNOHUL� WHVSLW� HGLOPLúWLU�� Campylobacter spp.’nin ceu(� JHQL� WDUDIÕQGDQ�NRGODQDQ��GHPLU� WUDQVSRUW�VLVWHPL�RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�YH� LQYD]\RQ�VÕUDVÕQGD�|QHPOL�rol o\QD\DQ� ELU� VLVWHPH� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %X� VLVWHPLQ�� ED÷ÕUVDN�NDQDOÕQGDNL�VLGHURIRUODUÕ�\DNDOD\DUDN��NRQD÷D�DLW�GHPLU�ED÷OD\ÕFÕ�SURWHLQOHUL�WDúÕGÕ÷Õ�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU��)LHOG�YH�DUN��5LFKDUGVRQ�YH�3DUN��C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin

25

virulens detHUPLQDQWÕ� RODQ�ceuE geninin, 34.5-� ��N'D�D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGD�YH� OLSRSURWHLQ�\DSÕVÕQGD� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �*RQ]DOH]� YH� DUN�� +RQJ� YH� DUN�� Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� G�ú�N� PROHN�O� D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQGDNL� GHPLU� ED÷OD\ÕFÕ� ELOHúLNOHUL��UHWHPH\HUHN� GÕú� RUWDPD� DLW� GHPLU� ELOHúLNOHULQL� NXOODQDELOPHOHULQGHQ� GROD\Õ� � ceuE

JHQLQLQ� |QHPOL� ELU� YLUXOHQV� GHWHUPLQDQW� ROGX÷X�� LQYD]\RQ� VÕUDVÕQGD� EX� JHQ�WDUDIÕQGDQ� NRGODQDQ� GHPLU� WUDQVSRUW� VLVWHPLQLQ� |QHPOL� URO� R\QDGÕ÷Õ�� EX� VLVWHPLQ��ED÷ÕUVDN� NDQDOÕQGDNL� VHUEHVW� GHPLU� ELOHúLNOHULQL� \DNDOD\DUDN�� NRQD÷D� DLW� GHPLU�ED÷OD\ÕFÕ�SURWHLQOHUL�WDúÕGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��)LHOG�YH�DUN��5LFKDUGVRQ�YH�3DUN��1995).

'HPLU� GHSRODPD� VLVWHPOHULQLQ�� GHPLUGHQ� \RNVXQ� RUWDPODUGD� oR÷DOPDN� LoLQ�PLNURRUJDQL]PD� WDUDIÕQGDQ� NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ�� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH bakteriyi fazla demir

\�NOHPHVLQH� NDUúÕ� NRUXGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %XQXQOD� ELUOLNWH�� C. jejuni’nin demir

GHSRODPD� SURWHLQL� RODQ� IHUULWLQL� �UHWHELOGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �:DL� YH� DUN�� Ferritini kodlayan gende (cft) meydana gelen bir mutasyonun, C. jejuni’nin demirden

\RNVXQ� EHVL� \HUOHULQGH� JHOLúLPLQLQ� ]D\ÕI� YH� RNVLGDWLI� VWUHVOHUH� NDUúÕ� KDVVDV� KDOH�JHOPHVLQH� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� )HUULWLQ� �UHWLPLQLQ�� C. jejuni’nin konak

K�FUH\H�NRORQL]DV\RQXQGD�NROD\OÕN�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�YH�RNVLMHQ�VHYL\HVL�\�NVHN�NRúXOODUGa

EDNWHULQLQ�NRUXQPDVÕQD�\DUGÕPFÕ�ROGX÷X�WHVSLW�HGLOPLúWLU (Ketley, 1997).

1.8.9. LPS (Lipopolisakkarit) ve LOS (Lipooligosakkarit)

Birçok Gram-QHJDWLI� EDNWHUL� W�U�Q�Q� YLUXOHQV� GHWHUPLQDQWÕ� YH� \�]H\� ELOHúHQL� RODQ�LPS’nin serum dirençlilik, fagositik ölüm ve hücre toksisitesine direnç gibi birkaç

SDWRMHQLN� \DSÕODQPDGD� URO� DOGÕ÷Õ� ELOLQPHNWHGLU� �.HWOH\�� 'L÷HU�*UDP-negatif

EDNWHULOHUGH� ROGX÷X� JLEL� C. jejuni� /36¶VLQL� ROXúWXUDQ� OLSLG� $� NRPSRQHQWLQLQ�HQGRWRNVLN�DNWLYLWH\H�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6LVtemik infeksiyonlarda meydana

JHOHQ�VHSVLV�YH�úRN�GXUXPODUÕQÕQ��/36¶QLQ�VHUEHVW�NDOPDVÕ\OD�LOLúNLOL�ROGX÷X�WDKPLQ�edilmektedir. Muhtemelen, C. jejuni’nin LPS, LOS ya da herikisine beraber sahip

ROGX÷X�� IDNDW� /36�/26� ]LQFLU� UHJ�ODV\RQXQXQ� \DSÕVÕQÕQ� KHQ�]� WDm olarak

DQODúÕODPDGÕ÷Õ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �:DVVQDDU� YH� %ODVHU�� /26¶XQ� waaC

(heptosiltransferaz I), htrB (Asetiltransferaz lipid A biyosentezi) ve waaF

26

�KHSWRVLOWUDQVIHUD]� ,,�� JLEL� ELUNDo� JHQ� WDUDIÕQGDQ� NRGODQGÕ÷Õ� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �3RO\� YH�DUN�� $\QÕ� ]DPDQGD� /36¶QLQ�� DGH]LQ� RODUDN� J|UHY� \DSWÕ÷Õ�� NRORQL]DV\RQ��LQYD]\RQ�YH� \DQJÕ�JHOLúLPLQGH�GH� URO� R\QDGÕ÷Õ� LOHUL� V�U�OPHNWHGLU� �0F6ZHHJDQ�YH�Walker, 1986).

*DQJOLRQODUGDNL� DQD� \D� GD� \DQ� ]LQFLU� VDNNDULG� \DSÕODUÕQD� EHQ]HU� RODQ� YH� EX�\DSÕODUÕ� VWLP�OH� HGHQ� /26 ve LPS’nin, Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQX� VÕUDVÕQGD�PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� Q|URSDWL� YH� Q|UDO� DNWLYLWHQLQ� ND\EÕ� LOH� NDUDNWHUL]H� *%6� �*XLOODLQ�%DUUq�6HQGURP�¶QLQ�JHOLúLPLQGH�|QHPOL�URO�R\QDGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��$VSLQDOO�YH�DUN��1994; Nachamkin ve ark., 1998).

C. jejuni¶QLQ�|]HO�VHURWLSOHUL�RODQ�2��YH�2��¶LQ�\�]H\LQGHNL�/26�\DSÕODUÕQÕQ�NRQDN� SHULIHUDO� Q|UDO� GRNXODUD� NDUúÕ� RWRLPPXQ� ELU� VDOGÕUÕ� PH\GDQD� JHWLUGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��*%6¶GH��C. jejuni¶\H�DLW�/36�/26�\DSÕODUÕQÕQ�JDQJOLRVLWOHUH�EHQ]HU�\DSÕ�J|VWHUGL÷L��SHULIHU�Vinir sisteminde gangliosit hücresi olan Schwann hücrelerinin

\�]H\LQGHNL� JDQJOLRQ� DQWLMHQOHULQH� ED÷ODQDUDN� DQWLMHQ-antikor kompleksinin

DNWLYDV\RQX\OD� GRNX� KDVDUÕQD� \RO� DoDQ� WUDQVPHPEUDQ� SRUODUÕQ� �GHP\HOL]DV\RQ��úHNLOOHQPHVLQH�QHGHQ�ROGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLr (Kuroki ve ark.,1993; Hafer-Macko ve

ark, 1996). Sialik asit biyosentezinden sorumlu olan neuABC genleri ile

sialtransferaz geni olan cst¶QLQ�� /26¶XQ� \DSÕVÕQGD� EXOXQDQ� VLDOLN� DVLW� VHQWH]LQL�LQG�NOHGL÷L� YH� EX� JHQOHULQ� C. jejuni¶QLQ� PROHN�OHU� WDNOLWoLOL÷LQde görev alarak

*%6¶QLQ�SDWRJHQH]LQGH�|QHPOL�URO�R\QDGÕNODUÕ�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��3RO\�YH�DUN��

1.9. Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� *ÕGDODUGDQ� ø]RODV\RQXQGD� .XOODQÕODQ�<|QWHPOHU�YH�%D]Õ�%HVL\HUOHUL�

Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�oHYUH�úDUWODUÕQD�GX\DUOÕOÕNODUÕ�J|]�|Q�QH�DOÕQDUDN�L]RODV\RQ�YH� LGHQWLILNDV\RQODUÕQGD� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� LúOHPLQLQ� \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ�� EX� DPDoOD� |Q�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� EURWODUÕQGD� YH� VHOHNWLI� EHVL� \HUOHULQGH� ED]Õ� NLP\DVDO� YH� DQWLEL\RWLN�DMDQODUÕ�LoHUHQ��VXSOHPHQWOHULQ�NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6WHrn ve Line, 1992; Corry

ve ark, 1995)

27

+RIIPDQ� YH� DUN�� EHVL� \HUOHULQH�� RNVLMHQ� GHULYDWODUÕQÕQ� WRNVLN� HWNLOHULQL�HQJHOOHPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�IHUUR�V�OIDW��VRG\XP�PHWDELV�OILW�YH�VRG\XP�SLU�YDWWDQ�ROXúDQ�ELU� NRPELQDV\RQXQ� �)%3�� HNOHQPHVLQL� |QHUPLúOHUGLU��%X�kombinasyonun, oksijen

ve oksijen deriveleri olan süperoksit iyon, saf oksijen ve hidrojen peroksiti nötralize

HWWL÷L�� )%3¶QLQ� C. jejuni¶GH� IL]LNVHO� GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH� QHGHQ� ROPDGDQ��PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ� JHOLúLPLQH� NDWNÕGD� EXOXQGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �.D]PL� YH� DUN�� 1985).

%HQ]HU�úHNLOGH��*HRUJH�YH�DUN��EHVL�\HULQH�HNOHQHQ��RUDQÕQGDNL�IHUUR� V�OIDW�� VRG\XP� PHWDELV�OILW� YH� VRG\XP� SLUXYDWÕQ� �)%3�� DHURWROHUDQW� ELUoRN�Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�oR÷DOPDVÕQÕ�WHúYLN�HWWL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��)%3¶QLQ�EHVL�\HUL�içiQH� NDWÕOPDVÕ� LOH� RUJDQL]PDQÕQ� �UHPHVLQGH� DUWÕú� ROGX÷XQX�� |UQHNOHUGHQ� HWNHQLQ�L]RODV\RQXQX�NROD\ODúWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ�WHVSLW�HWPLúOHUGLU��

Campylobacter spp.� LoLQ� NXOODQÕODQ� EHVL� \HUOHULQLQ� oR÷XQXQ� oHúLWOL� VHOHNWLI�DQWLEL\RWLN� � DMDQODUÕQ� \DQÕQGD� RNVLMHQ� YH� ÕúÕN� YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD� ROXúDQ�PDGGHOHULQ� WRNVLN�HWNLOHULQL� Q|WUDOL]H� HGHQ� ELOHúLNOHUL� GH� LoHUGL÷L�� oR÷X� EHVL� \HULQGH� EXOXQDQ�WULPHWRSULP� DQWDJRQLVWOHULQL� Q|WUDOL]H� HWPHN� LoLQ� OL]H� DW� NDQÕQD� LKWL\Do� GX\XOGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��&RUU\�YH�DUN��.DQÕQ��RNVLMHQ�GHULYDWODUÕQÕ�Q|WUDOL]H�HWPHGH�DNWLI�ROGX÷X� G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU� �-XYHQ� YH� 5RVHQWKDO�� C. jejuni� WDUDIÕQGDQ� �UHWLOHQ�V�SHURNVLW�GLVPXWD]��NDWDOD]��SHURNVLGD]��JOXWDWL\RQ�VHQWHWD]�YH�JOXWDWL\RQ�UHG�NWD]ÕQ�RNVLMHQLQ� WRNVLVLWHVLQH� NDUúÕ� NRUX\XFX� URO� �VWOHQGLNOHULQH� LQDQÕOPDNWDGÕU� �3HVFL� YH�ark., 1994). Termofilik Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�L]RODV\RQX�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕODQ�ED]Õ�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� EURWKODUÕ� YH� NDWÕ� EHVL� \HUOHUL� dL]HOJH� �� YH� dL]HOJH� ��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��&RUU\�YH�DUN��

28

Çizelge 1.4. Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ�L]RODV\RQX�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕODQ�ED]Õ�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH�EURWKODUÕ��&RUU\�YH�DUN��

%URWK�$GÕ Kaynak

Preston broth Bolton ve Robertson, 1982; Fricker, 1984; Anon,

1995

Park and Sanders Broth Anon, 1995; Josefsen ve ark., 2003

Doyle ve Roman Broth Doyle ve Roman, 1982

VTP FBP Broth Lovett ve ark., 1983; Park ve ark., 1983

mCCD Broth Bolton ve ark., 1983

Exeter Broth Corry ve ark., 1995

Hunt ve Radle Broth Corry ve ark., 1995

Çizelge 1.5. Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin izolasyoQX� DPDFÕ\OD� NXOODQÕODQ� VHOHNWLI� EHVL\HUOHUL (Corry ve ark., 1995)

BolWRQ�YH�5REHUWVRQ��oR÷X�VHOHNWLI�NDWÕ�YH�VÕYÕ�EHVL�\HULQGH�VHOHNWLI�DMDQ��olarak bulunan trimetoprimin antagonisti olan trimidini daha az düzeyde içeren

1XWULHQW�EURWK¶X��3UHVWRQ�EURWK��WHUFLK�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��%X�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH�broth’u ,62��,QWHUQDWLRQDO�6WDQGDUG�2UJDQLVDWLRQ��WDUDIÕQGDQ�GD�|QHULOPHNWHGLU��

$QWLEL\RWLN� NRPELQDV\RQODUÕQÕQ� NDQOÕ� DJDUD� LODYH� HGLOPHVL\OH�Campylobacter

VSS��LoLQ�GLNNDWH�GH÷HU�ELU�VHOHNWLYLWH�VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��0RVVHO�YH�DUN��<R÷XQ� RODUDN� NRQWDPLQH� RODQ� YH� KDVDU� J|UPHPLú� \D� GD� D]� KDVDU� J|UP�ú� IORUD\D�

%HVL\HULQLQ�$GÕ Kaynak

Charcoal Cefoperazone

Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA)

Goossens ve ark., 1986; Stern ve ark., 1992b; Peterz, 1991;

Anon, 1995; Josefsen ve ark., 2003

Karmali Agar Karmali ve ark., 1986; Anon,1995; Josefsen ve ark., 2003

Preston Agar Bolton ve Robertson, 1982; Josefsen ve ark., 2003

Skirrow Agar Skirrow, 1977

Modifiye Butzler Agar Anon, 1995; Corry ve ark., 1995

Campy BAP Corry ve ark., 1995

Semi Solid Medyum Goossens ve ark., 1989

29

VDKLS� RODQ� ELU� J�QO�N� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQGD� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VSS�� YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�VDSWDQPDVÕQGD� VZDE� LOH� VHOHNWLI� NDWÕ� EHVL� \HULQH� GLUHNW� HNLP� \DSPDQÕQ� \HWHUOL�RODELOHFH÷L��0DULQHVFX�YH�DUN��; Gülmez, 1999) IDNDW�HWNHQLQ�oHYUH�úDUWODUÕQD�GX\DUOÕOÕ÷ÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� �GRQGXUPD-o|]�QG�UPH�� RNVLMHQ�� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH\H� LKWL\Do�GX\GX÷X�YH� VÕYÕ� EHVL� \HULQH� LODYH�HGLOHQ�DQWLEL\RWLNOHUOH�EDúDUÕOÕ� ELU� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH�VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ�� VHOHNWLI� ROPD\DQ� EHVL� \HUOHULQLQ�� VWUHVH� JLUPLú� K�FUH� VD\ÕVÕQÕ� ROXPVX]�HWNLOHGL÷L��Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�NRORQL�ROXúWXUDQ�ELULP�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL�LoLQ� GL÷HU� *UDP-QHJDWLI� oXEXN� IRUPXQGDNL� JÕGD� SDWRMHQOHULQLQ� EDVNÕODQPDODUÕQD�LOLúNLQ� |QOHPOHULQ� DOÕQPDVÕ� JHUHNWL÷L� YXUJXODQPÕúWÕU (Mossel, 1985; Diker ve

<DUGÕPFÕ��0HDG��

Bolton ve ark. (1983), Skirrow, Butzler, Campy-BAP ve Preston medyumu

NDUúÕODúWÕUGÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD� W�P� |UQHNOHUGHQ� PDNVLPXP� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQÕQD�XODúPDN� LoLQ� HQ� L\L� EHVL� \HULQLQ� 3UHVWRQ� 0HG\XP� YH� 3Ueston Enrichment Broth

ROGX÷XQX� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� $\UÕFD� <ÕOGÕUÕP� �� \DSWÕ÷Õ� oDOÕúPDGD� |Q�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� EHVL� \HUL� RODUDN� PRGLIL\H� 3UHVWRQ� HQULFKPHQW� EURWK� NXOODQPDN�VXUHWL\OH� \�NVHN� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQODUÕQD� XODúWÕ÷ÕQÕ� EHOLUWPLúWLU�� (QGW]� YH� DUN�� i]RODV\RQ� LoLQ� NXOODQÕODQ� EHVL� \HUOHULQL� NDUúÕODúWÕUGÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� PRGLIL\H�&&'$�EHVL�\HULQLQ�DU]X�HGLOHQ�VHOHNWLYLWH\L�VD÷ODGÕ÷ÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

Campylobacter spp.’nin izolasyon ve identifikasyonunda klasik kültür

\|QWHPOHULQLQ� \DQÕVÕUD� VRQ� \ÕOODUGD� JHOLúHQ�� NROD\�X\JXODQDELOHQ� YH� GDKD� J�YHQLOLU�olan biyoteknolojik yöntemlerden, flagellin tiplendirme, Pulsed Field Gel

Electrophoresis (PFGE), Ribotyping, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

(RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Nucleotide

Sequencing, multiplex PCR-RFLP ve Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) gibi genetik

WLSOHQGLUPH� PHWRGODUÕQÕQ� GD� X\JXODPD\D� NRQGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �:DVVHQDDU� YH�Newell, 2000).

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� EHOLUOHQPHVL� DPDFÕ\OD� NXOODQÕODQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U�tekniklHULQGH� L]RODV\RQXQ� X]XQ� V�UG�÷�� YH� L]RODV\RQGDQ� VRQUD� JHUHN� GX\XODQ�IHQRWLSLN� LGHQWLILNDV\RQ� VRQXoODUÕQÕQ� VXEMHNWLI� RODELOGL÷L� EXQXQ� GD� KDWDOÕ�

30

LGHQWLILNDV\RQODUD� \RO� DoWÕ÷Õ� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� %X� EDNÕPGDQ�� C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin

PROHN�OHU� LGHQWLILNDV\RQODUÕQÕQ� ID\GDOÕ� RODFD÷Õ� G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU� �2Q� YH� -RUGDQ��0ROHN�OHU�LGHQWLILNDV\RQODU�DUDVÕQGD�\HU�DODQ�3&5¶ÕQ��GR÷DO�UH]HUYXDUODUGDQ�YH�VDI�N�OW�UOHUGHQ�EDNWHUL\HO�SDWRMHQOHULQ�EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH�NXOODQÕODQ�KÕ]OÕ��KDVVDV�YH�J�YHQLOLU� ELU� PHWRG� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �:DDJH� YH� DUN�� %ROWRQ� YH� DUN��2002).

*ÕGDODUGDQ� Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH� YH� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOLUNHQ� NXOODQÕODQ�JHOHQHNVHO� \|QWHPOHUGH�� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� LúOHPLQH� YH� IHQRWLSLN� LGHQWLILNDV\RQODUD�JHUHNVLQLP� GX\XOGX÷X�� 3&5¶ÕQ� VSHVLILN� Q�NOHLN� DVLW� amplifikasyonuna dayanan ve

NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷LQH�QD]DUDQ�GDKD�KÕ]OÕ�YH�J�YHQLOLU�ELU�PHWRG�ROGX÷X�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�(Sails ve ark., 2003).

Bununla ilgili olarak C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin ceu(� JHQLQGHQ� ID\GDODQÕODUDN�\DSÕODQ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��3&5�WHNQL÷L�LOH��VXúXQ� NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH��VXúXQ

C. jejuni�RODUDN�WDQÕPODQGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��%X�VRQXoODUD�GD\DQDUDN�3&5�WHNQL÷LQLQ�GDKD�GX\DUOÕ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��+RXQJ�YH�DUN��

(UWDú� YH� DUN�� \DSWÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDGD�� NODVLN� N�OW�U� YH� 3&5� WHNQL÷LQL�NXOODQDUDN�WRSODP��ED÷ÕUVDN�YH�NDUDFL÷HU��|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VLQGHQ��C. jejuni

L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWLNOHULQL�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�

Kulkarni ve ark. (2002), selektif kültür, membran filtrasyon ve PCR

WHNQLNOHULQL�NDUúÕODúWÕUGÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQda C. jejuni/C. coli yönünden inceledikleri

�� LQVDQ� JDLWD� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶VLQLQ� �o� \|QWHPGH� GH� QHJDWLI� VRQXo� YHUGL÷LQL�� |UQH÷LQ�VHOHNWLI�N�OW�UGH�SR]LWLI��|UQH÷LQ�PHPEUDQ�ILOWUDV\RQGD�SR]LWLI��|UQH÷LQ�LVH� 3&5¶GD� SR]LWLI� VRQXo� YHUGL÷LQL�� NODVLN� N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH� SR]LWLI� VRQXo� YHUHQ� ��|UQH÷LQ�3&5¶GD�QHJDWLI�VRQXo�YHUGL÷LQL�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU��$\QÕ�DUDúWÕUÕFÕODU��o�WHNQLN�DUDVÕQGD� HQ� KDVVDV� RODQÕQ� VÕUDVÕ\OD� 3&5�� VHOHNWLI� N�OW�U� YH� PHPEUDQ� ILOWUDV\RQ�ROGX÷XQX� VDSWDPÕúODUGÕU�� %HQ]HU� úHNLOGH�� Campylobacter spp.’nin gastroenteritli

KDVWDODUGDQ� EHOLUOHQPHVLQH� \|QHOLN� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� WRSODQDQ� �� JDLWD�|UQH÷LQLQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷LQGH��¶VÕQGDQ��3&5�WHNQL÷LQGH��¶XQGDQ��

31

Campylobacter VSS�� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L�� NODVLN� N�OW�U� WHNQL÷LQGH� SR]LWLI� VRnuç veren 1

|UQH÷LQ�3&5¶GD�QHJDWLI�VRQXo�YHUGL÷L��3&5�LOH�EHOLUOHQHQ��|UQH÷LQ��¶�Q�Q�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷LQGH�QHJDWLI�VRQXo�YHUGL÷LQL�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��/DZVRQ�YH�DUN��

+RQJ�YH�DUN��NDQDWOÕ�NDUNDVODUÕQGD�C. jejuni, C. coli ve Salmonella¶QÕQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL� DPDFÕ\OD� 3&5-(/,6$� YH� NODVLN� N�OW�U� PHWRGXQX� NDUúÕODúWÕUGÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� Campylobacter spp.’nin identifikasyonunda spesifik olan ceuE

JHQLQH�LOLúNLQ�SULPHU�ED]ODUÕQÕ�NXOODQGÕNODUÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��(OGH�HWWLNOHUL�VRQXoODUD�göre, 32 karNDV�ULQV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶LQLQ�KHP�3&5-ELISA pozitif, hem de klasik kültür

WHNQL÷LQGH�SR]LWLI�� NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷LQGH�SR]LWLI� VRQXo�YHUHQ��|UQH÷LQ� LVH�3&5-

(/,6$¶GD�QHJDWLI�VRQXo�YHUGL÷LQL�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU��

6DLOV�YH�DUN��oHúLWOL�JÕGDODUGDQ�HOGH�HWWLNOHUL��|UQH÷LQ��¶�Q�Q�5HDO-time PCR ile C. jejuni olarak belirlediklerini, klasik kültür pozitif sonuç veren 53

örnekten 3’ünün real-WLPH�3&5¶GD�QHJDWLI�VRQXo�YHUGL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

C. jejuni ve C. coli¶QLQ� IHQRWLSLN� LGHQWLILNDV\RQODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� |nemi olan

KLSSXUDW� KLGUROL]L� WHVWLQLQ� VXEMHNWLI� GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU� VRQXFXQGD� \DQÕOPDODUD� QHGHQ�RODELOGL÷L��EX�WHVWH�WDPDPOD\ÕFÕ�ROPDN�YH�ELUELULQH�oRN�\DNÕQ�RODQ�EX�Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ�D\UÕPÕQÕ�NROD\ODúWÕUPDN�LoLQ�3&5�LOH�VSHVLILN�LGHQWLILNDV\RQ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQ�\DSÕODELOHFH÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �5DXWHOLQ�YH�DUN�� %ROWRQ�YH�DUN��(UWDú�YH�ark., 2002).

1.10. Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� 1HGHQ� 2OGX÷X� +DVWDOÕNODUÕQ��Patojenitesi ve Semptomlar

Campylobacter spp.’nin ineklerde diyareye, koyunlarda septik aborta neden

ROGXNODUÕ��VRQ��\ÕOGÕU�GD�LQVDQODUGD�LQIHNVL\RQ�ROXúWXUGXNODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��.HHQHU�ve ark., 2004). Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’lerin (C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari ve C.

upsaliensis��LQVDQODUGD�VHEHS�ROGXNODUÕ�LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ�VDGHFH�EDVLW�ELU�HQWHUHNROLWLV�WDEORVX� ROPDGÕ÷Õ�� oRFXNODUGD� NDQOÕ� GL\DUH� YH� KDWWD� |O�POHUH� QHGHQ� RODELOHFH÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� 2-109 G�]H\LQGHNL� HWNHQLQ� DOÕQPDVÕ� LOH� KDVWDOÕ÷ÕQ� ROXúWX÷X�

32

ELOGLULOPLúWLU��%ODFN�YH�DUN�� Termofilik Campylobacter spp. enteritlerinin ilk

semptomunun 400&� YH� GDKD� \�NVHN� DWHú�� VRQUDNL� LNL� J�QGH� NRQY�O]L\RQ� YH�VD\ÕNODPD\Õ�WDNLEHQ�PLGH�EXODQWÕVÕ�YH�úLGGHWOL�NDUÕQ�D÷UÕVÕ�ROGX÷X��EXQX�KÕ]OÕ�JHOLúHQ��VXOX� V�P�NV�� ED]HQ� GH� NDQOÕ� LVKDOLQ� WDNLS� HWWL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �.DOGRU�ve Speed,

1984; Skirrow, 1977).

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGDNL�GL\DUHO�VHPSWRPODUÕQ��ERO�VXOX�LVKDOGHQ��NROHUD�EHQ]HUL��VÕN�RODUDN�WD]H�NDQ��PXNXV�YH�EH\D]�NDQ�K�FUHOHULQL�LoHUHQ� GL]DQWHUL� EHQ]HUL� LVKDOH� G|Q�úHELOHFH÷L� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� (Stern ve ark., 1992a;

:DONHU� YH� DUN�� øQN�EDV\RQ� SHUL\RGXQXQ� �-�� J�Q� DUDVÕQGD� GH÷LúWL÷L��LQIHNVL\RQXQ�HUNHQ�ID]ÕQGD��EDNWHULHPLQLQ�VDQÕODQGDQ�GDKD�\D\JÕQ�RODUDN�J|U�OG�÷��ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��$NXW�GL\DUHQLQ�JHQHOOLNOH� LQIHNVL\RQXQ��\D�GD��J�Q�QGHQ�Vonra

EDúODGÕ÷Õ�YH�GDKD�VRQUD�GXUGX÷X�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��%D÷ÕUVDN�PXNR]DVÕQGD�\D\JÕQ�|GHP��KLSHUHPL�� PXNR]DO� SDUoDODQPD� YH� SHWHúL\HO� NDQDPDODU� LOH� NDUDNWHUL]H� ED]Õ�GH÷LúLNOLNOHU�EHOLUOHQHELOGL÷L�� LOHXP�YH� MHMHQXPXQ�ED]Õ�E|OJHOHULQGH�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�\DQJÕ� VRQXFX�PH]HQWHULN� DGHQLWLQ� úHNLOOHQGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��.OLQLN� VHPSWRPODUÕQ�sona ermesinden birkaç hafta sonra dahi etkeni hastalardan izole etmenin mümkün

RODELOHFH÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� <DQJÕVDO� ROPD\DQ� VXOX� LVKDO� EXOJXODUÕQGD�� PXNR]DO�GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH� UDVWODQPDGÕ÷Õ�� VXOX� LVKDOLQ� NDQ�� PXNXV�� YH� O|NRVLW� LoHUPHGL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��.HWOH\��

Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X� YH� ID]OD� \D\JÕQ� ROPD\DQ� VLVWHPLN�FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLV� �VXEDNXW� EDNWHULHPLN� IRUP�� ROJXODUÕQÕQ�� NDOS� NDSDNoÕ÷Õ� KDVDUÕ�gibi predispoze bir faktör YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD� \D� GD� LPPXQ� VLVWHPL� ]D\ÕI� ELUH\OHUGH�J|]OHQGL÷L�� EX� IRUPGD� DEGRPLQDO� VHPSWRPODUÕQ� VÕN�J|U�OPHGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��C.

jejuni ve C. coli¶GHQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� LQIHNVL\RQODUGD� LVH�� DEGRPLQDO� VHPSWRPODUÕQ�ROGXNoD� \D\JÕQ� ROGX÷X�� 6NLUURZ�� +,9� LOH� HQIekte hastalarda ise,

EDNWHUL\HPLQLQ�VÕN�J|U�OG�÷��ELOGLULOPLúWLU��7HH�YH�0LMFK��

C. jejuni� LOH� NRQWDPLQH� VX� YH\D� JÕGDQÕQ� W�NHWLOPHVLQL� WDNLEHQ� �-5 gün

LoHULVLQGH�VHPSWRPODUÕQ�J|U�OG�÷��ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��6HPSWRPODUÕQ�JHQHOOLNOH��-10 gün

içersinde kendLOL÷LQGHQ� ND\EROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %LUoRN� ROJXGD� DQWLEL\RWLN�

33

NXOODQÕPÕQD�JHUHN�GX\XOPDGÕ÷Õ��DQWLEL\RWLN�JHUHNWL÷LQGH�JHQHOOLNOH�VHPSWRPODUÕ�KÕ]OÕ�ELU� úHNLOGH� D]DOWPDVÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� HULWURPLVLQ� YH� IOXURTXLQRORQODUÕQ� WHUFLK� HGLOGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��7D\ORU�YH�DUN��(ULWURPLVLQLQ��SHULVWDOWL÷L�VLW�P�OH�HGLFL�IL]LNVHO�ELU� HWNLVLQLQ� ROGX÷X� YH� EX� HWNLVLQGHQ� GROD\Õ� HWNHQL� ED÷ÕUVDNWDQ� HOHPLQH� HWWL÷L�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��2PXUD��

*%6¶QLQ�� LPPXQ� PHNDQL]PDQÕQ� ]D\ÕIODPDVÕ�� SROLQHXULWLV�� VLQLUOHUGH�demiyelinizaV\RQ�� DNVRQDO� GHMHQHUDV\RQ�� DWHú�� D÷UÕ�� J�oV�]O�N� YH� VRQXo� RODUDN�SDUDOL]LQ�úHNLOOHQPHVL\OH�NDUHNWHUL]H�RWR� LPPXQ�ELU�KDVWDOÕN�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��GBS’nin, termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� VHEHS� ROGX÷X� JDVWURHQWHULW� WDEORVXQX�izleyen 2-3 hafta içerisinGH��KHU��ROJXQXQ��¶LQGH�JHOLúWL÷L�J|]OHQPLúWLU��*%6¶QLQ�VH\UHN� UDVWODQDQ�ELU� úHNOL�RODQ��DWDNVL��RIWDOPRSOHML� YH� UHIOHNV�ND\EÕ� LOH�NDUDNWHUL]H�Miller Fisher Sendrom (MFS) (Bushra, 2000), Reiter’s Sendrom veya reaktif

artritisin de Campylobacter infeksi\RQODUÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD� úHNLOOHQHQ� GL÷HU� VHPSWRPODU�DUDVÕQGD�\HU�DOGÕNODUÕ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��(EULJKW�YH�5\DQ��+XJKHV�YH�5HHV��Yuki ve ark., 1997; Nachamkin ve ark., 1998). C. jejuni�HQWHULWOHULQLQ��ED]Õ�ELUH\OHU�WDUDIÕQGDQ� úLGGHWOL� NDUÕQ� D÷UÕVÕQD� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� DNXW� DSDQGLVLWLV� RODUDN� DOJÕODQDQ�ROD\ODUÕQ� GÕúÕQGD� �+D\� YH� *DQJXOL�� LGUDU� \ROX� LQIHNVL\RQX� �� LGUDU� NHVHVL�\DQJÕVÕ� �Dakdouki ve ark., 2003) ve meningitis (Burch ve ark., 1999) gibi

VHPSWRPODUOD�GD�NDUDNWHUL]H�RODELOHFH÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��

1.11. Termofilik Campylobacter �VSS�¶QLQ�%XODúPD�<ROODUÕ

2OGXNoD�JHQLú�ELU�KD\YDQ�JUXEXQXQ��NDQDWOÕ��GRPX]��VÕ÷ÕU��NR\XQ��NHGL��N|SHN��GHQL]�FDQOÕODUÕ�Y�V��ED÷ÕUVDN�IORUDVÕQGD�EXOXQDQ�Campylobacter spp.’lerden termofilik olan

C. jejuni ve C. coli’nin, özelOLNOH�NDQDWOÕODUD�DGDSWH�ROPDODUÕ��JHOLúPH�VÕFDNOÕNODUÕQÕQ�42-430&� ROPDVÕ� LOH� LOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúWLU�� 9DKúL� NDQDWOÕODUÕQ�� HYFLO� KD\YDQODU� LoLQ�UH]HUYXDU�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�LQVDQODUD�GLUHNW�EXODúPDVÕQGD��ELUH\VHO�IDNW|UOHULQ��PHVOHN�JUXSODUÕQÕQ�YH�HWNHQLQ�LQVDQGDQ�LQVDQD�IHNDO-RUDO�\ROOD�JHoLúLQLQ�GH�HWNLOL� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� (WNHQLQ� LQVDQODUD� EXODúPDVÕQGD�� NRQWDPLQH� KD\YDQVDO�JÕGDODU�KHU�QH�NDGDU�|QHPOL�ND\QDN�RODUDN�J|VWHULOVH�GH��NHGL�YH�N|SHN�\DYUXODUÕQÕQ�HYGH�EDUÕQGÕUÕODUDN� LQVDQOD� WHPDV�KDOLQGH�ROPDODUÕ� GD� GLUHNW� EXODúPDGD�|QHP� WHúNLO�

34

HWPHNWHGLU�� øQIHNVL\RQXQ� |]HOOLNOH� N�o�N� oRFXNODUGD� VÕN� J|U�OPHVL�� NHGL� YH� N|SHN�\DYUXODUÕ\OD� \DNÕQ� WHPDVD� ED÷ODQPÕúWÕU� �%ODVHU� YH� DUN�� E�� 6NLUURZ��Altekruse ve ark., 1999).

C. jejuni’nin NRQDNWD� LQIHNVL\RQD� QHGHQ� RODQ� YLUXOHQV� GHWHUPLQDQWODUÕ� LOH�oHYUH��JÕGD�YH�KD\YDQODUGDNL�\DúDP�VLNOXVX�ùHNLO��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��$OWHNUXVH�YH�Tollefson, 2003).

ùHNLO� �� C. jejuni’nin konakta infeksiyonD�QHGHQ�RODQ� YLUXOHQV� GHWHUPLQDQWODUÕ� LOH� oHYUH��JÕGD� YH��KD\YDQODUGDNL�\DúDP�VLNOXVX��$OWHNUXVH�YH�7ROOHIVRQ��

C. jejuni¶QLQ� LQVDQODUD� LQGLUHNW� EXODúPDVÕQD� QHGHQ� RODQ� ULVN� JUXEX� JÕGDODU�DUDVÕQGD� D]� SLúPLú� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� YH� X\JXQ� NRúXOODUGD�PXKDID]D� HGLOPHPLú� oL÷� NDQDWOÕ�HWLQLQ� \DQÕVÕUD�� \HWHUVL]� ÕVÕ� LúOHPL� J|UP�ú� V�W�� oL÷� V�W�� VX� YH� GHQL]� �U�QOHUL� GH� \HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��'HQH\LPOL�ROPD\DQ�LúoLOHULQ�NDQDWOÕ�NHVLPKDQHOHULQGH�oDOÕúWÕUÕOPDODUÕQÕQ��HY� NDGÕQODUÕQÕQ� oL÷� NDQDWOÕ� HWLQL� KD]ÕUODPDODUÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD�PH\Gana getirdikleri çapraz

NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ� YH� SLOLo� HWLQLQ� EDUEHN�� WDU]Õ� SLúLULOPHVLQLQ� LQGLUHNW� EXODúPDGD�|QHPOL� URO� R\QDGÕNODUÕ� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �$OWHNUXVH� YH� DUN�� 6RORPRQ� YH�+RRYHU��1999; Blaser ve ark., 1983b; Endtz ve ark., 1997; Skirrow, 1990).

<�NVHN� ÕVÕ� GHUHFHOHUL� HWNHQL� HOHPLQH� HWPHVLQH� UD÷PHQ�� oL÷� NDQDWOÕ� HWLQLQ�PXWIDNWD� KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQODU� VRQXFX�

Yabani ve Evcil Hayvanlar

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35

úHNLOOHQHQ�LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ�ROGXNoD�VÕN�J|U�OG�÷��ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��8\WWHQGDHOH�YH�DUN��1999). Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶GHQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� HQWHULW� ROJXODUÕQÕQ� ELU�NÕVPÕQGDQ� SDVW|UL]H� HGLOPH\HQ� V�W� VRUXPOX� WXWXOVD� GD� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD�EXODúPDQÕQ�� oL÷� V�WOH�EXODúPDGDQ�GDKD�|QHPOL�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ�YH�DUN��1992a).

C. jejuni’QLQ�KD]ÕUODQPÕú�JÕGDODU�YH�oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�HWLQGHQ�LQGLUHNW�EXODúPDVÕQGD��\HWHUVL]�SLúLUPH�LúOHPLQLQ��JÕGDODUÕQ�E�\�N�NLWOHOHU�KDOLQGH�PXKDID]D�HGLOPHVLQLQ�YH�SLúPLú�NDQDWOÕ�HWLQLQ�RGD�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�EÕUDNÕOPDVÕQÕQ�HWNLOL�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��C.

jejuni¶QLQ��PXWIDNWD�oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�HWLQGHQ�VDODWDODUD�YH�KD]ÕU�JÕGDODUD��LQGLUHNW�WUDQVIHUOH�\D\ÕOÕPÕQÕQ��SLúLULOHUHN�RGD�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�EÕUDNÕODQ�YH\D�E�\�N�PLNWDUODUGD�VR÷XWPD\D�DOÕQDQ�YH�\HWHUVL]�ÕVÕ�LúOHPL�J|UHQ�NDQDWOÕ�HWL\OH�\D\ÕOÕPÕQGDQ�oRN�GDKD�VÕN�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%ryan ve Doyle, 1995).

C. jejuni¶QLQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�LQIHNVL\RQODUGD��JHQHOOLNOH�HQWHULW�WDEORVX�\D\JÕQ�ROVD� GD� KDPLOH� NDGÕQODUGD� EDNWHUL\HPLQLQ� úHNLOOHQGL÷L� YH� HWNHQLQ� I|WXVWD� FLGGL�VLVWHPLN�LQIHNVL\RQODUD�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��+DPLOH�NDGÕQODUGD��KDIWDOÕN��LVKDO�úHNLOOHQPHNVL]LQ��KDIWD�V�UHQ�DWHúOL�G|QHP�VRQUDVÕ� IHWDO�|O�POHULQ�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� C. jejuni’nin, maternal (anneye ait) kan kültürlerinden,

SODVHQWDGDQ�YH�I|WXVXQ�GDOD÷ÕQGDQ�L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L��LVKDO�RODQ�DQQHQLQ�KDVWDOÕ÷ÕQGDQ 8

KDIWD� VRQUD�� J�QO�N� EHEHNOHUGH� PHQLQJLWLV� WDEORVXQXQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L� UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��<HQL�GR÷DQ�EHEHNOHULQ�YH�DQQHQLQ�GÕúNÕ�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�C. jejuni’nin izole

HGLOPHVL�� HWNHQLQ� XWHUXVWD� YDUROGX÷XQX� YH� I|WXVXQ� EXUDGD� HQIHNWH� ROGX÷XQX�göstermektedir (Blaser ve ark., 1983b).

1.12. Termofilik Campylobacter øQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ Epidemiyolojisi

<HPH� DOÕúNDQOÕNODUÕQÕQ� GH÷LúPHVL� YH� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� W�NHWLPLQLQ� J�Q� JHoWLNoH� DUWPDVÕ�sonucu Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ� LQVLGHQVLQGH�GUDPDWLN�ELU�DUWÕú�J|]OHQGL÷L��bLUoRN� ROJXQXQ� VSRURGLN� YH� PHYVLPH� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� JHOLúWL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� *HQHO�SRSXODV\RQ� oDOÕúPDODUÕ�� LQIHNVL\RQXQ� \ÕOOÕN� LQVLGHQVLQLQ� �� ROGX÷XQX�� EX� RUDQÕQ�$%'� WRSOXPXQ� \DNODúÕN� ��¶LQL� WHúNLO� HWWL÷LQL� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�� C. jejuni

36

LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ� JHOLúPLú� �ONHOHUGH� IDUNOÕ� NOLQLN� YH� HSLGHPL\RORMLN� NDUDNWHU�VHUJLOHGL÷L�� HQG�VWUL� E|OJHOHULQGH� LVH� LQIHNVL\RQXQXQ� GDKD� VÕN� J|]OHQGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �.HWOH\�� øQIHNVL\RQXQ�JHQHOOLNOH�VSRUDGLN�NDUDNWHUGH�ROPDNOD�EHUDEHU��WRSOX�LQIHNVL\RQODU�úHNOLQGH�GH�VH\UHWWL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��1HDO�YH�6ODFN��0F&OXUH�YH�DUN��$%'¶GH�JÕGD�ND\QDNOÕ�KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ�HQ�\D\JÕQ�HWNHQOHULQGHQ�biri olan Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ�� \ÕOGD� �� PLO\RQ� ROJXGDQ� VRUXPOX� ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %XQODUGDQ� ��¶LQLQ� KRVSLWDOL]H� HGLOGL÷i, 100’ünün ise ölümle

VRQXoODQGÕ÷Õ�� ROJXODUÕQ� oR÷XQOXNOD� �� \DúÕQ� DOWÕQGDNL� oRFXNODUGDQ� ROXúWX÷X�� EXQXQ�\DQÕQGD��-��\Dú�DUDVÕQGDNL�\HWLúNLQOHUGH�GH�LQIHNVL\RQ�RUDQÕQ�\�NVHN�ROGX÷X�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��%U\DQ�YH�'R\OH��%X]E\��

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� JÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ� ]HKLUOHQPHOHUH� VHEHS� RODQ� YH�KDON� VD÷OÕ÷Õ� DoÕVÕQGDQ� ULVN� ROXúWXUDQ� �PLNURRUJDQL]PDODU� RODUDN� WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU��%LUoRN�JHOLúPLú� �ONHGH�� DNXW� LQIHNWLI� GL\DUHQLQ� ROGXNoD� VÕN� L]ROH� HGLOHQ�DMDQODUÕGÕU�(Griffiths ve Park., 1990). Campylobacter� VSS�¶GHQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� VDOJÕQODUD� ��GL÷HU� EDNWHUL\HO� SDWRMHQOHULQ� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X� VDOJÕQODUGDQ� �� GDKD� VÕN� UDVWODQGÕ÷Õ��özellikle C. jejuni LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ�Salmonella ve Shigella� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ�oRN�GDKD� VÕN� J|U�OG�÷�� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� DUN�� D�� '�Q\DQÕQ� ELUoRN� \HULQGH�meydana gelen Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGD�� C. jejuni’nin predominant tür

RODUDN� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� ��-�� ROJXODUÕQ��¶LQGHQ�C. jejuni¶QLQ�� JHUL� NDODQÕQGDQ��ise ilk olarak C. coli¶QLQ� VRUXPOX� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �)ULFNHU� YH� 3DUN�� 'L÷HU� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter türlerinden biri olan C. upsaliensis’in de

HQWHURSDWRMHQLN�ROGX÷X��C. hyointestinalis gibi türlerin de diyareli hastalardan izole

HGLOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��6NLUURZ��

<DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� $%'¶QLQ� IDUNOÕ� H\DOHWOHULQGHNL� �� KDVWDQHQLQ� NOLQLN�PLNUREL\RORML� ODERUDWXYDUODUÕQGD� LQFHOHQHQ� �� JDLWD� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶VÕQGDQ� C.

jejuni, %2.3’ünden Salmonella, %1’inden Shigella� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%ODVHU� YH� DUN�� D�� $\QÕ� úHNLOGH�� \ÕOÕQGD� � \DSÕODQ� ELU� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDGD��Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157� JLEL� ED]Õ� SDWRMHQOHULQ� QHGHQ�ROGX÷X� JÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ� D\ODUD� J|UH� GD÷ÕOÕPÕ� YH� ROJX� VD\ÕVÕ� *UDILN��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��$OWHNUXVH�YH�DUN��

37

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Grafik 1.1.� *ÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ� D\ODUD� J|UH� GD÷ÕOÕPÕ� YH� ROJX� VD\ÕVÕ� (Altekruse ve ark.,

1999)

Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’den kaynaklanan infeksiyon insidensinin

+D]LUDQ� YH� 7HPPX]� D\ODUÕQGD� SLN� G�]H\OHUH� XODúWÕ÷Õ�� (NLP� D\ÕQGD� LVH� G�úW�÷��ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU�� øVNRo\D¶GD� �� \ÕOÕ� ER\XQFD� KHU� �� ELUH\LQ� ��¶LQGH�FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLV�EHOLUOHQGL÷L��EX�RUDQÕQ�D\QÕ�G|QHPGH�$%'¶GH��.DQDGD¶GD��YH�<HQL�=HODQGD¶GD��NLúL�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��0LOOHU�YH�DUN., 2004).

Taiwan’da termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� ND\QDNOÕ� EDNWHUL\HO� GL\DUHOHULQ�\D\JÕQ�ROGX÷X��DNXW�GL\DUHOL�oRFXNODUGDQ��RUDQÕQGD�C. jejuni�L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��7DQJ�YH�DUN��

øQJLOWHUH¶GH� �� \ÕOÕQGD� Campylobacter spp.’den kaynaklanan 32.000 den

ID]OD� LQIHNVL\RQ� ROJXVXQXQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L�� EX� ROJXODUÕQ� \ÕOOÕN� LQVLGHQVLQLQ��ROGX÷X��$YUXSD�YH�.X]H\�$PHULND¶GD�YHULOHQ� LQVLGHQV�\�]GHOHULQLQ�GH�EX� RUDQD� \DNÕQ� VH\UHWWL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� <DúD� J|UH� GD÷ÕOÕP� GLNNDWH� DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD� EHEHNOHUGH�YH�JHQo�\HWLúNLQOHUGH��LQVLGHQVLQ�GDKD�\�NVHN�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��*HQo�\HWLúNLQOHUGH� LQVLGHQVLQ� \�NVHN� ROPDVÕ�� JHQoOHU� DUDVÕQGD� �IDVW� IRRG�� DOÕúNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�ROGXNoD�\D\JÕQ�YH�SRS�OHU�ROPDVÕQD�ED÷ODQPÕúWÕU��6NLUURZ��øQJLOWHUH¶GH��-

200��\ÕOODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD��\DSÕODQ�HSLGHPL\RORMLN�DUDúWÕUPDODU�VRQXFXQGD��Campylobacter

38

spp.’GHQ�ND\QDNODQDQ�HQWHULW�ROJXODUÕQGD��RUDQÕQGD�DUWÕú�ROGX÷X�YH��\ÕOÕQGD�WRSODP� �� FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLV� ROJXVXQXQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L� �$QRQ�� Almanya’da ise; gasWURHQWHULWLVH�QHGHQ�RODQ�GL÷HU�HWNHQOHU�DUDVÕQGD�Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ�LNLQFL�VÕUDGD�\HU�DOGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��'HGLH�YH�DUN��

6RQ� \ÕOODUGD� $YXVWXU\D�� $OPDQ\D�� 'DQLPDUND�� øVSDQ\D�� .X]H\� øUODQGD��øQJLOWHUH� YH� øVYHo� JLEL� ELUoRN� $YUXSD� �ONHVLQGH�� Campylobacter LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ�LQVLGHQVLQGH�GLNNDWL�oHNHQ�ELU�DUWÕú�J|]OHQPLúWLU��$%'¶GH��D\�ER\XQFD�V�UG�U�OHQ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��C. jejuni¶\H�LOLúNLQ��ROJX�WHVSLW�HGLOPLú��YHUL�VRQXoODUÕQD�J|UH��C.

jejuni kaynaklÕ� HQWHULWOHULQ� VÕNOÕNOD� oRoXNODUGD� YH� GDKD� VRQUD� JHQo� \HWLúNLQOHUGH�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��øVYHo¶WH��\ÕOÕQGD��\DSÕODQ�ELU�EDúND�oDOÕúPDGD��Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ� HQ� \�NVHN� LQVLGHQVLQLQ� �� \DúÕQ� DOWÕQGDNL�çocuklarda, 20-�� \Dú� DUDVÕ� NDGÕQODUGD� YH� ��-�� \Dú� DUDVÕ� HUNHNOHUGH� J|U�OG�÷��ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��dDOÕúPD�VRQXoODUÕQD�J|UH��FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLVLQ�KHU��ELUH\GH�FLQVL\HW�YH�\DúD�J|UH�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ�*UDILN��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��-RKQVRQ�YH��1RODQ��Studahl ve Anderson, 2000).

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Anderson, 2000).

øPPXQ�VLVWHPL�EDVNÕODQPÕú�ELUH\OHUGH� LQIHNVL\RQ�JHOLúLPLQLQ�X]XQ�ROGX÷X�YH�LQIHNVL\RQXQ� DOÕúÕODJHOPLúLQ� GÕúÕQGD� FLGGL� NRPSOLNDV\RQODUOD� VRQXoODQDELOHFH÷L�

39

ELOGLULOPLúWLU��$%'¶GH�Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�LQIHNVL\RQODUGDQ�\ÕOGD�680-��NLúLQLQ�KD\DWÕQÕ�ND\EHWWL÷L�WDKPLQ�HGLOPHNWHGLU��.HHQHU�YH�DUN��

.DQDGD¶QÕQ� 2QWDULR� NHQWLQGH� HQWHULN� KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ� \ÕOOÕN� Lnsidensinin

DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� -�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� WRSODP� �� VSRUDGLN�ROJXQXQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L� YH� EX� ROJXODUGDQ� VHNL]� SDWRMHQLQ� �Campylobacter,

Salmonella, verotoksijenik E.coli, Yersinia, Shigella, Hepatit A, Listeria,

Clostridium) sorXPOX�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��%X�SDWRMHQOHU�DUDVÕQGD�KHU��ELUH\�LoLQ� �� RUWDODPDVÕ\OD� HQ� \�NVHN� LQVLGHQVLQ� Campylobacter¶H� DLW� ROGX÷X�� EXQX�VÕUDVÕ\OD� �� LOH� Salmonella¶QÕQ�� LOH� YHURWRNVLMHQLN� E.coli’nin, 3.0 ile

Yersinia¶QÕQ�� LOH�Shigella’QÕQ�� LOH�hepatit A¶QÕQ�YH�� LOH�Listeria¶QÕQ� WDNLS�HWWL÷L�� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� VDOJÕQODUÕQ� ��¶LQGHQ� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� YH� GL÷HU� HWOHULQ� VRUXPOX�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��/HH�YH�0LGGOHWRQ��

-DSRQ\D¶GD��\ÕOÕQGD� 2648 bireyin C. jejuni infeksiyonundan etkilHQGL÷L ve

HWNHQLQ�-DSRQ\D¶GD�KHU�\ÕO�VDOJÕQ�YH\D�VSRUDGLN�ROPDN��]HUH�\DNODúÕN��¶GHQ�ID]OD�ROJXGDQ�VRUXPOX�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��2QR�YH�<DPDPRWR��

Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕ� LoLQ� KDUFDQDQ� WHGDYL� PDVUDIODUÕQÕQ� \DQÕVÕUD�� Lú�gücü ve personel veULPOLOL÷LQGHNL� ND\ÕSODUÕQ� GD� HNRQRPLN� \�N� ROXúWXUGX÷X�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU� �6NLUURZ�� <HQL� =HODQGD¶GD� JÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ� � LQIHNVL\RQODUD�LOLúNLQ� KHU� \ÕO� ��ROJX�ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU��%X�ROJXODUGDNL� WRSODP�PDOL\HWLQ��PLO\RQ� GRODU� ROGX÷X�� EXQXQ� �� PLO\RQ� GRODUÕQÕQ� PHGLNDO�� PLO\RQ� GRODUÕQÕQ�PHGLNDO�ROPD\DQ��PLO\RQ�GRODUÕQÕQ� LVH�YHULP�ND\EÕQD�DLW�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(Scott ve ark., 2000).

1.13. Termofilik Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�1HGHQ�2OGX÷X 6DOJÕQODU

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ�ROXúXPXQGD�� WD]H�SLOLo��D]�SLúPLú�SLOLo� HWL�� GRPX]� HWL� YH� SDVW|UL]H� HGLOPHPLú� V�W�Q� ULVN� JUXEX� JÕGDODU� DUDVÕQGD� \HU�DOGÕNODUÕ�� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� VRV�� VDODWD� YH� VXGDQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� VDOJÕQ� ROJXODUÕQÕQ� GD�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��)URVW�YH�DUN��Studahl ve Anderson, 2000).

40

�$PHULND� %LUOHúLN� 'HYOHWOHUL¶QGH� �� \ÕOÕQGD� � ELUELULQH� \DNÕQ� LNL� KDSLVKDQHGHNL�PDKNXPODU� DUDVÕQGD� DEGRPLQDO� NUDPS�� GL\DUH�� DWHú�� EDú�YH� VÕUW� D÷UÕVÕ� VHPSWRPODUÕ�J|VWHUHQ� �� NLúLQLQ� HWNLOHQGL÷L� ELU� VDOJÕQ� UDSRU� HGLOPLú�� LQIHNVL\RQXQ� oL÷� V�W�W�NHWLPLQH� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� úHNLOOHQGL÷L� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� +DVWDODUÕQ� PXNRLG� GL\DUH�|UQHNOHULQGHQ� WDQÕPODQDQ� RUJDQL]PDQÕQ� C. jejuni¶QLQ� NDUHNWHULVWL÷L� LOH� � X\XP�J|VWHUGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� *ÕGD� \ROX\OD� EXODúDQ� YH� C. jejuni� VDOJÕQÕ� RODUDN�WDQÕPODQDQ� EX� ROD\ÕQ�� ELOGLULOHQ� LON� VDOJÕQ� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6WHUQ� YH� .D]PL��1989).

Termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶\H� LOLúNLQ��YH��\ÕOODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�UDSRU�HGLOHQ� VDOJÕQODUÕQ� ��¶�QGHQ� NÕUPÕ]Õ� HW� YH\D� NDQDWOÕ� HWLQLQ� VRUXPOX� ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� 6|]� NRQXVX� JÕGD� SDWRMHQLQH� LOLúNLQ� �� YH� �� \ÕOODUÕQGD�WDQÕPODQDQ�W�P�JÕGD�ND\QDNOÕ�KDVWDOÕN�ROJXODUÕQGD�DUDFÕQÕQ��RUDQÕQGD�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �%U\DQ�YH�'R\OH��6RQ�G|QHPOHUGH� LQVDQODUGD�PH\GDQD�gelen Campylobacter� VSS�� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ�� LOD�� RUDQÕQGD� NDQDWOÕ� \D� GD�NDQDWOÕ��U�QOHULQLQ�VRUXPOX�ROGX÷X�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��.HHQHU�YH�DUN��

ABD’de 1980-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� QHGHQ� ROGX÷X�VDOJÕQODUGDQ� �� NLúLQLQ� HWNLOHQGL÷L�� EX� VDOJÕQODUÕQ� ��¶�QGHQ� oL÷� V�W�Q� 5’inden

NDQDWOÕ� \DGD� VÕ÷ÕU� HWLQLQ�� ¶�QGHQ� LVH� oL÷� SLOLo� HWLQLQ� LúOHQPHVL� VÕUDVÕQGD�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ�VRUXPOX�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��)LQFK�YH�%ODNH��

*UHHQYLOOH��)ORULGD¶GD� LVH��\ÕOÕQGD�Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�gastroLQWHVWLQDO� KDVWDOÕNODUGDQ� �� NLúLQLQ� HWNLOHQGL÷L�� KDVWDOÕN� RUDQÕQÕQ� úHKLU�PHUNH]LQGH� �� \HUOHúLP� PHUNH]LQLQ� GÕúÕQGD� LVH� �� ROGX÷X��ROJXODUGDQ� úHKLU� LoL� LoPH� VX\XQXQ� VRUXPOX� WXWXOGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �6DFNV� YH� DUN��1986).

$%'¶GH�JÕGD�ND\QDNOÕ�|QHPOL�SDWRMHQOHULQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�ROJXODU�dL]HOJH��¶GD�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��$OWHNUXVH�YH�DUN��

41

Çizelge 1.6. $%'¶GH�JÕGD�ND\QDNOÕ�ED]Õ�EDNWHUL\HO�SDWRMHQOHULQ�VHEHS�ROGX÷X��\ÕOOÕN�WDKPLQL�KDVWDOÕN��ROJXVX�YH�|O�P�RUDQODUÕ�(Altekruse ve ark, 1997).

6HDWWOH¶GD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� Campylobacter spp.’den kaynaklanan

LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ� ��¶VLQGHQ� ID]ODVÕQÕQ� SLOLo� HWL� YH� KLQGL� HWL� W�NHWLPLQGHQ�ND\QDNODQGÕ÷Õ��2RVWHURP�YH�DUN��D]�SLúPLú�EDUEHN��SLOLo�HWLQLQ�YH�GR÷UDPD�WDKWDODUÕQÕQ� L\L� \ÕNDQPDPDVÕ� VRQXFX� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ�LQIHNVL\RQXQ� ROXúPDVÕQGD� |QHPOL� GHUHFHGH� HWNLOL� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �+DUULV� YH�ark., 1986).

2NODKRPD�H\DOHWLQGH��\ÕOÕQGD��SLOLo�HWL�W�NHWLPL�VRQXFX��LOH��HQWHULW�ROJXVXQXQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L�� Vorumlu etkenin C. jejuni� ROGX÷X�� EHQ]HU� úHNLOGH��$OPDQ\D¶GD� �� \ÕOÕQGD�� |]HO� ELU� EDUEHN�� SDUWLVLQGH� SLOLo� HWL� W�NHWHQ� �� NLúLGHQ�5’inin C. jejuni� LQIHNVL\RQXQD� \DNDODQGÕ÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �*UDYHV� YH� DUN�� Allerberger ve ark., 2003).

øVYHo¶WH�\DSÕODQ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��ROJXODUÕQ��¶LQGHQ�WD]H�SLOLo�HWLQLQ�VRUXPOX�WXWXOGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU�� %D]Õ� IDUNOÕ� JÕGD� WLSOHULQLQ� W�NHWLPL� YH� KD\YDQODUOD� WHPDV�VRQXFX�JHOLúHQ�FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLV�ROJXODUÕ�dL]HOJH��¶GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��6WXGDKO�YH�Anderson, 2000).

Patojen Olgu (103) Ölüm (103) Sorumlu Kaynak

C. jejuni 4000 0.2-1 .DQDWOÕ�HWL��oL÷�V�W��LúOHQPHPLú�VX

Salmonella 2000 0.5-2 <XPXUWD��NDQDWOÕ�HWL��NÕUPÕ]Õ�HW�YH�GL÷HU�oL÷�JÕGDODU

E.coli 0157:H7 725 0.1-0.2 .Õ\PD�� oL÷� V�W�� VDODWD�� LúOHQPHPLú� VX��SDVW|UL]H� HGLOPHPLú� HOPD� úDUDEÕ�� HOPD�suyu

L. monocytogenes 1.5 0.25-0.5 7�NHWLPH�KD]ÕU�JÕGDODU��\XPXúDN�SH\QLU��úDUN�WHUL�JÕGDODUÕ�

Vibrio spp. 10 0.05-0.1 dL÷� \D� GD� D]� SLúPLú� GHQL]� �U�QOHUL��GHQL]�\XPXúDNoDODUÕ��GHQL]NDEXNOXODUÕ�

42

øVYHo’te \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� HQWHULWOL� �� KDVWDQÕQ� ��¶LQLQ� SLOLo� HWL� W�NHWLPL�sonucu termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� LOH� HQIHNWH� ROGX÷X�� LQIHNVL\RQ� ULVNLQLQ� oL÷�SLOLo�KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ�VÕUDVÕQGD�DUWWÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��1RUNUDQV�YH�6YHGKHP��

Çizelge 1.7. Campylobacter LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ� VRUXPOX� WXWXODQ� IDNW|UOHU� �6WXGDKO� YH� $QGHUVRQ��2000).

øQJLOWHUH¶GH� �� \ÕOÕQGD�� SDVW|UL]H� HGLOPHPLú� \D� GD� \HWHUVL]� ÕVÕ� LúOHPL�X\JXODQPÕú� V�W� W�NHWLPL� VRQXFX�� C. jejuni� ND\QDNOÕ� �� VDOJÕQÕQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��5RELQVRQ�YH�-RQHV��

øQJLOWHUH¶GH� ��-199�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� �� HQWHULW� ROJXVXQXQ� PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�� EXQODUÕQ� ��¶VLQGHQ� �� HWL\RORMLN� DMDQ� RODUDN� Campylobacter spp.’nin

VRUXPOX� ROGX÷X� YH� VDOJÕQODUGDQ� VRUXPOX� WXWXODQ� JÕGDODUÕQ� EDúWD� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� ROPDN��]HUH�� NÕUPÕ]Õ� HW�� VRV�� VDODWD�� V�W� YH� V�W� �U�QOHUL� YH� VX� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��

Risk faktörleri +DVWDODQDQ�NLúL�VD\ÕVÕ�2OJX�VD\ÕVÕ 3DVW|UL]H�HGLOPHPLú�V�W 17/101

3DVW|UL]H�HGLOPHPLú�V�WWHQ�HOGH�HGLOHQ��U�QOHU 11/101

Piliç eti 50/101

Piliç karaci÷HUL 6/99

3LOLo�NÕ\PD 17/101

'RPX]�SLU]RODVÕ 66/99

Domuz filetosu 33/101

Hamburger 48/101

Pizza 54/101

+DúODQPÕú�MDPERQ 51/101

Salam 27/100

%DUEHN�GH�SLúLULOPLú�HW 27/101

dLIWOLNWH�\DúD\DQ�YH\D�oDOÕúDQ�ELUH\OHU 30/101

Evcil hayvanlarla kontakt

Kedi 35/101

Köpek 34/101

Domuz 7/101

43

øQJLOWHUH¶GH��-��\ÕOODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ�YH�GL÷HU�SDWRMHQOHULQ��QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�VDOJÕQ�ROJXODUÕ�dL]HOJH��¶�GH�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��)URVW�YH�DUN��

Çizelge 1.8. øQJLOWHUH¶GH� ��-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQda Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� YH� GL÷HU� SDWRMHQOHULQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X��VDOJÕQ�ROJXODUÕ��)URVW�YH�DUN��

<ÕO Patojen (%)

Campylobacter spp. ��'L÷HU Toplam

1995 5 (1) 616 (99) 621

1996 9 (2) 560 (98) 569

1997 11 (3) 404 (97) 415

1998 14 (4) 379 (96) 393

1999 11 (3) 365 (97) 376

TOPLAM 50 2324 2374

6ORYHQ\D¶GD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� VRQ� \ÕOODUGD� FDPS\OREDFWHULRVLV�ROJXODUÕQGD�DUWÕú�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L��\ÕOÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KHU��ELUH\LQ��¶VLQLQ�LQIHNVL\RQD�\DNDODQGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��øQIHNVL\RQ�ND\QD÷ÕQÕQ�JHQHOOLNOH�NRQWDPLQH�D]�SLúPLú�SLOLo�HWL�YH�KD]ÕUODPD�DúDPDVÕQGD�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�oDSUD]�NRQWDPLQDV\RQODU�ROGX÷X�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��=RUPDQ�YH�0RåLQD��

44

1.14. Termofilik Campylobacter� � VSS�¶QLQ� .DQDWOÕODUGD� %XOXQXúX� YH� %XODúPD�.D\QD÷Õ�2ODQ�%DúOÕFD�*ÕGDODU

��.DQDWOÕODUGD�YH�NDQDWOÕ�NDUNDVODUÕQGD�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp.’nin

YDUOÕ÷Õ

dLIWOLNWHNL� NRQWDPLQDV\RQGD�� FDQOÕ� NDQDWOÕODUGDNL� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp.

SRSXODV\RQXQXQ� DQD� ND\QD÷Õ� ROXúWXUGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �%\UG� YH� DUN�� <XPXUWDGDQ�oÕNDQ�FLYFLYOHULQ�PLNUREL\HO�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�G�]H\LQL�EHOLUOHPH��NDQDWOÕ�LoPH�VXODUÕQÕ�NORUODPD��DúÕODPD��GLUHQoOLOLN�ND]DQGÕUDFDN�VHOHNWLI�\HPOHUOH�EHVOHPH�JLEL� oLIWOLN� VWUDWHMLOHULQLQ� NDQDWOÕODUGDNL� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp. insidensini

|QHPOL�G�]H\GH�D]DOWDFD÷Õ�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��6Mogren ve Kaijser 1989; Humhrey ve

DUN�� .XUX� YH� FDQOÕOÕN� LoLQ� HOYHULúOL� ROPDPDVÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� C. jejuni’nin

PXKWHPHO�EXODúPD�ND\QDNODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�\HP�PDGGHOHULQLQ�\HU�DOPDGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU�(Bryan ve Doyle, 1995; Keener ve ark., 2004).

<DSÕODQ�ELU� oDOÕúPDGD��\XPXUWDGDQ�\HQL� oÕNDQ�FLYFLYOHULQ�GÕúNÕ�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�C. jejuni� L]ROH� HGLOPHGL÷L�� LON� L]RODV\RQXQ� �� J�QO�N� FLYFLYOHUGH� JHUoHNOHúWL÷L�� J�QO�N� FLYFLYOHUGH� NRORQL]DV\RQXQ� úHNLOOHQGL÷L� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU�� C. jejuni’nin bir

NDQDWOÕGDQ� GL÷HULQH� ROGXNoD� KÕ]OÕ� \D\ÕOGÕ÷Õ�� LQIHNVL\RQXQ� \D\ÕOÕPÕQGD� HQ� |QHPOL�ND\QD÷ÕQ�IHNDO�WHPDV�YH�VX�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��2QR�YH�<DPDPRWR��

)DUNOÕ� \Dú� JUXEXQD� DLW� EURLOHU� V�U�OHULQGH�� C. jejuni¶QLQ� ED÷ÕUVDNWDNL�NRORQL]DV\RQXQXQ� GH÷LúLNOLN� J|VWHUGL÷L�� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp.’nin birçok

NDQDWOÕ�W�U�QGH�NRPPHQVDO�RODUDN�EXOXQGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��<DSÕODQ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��187 broiler kümesinin %87’sinin Campylobacter \|Q�QGHQ� SR]LWLI� ROGX÷X� RUWD\D�NRQPXúWXU� �-DFREV-Reitsma ve ark., 1994). Wallace ve ark. (1997), broilerlerin

LQFHED÷ÕUVDN�YH�VHNXPXQGDNL�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter populasyonunun mevsimsel

GD÷ÕOÕPÕQÕ� LQFHOHGLNOHUL� DUDúWÕUPDODUÕQGD�� +D]LUDQ� YH� 7HPPX]� D\ODUÕQGD� LQFH�ED÷ÕUVDNWDNL�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�HQ�\�NVHN�G�]H\H�XODúWÕ÷ÕQÕ��.DVÕP�D\ÕQGD�LVH�VHNXPGDNL�RUDQÕQ�ROGXNoD�G�úW�÷�Q��VDSWDPÕúODUGÕU��

45

.RORQL]DV\RQXQ�� FLYFLYOHU� HQ� D]� �� J�QO�N� RODQD� GH÷LQ� YH� � ELUNDo� KDIWD� ER\XQFD�úHNLOOHQPHGL÷L�� NXOXoNDGDNL� WDYX÷XQ� HQIHNWH� ROPDVÕ� GXUXPXQGD�� LQIHNVL\RQXQ�NXOXoNDGDQ� oÕNDQ� FLYFLYOHUH� YH� GDKD� VRQUD� V�U�� LoHUVLQH� V�UDWOH� \D\ÕOGÕ÷Õ�� HWNHQLQ�fekal-RUDO� \D\ÕOÕPÕQGD�� NDQDWOÕODUÕQ� NDSURIDMLN� ROPDODUÕQÕQ� |QHPOL� ELU� XQVXU�ROGX÷X�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��<DUGÕPFÕ�YH�DUN��FLYFLYOHULQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp.

LOH� HUNHQ� NRORQL]DV\RQXQGD� URO� R\QD\DQ� IDNW|UOHUL� DUDúWÕUGÕNODUÕ� GHQH\VHO�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� RUDO� \ROOD� LQIHNWH� HWWLNOHUL� FLYFLYOHUGHQ� DOGÕNODUÕ� PDWHU\DOOHUGHQ� ��J�QGH�NDUDFL÷HU�� VDIUD�YH�ED÷ÕUVDNWDQ��J�QGH�NDUDFL÷HU�YH�VDIUDGDQ��ED÷ÕUVDNWDQ��J�QGH�NDUDFL÷HU�YH� VDIUDGDQ��ED÷ÕUVDNWDQ�� günde

LVH�NDUDFL÷HUGHQ��VDIUDGDQ��ED÷ÕUVDNWDQ��RUDQÕQGD�C. jejuni izole

HWWLNOHULQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� 2UWDN� NXOODQÕODQ� LoPH� VX\XQXQ�� FLYFLYGHQ� FLYFLYH�EXODúPDGD� |QHPOL� ELU� ND\QDN� ROGX÷X� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU� �.HHQHU� YH� DUN�� C.

jejuni’nin civcivlerin VHNXP��NDOÕQ�ED÷ÕUVDN�YH�NORDND�JLEL�DOW�ED÷ÕUVDN�E|O�POHULQGH�107 NRE�J� NDGDU� EXOXQDELOGL÷L�� ED÷ÕUVDN� HSLWHO\XPXQXQ� NULSWOHULQGH� YH� PXNXV�NDWPDQÕQD� NRORQL]H� ROGX÷X�� HWNHQLQ� NDQDWOÕODUD� KRUL]RQWDO� RODUDN� EXODúWÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �%HHU\� YH� DUN�� +RUL]RQWDO� EXODúPDQÕQ� DQD� ND\QD÷ÕQÕQ� LVH��NRQWDPLQH�VX��KD\YDQODUÕQ�DOWÕQD�VHULOHQ�NXUX�RW�\D�GD�VDPDQ��LQVHNW��YDKúL�NDQDWOÕODU��URGHQWOHU��IHNDO�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��(YDQV�YH�6D\HUV��

Gregory ve ark., (1997) 49 günlük ve gelLúLPOHULQL� WDPDPODPÕú� V�U�OHUGHNL�NDQDWOÕODUÕQ� �� LOD� ��¶�QGH� NRORQL]DV\RQXQ� WDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��%URLOHU� V�U�OHULQGHQ� DOÕQDQ� GÕúNÕ� |UQHNOHULQGHNL� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp.

populasyonu log10��NRE�J�ROPDVÕQD�UD÷PHQ��NDQDWOÕODUGD�VHPSWRP�J|U�OPHGL÷L�YH�PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ�V�U��LoHUVLQH�\D\ÕOGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��$OWHNUXVH�YH�DUN�� Kuluçka sürülerinden termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� \XPXUWD� \ROX\OD�\D\ÕOÕPÕ�WDQÕPODQPDPÕúWÕU��<XPXUWDGDQ�\HQL�oÕNPÕú�FLYFLYOHUGHQ�\D�GD�NXOXoND�|UQHNOHUinden

termofilik Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�N�OW�UH�HGLOHPHGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� (Doyle, 1984;

Jones ve ark., 1991b).

.DQDWOÕODUÕQ�WDúÕQPDVÕ�VÕUDVÕQGD�VWUHVLQ��ED÷ÕUVDN�IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕ�ER]XS�GLUHQFL�G�ú�UHUHN��ED÷ÕUVDN�N|NHQOL�EDNWHULOHULQ�\D\ÕOÕPÕQD�NDWNÕ�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��broilerlerdeki Salmonella ve Campylobacter� VSS�� SRSXODV\RQXQXQ� D]DOWÕOPDVÕQD�

46

LOLúNLQ� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� WUDQVSRUW� VWUHVLQH� NDUúÕ� DSDWRMHQ� Saccharomyces

boulardii�N�OW�U�Q�Q��EURLOHUOHUH�X\JXODQPDVÕ\OD�Salmonella kolonizasyonunun stres

|QFHVL� G�]H\GHQ� GDKD� G�ú�N� VHYL\HOHUH� G�ú�UHELOHFH÷LQL� IDNDW� VHNXPGDNL�Campylobacter� VSS��SRSXODV\RQX��]HULQH� HWNLOL� ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU (Line ve

ark., 1997).

*HQo� NDQDWOÕODUÕQ� NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQGD�� LúOHWPH� LoL� EDUÕQPD� NRúXOODUÕQÕQ� YH�çevresHO�IDNW|UOHULQ��|QHPOL�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �.D]ZDOD�YH�DUN��%XQD�HN�RODUDN� HWNHQLQ�� oLIWOLNWH� oDOÕúDQ� SHUVRQHOLQ� D\DNODUÕ� YH� NÕ\DIHWOHUL� \ROX\OD� GD�EXODúDELOHFH÷L� YH� LúOHWPH� LoHULVLQGHNL� KDYDGD�� LoPH� VX\X� NDSODUÕQGD� YH� DWÕNODUGD�EXOXQGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%U\DQ�YH�'R\OH��

0RGHUQ� NHVLPKDQHOHUGH� ROGXNoD� ID]OD� VD\ÕGD� NHVLOHQ� YH� LúOHQHQ� NDQDWOÕ�NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ�� NHVLP� DúDPDVÕQGD� |QHPOL� G�]H\GH� NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷X�� EX� úHNLOGH�PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� NDUNDVODUGDNL� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. varlÕ÷ÕQÕQ�KDON� VD÷OÕ÷Õ� DoÕVÕQGDQ� ULVN� ROXúWXUDELOHFH÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU�� <DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD��NDQDWOÕ�SURVHVH�JLUGL÷LQGH��GÕúNÕGDNL�Campylobacter spp. populasyonunun log10 5 ila

log10��NRE�PO�DUDVÕQGD�ROGX÷X�YH�EDNWHULQLQ�IHNDO�PDWHU\DOGH�ROGX÷X�NDGDU��QLWHGe

GH�YDU�ROGX÷X�WHVSLW�HGLOPLúWLU��%\UG�YH�DUN��

<DSÕODQ� ELU� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDGD�� Campylobacter VD\ÕVÕQÕQ� WD]H� NDUNDVODUGD�1.5x106 NRE�J�� Lo� RUJDQODUÕ� oÕNDUWÕOPDPÕú� NDUNDVODUGD� ��[��7 NRE�J�� ED÷ÕUVDNODUÕ�oÕNDUWÕOPÕú� RODQ� WD]H� NDUNDVODUGD� LVH� ��6 kob/g¶D� NDGDU� EXOXQGX÷X�� GRQPXú�NDUNDVODUGD� LVH� ROGXNoD�G�ú�N�PLNWDUGD� ROGX÷X� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU� �*LOO� YH�+DUULV��Hood ve ark., 1988).

+DúODPD�WDQNÕ�oDSUD]�NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ�úHNLOOHQGL÷L�SRWDQVL\HO�E|OJH�RODUDN�NDEXO� HGLOPHNWHGLU�� %DúODQJÕoWDNL� NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQ�� VÕYÕ� ELU� ILOP� KDOLQGH� GHUL\H�WDúÕQPDVÕ� VRQXFX� EDNWHULQLQ�� VÕUWD� YH� oHúLWOL� JLULQWLOHUH� \HUOHúWL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��7KRPDV�YH�0F0HHNLQ��6R÷XWPD�WDQNODUÕQD�JHOHQ�NDUNDVODUÕQ��DoÕNWD�NDODQ�NÕO�IROLN�OOHULQLQ� VR÷XN� VX� WDQNÕQGD� NDSDQDUDN�� PHYFXW� PLNURRUJDQL]PDQÕQ� LoHUGH�NDOPDVÕQÕQ��EX�DúDPDGDNL�NRQWDPLQDV\RQGD�|QHPOL�ROGX÷X�J|U�ú��ROGXNoD�\D\JÕQGÕU�

47

�.HHQHU�YH�DUN��7KRPDV�YH�0F0HHNLQ��6X�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ��C. jejuni’nin

|O�P� RUDQÕQÕ� |QHPOL� |Oo�GH� HWNLOHGL÷L� VDSWDQPÕúWÕU�� <DNODúÕN� ��0C ile 600C’deki

KDúODPD�VX\X�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�PLNURRUJDQL]PD�UHG�NVL\RQXQD��0C’den çok daha etkili

ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��0XVJURYH�YH�DUN��

g]GHPLU�YH�DUN��NDQDWOÕ�NHVLPKDQHOHULQGH�\DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��NHVLP�LúOHPLQLQ�W�\�\ROPD��Lo�RUJDQ�oÕNDUPD�DúDPDODUÕ�YH�VR÷XWPD�WDQNODUÕ�LOH�SHUVRQHOLQ��oDSUD]�NRQWDPLQDV\RQGDNL�UROOHULQLQ�|QHPOL�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

Tüy follikülleri, subkutan dokunun kontaminasyonunda en muhtemel yer

RODUDN� J|VWHULOPLúWLU� �%U\DQ� YH� 'R\OH�� .HVLPKDQH\H� JLUHQ� SLOLolerin deri

yüzeyindeki C. jejuni� SRSXODV\RQXQXQ� \DNODúÕN� RODUDN� �-5.5/cm2� ROGX÷X�� W�\GHQ�GDPOD\DQ� VX� |UQHNOHULQGHQ�� RUDQÕQGD�C. jejuni� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��7�\� \ROPD� PDNLQHVLQLQ� ODVWLN� SDUPDNODUÕQÕQ� NRQWDPLQH� ROPDVÕ� VRQXFX� NDUNDVWDQ�karkasa EXODúPDQÕQ� V�UHNOL� GHYDP� HWWL÷L� YH� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕ� DUWWÕUGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��:HPSH�YH�DUN��,]DW�YH�DUN��$\QÕ�úHNLOGH��Lo�RUJDQODUÕQ�oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD� ED÷ÕUVD÷ÕQ� \ÕUWÕOPDVÕ�� IHNDO� NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQ� \D\ÕOÕPÕQGD�oldukça önemlidir. Bu aúDPDGD�� PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQ� NDUNDV� \�]H\LQGHQ� LúoL�HOOHULQH�� HNLSPDQD�YH�NDUNDVÕQ� WHPDV�KDOLQGH�ROGX÷X�\�]H\OHUH� WUDQVIHULQLQ� GHYDP�HWWL÷L�YH�EX�\ROOD�GL÷HU�NDUNDVODUD�GD�EXODúWÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��.HHQHU�YH�DUN��

Berrang ve ark. (2001), iç organ oÕNDUPD�LúOHPL�VRQUDVÕ��J|÷�V�GHULVLQLQ�9’unun ve 10 but derisinin 10’unun Campylobacter�VSS��\|Q�QGHQ�SR]LWLI�ROGX÷XQX�ve düzeyin log10 2 kob/g ile log10� ��NRE�J�DUDVÕQGD�VH\UHWWL÷LQL��.RWXOD�YH�3DQG\D�(1995), ise J|÷�V�GRNXVXQGDNL�Campylobacter spp. VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�EXWWDNLQGHQ�GDKD�ID]OD�ROGX÷XQX� ELOGLULOPLúOHUGLU�� 7DúOÕN� LoHUL÷LQLQLQ� GH� |QHPOL� ELU� Campylobacter spp.

ND\QD÷Õ� ROGX÷X� YH� NDUNDV� NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQGD� SRWDQVL\HO� ULVN� WHúNLO� HWWL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��%\UG�YH�DUN��

-HIIHU\�YH�DUN�� \DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD�� Lo�RUJDQ�oÕNDUPD�|QFHVL�EURLOHU�NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ��¶LQGHQ�� NXUVDN� |UQHNOHULQLQ��¶LQGHQ�� YH� ED÷ÕUVDN� |UQHNOHULQLQ�%94’ünden Campylobacter� L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� <DSÕODQ� ELU� GL÷HU�

48

oDOÕúPDGD�� Lo� RUJDQ� oÕNDUPD� VRQUDVÕ�� ER\XQ� GHULVL� |rneklerinin %89’undan,

peritoneal kavite swab örneklerinin %93’ünden, subkutan örneklerinin ise %75’inden

Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �%HUQGWVRQ� YH� DUN�� Campylobacter�VSS��YDUOÕ÷ÕQD�LOLúNLQ�oDOÕúPD�VRQXoODUÕ�GLNNDWH�DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD, hava ile

VR÷XWPDQÕQ�� NDUNDV� \�]H\LQL� NXUXWDUDN� Campylobacter� VD\ÕVÕQGD� D]DOPD\D� QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�� EXQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� VR÷XN� VX� WDQNÕQÕQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQODU� DoÕVÕQGDQ�SRWDQVL\HO� ULVN� WHúNLO� HWWL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� � �%ROWRQ� YH� DUN�� 6DQFKH]� YH� DUN��2002).

.HVLP�LúOHPL�VÕUDVÕQGD�GÕúNÕ�LOH�NRQWDPLQH�RODQ�YH�NHVLPKDQHGHQ�PDUNHWOHUH�GD÷ÕWÕODQ� NDUNDVODU�� ELUoRN� VDOJÕQGDQ� VRUXPOX� WXWXOPDNWDGÕU� �$QQDK� 3UDK� YH� -DQF��D��<DSÕODQ�oHúLWOL�oDOÕúPDODU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�DoÕN�RODUDN�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�ürünlerinGH� \D\JÕQ� RODUDN� EXOXQGX÷XQX� RUWD\D� NR\PXúWXU� �.LQGH� YH� DUN�� Rogol ve ark., 1985). Campylobacter� VSS�¶QLQ� oL÷� YH� SLúLUPH\H� KD]ÕU� NDQDWOÕ��U�QOHULQGHNL�YDUOÕ÷Õ�dL]HOJH��¶GD�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��/DNH�YH�DUN��

49

Çizelge 1.9. dL÷�YH�SLúLUPH\H�KD]ÕU�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH��U�QOHULQGHNL�Campylobacter�VSS��YDUOÕ÷Õ��/DNH�YH�ark., 2003).

Ülke *ÕGD Test edilen

|UQHN�VD\ÕVÕ Campylobacter

spp. (%) <ÕO Kaynak

Belçika Piliç ve hindi eti 60 40 1996 Uyttendaele ve

Debevere, 1996

0ÕVÕU 3LOLo�NDUDFL÷HUL 50 40 1990 Khalafalla, 1990

0ÕVÕU gUGHN�NDUDFL÷HUL 50 36 1990 Khalafalla, 1990

0ÕVÕU Güvercin

NDUDFL÷HUL 50 10 1990 Khalafalla, 1990

0ÕVÕU Hindi 50 30 1990 Khalafalla, 1990

Japonya .DQDWOÕ�HWL 33 45.8 1993-1998 Ono ve

Yamomoto,1999

.X]H\�øUODQGD Parça piliç 120 38 1997-1998 Madden ve ark.,

1998

Tayvan 7�P�NDQDWOÕ�

karkas 22 68 2000 Shih, 2000

Tayvan *|÷�V��NDQDW��

baget 17 53 2000 Shih, 2000

Tayvan 7DúOÕN��NDUDFL÷HU 15 60 2000 Shih, 2000

øQJLOWHUH Ördek karkas 10 ��oR÷XQOXNOD�

C. coli) 1998

Risdale ve ark.,

1998

ABD 3LOLo�NDUDFL÷HUL 117 48 1983 Barot ve ark.,

1983

%LOGLULOPHPLúWLU 'RQPXú�NDQDWOÕ�eti

165 2 %LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Bryan ve Doyle,

1995

%LOGLULOPHPLúWLU 0DUNHWWH�VDWÕúD�sunulan piliç

100 58 %LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Bryan ve Doyle,

1995

%LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Piliç karkas 862 23 %LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Bryan ve Doyle,

1995

%LOGLULOPHPLúWLU 6R÷XWXOPXú�SLOLo�NDUDFL÷HUL 52 67 %LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Bryan ve Doyle,

1995

%LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Piliç 360 30 %LOGLULOPHPLúWLU Bryan ve Doyle,

1995

50

<ÕOGÕ]�YH�'LNHU��\DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��PH]EDKD�LúOHPH�DúDPDVÕQGD�NDUNDVODUÕQ�J|÷�V�� NDQDW�� ER\XQ� YH� EXWXQGDQ� DOGÕNODUÕ� �� |UQH÷LQ� W�P�QGHQ� �� VDWÕúD�KD]ÕU� NDUNDVODUGDQ� DOGÕNODUÕ� �� |UQH÷LQ� ��¶LQGHQ� �� Campylobacter spp.

L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� %XQXQOD� ELUOLNWH�� NDUNDVODUGDQ� Lzole ettikleri 675

VXúXQ��¶LQL��C. jejuni, 281’ini (%41.6) C. coli��YH��¶VÕQÕ�GD��C. lari

RODUDN�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWLNOHULQL�EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU��

(\LJ|U�YH�DUN��\DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��\HUHO�PDUNHWOHUGHQ�WRSODGÕNODUÕ��WD]H� NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDV� |UQH÷LQGHQ� HOGH� HWWLNOHUL� �� L]RODWÕQ� ��¶VLQL� C. jejuni,

%33.0’ünü ise C. coli�RODUDN�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

�øVWDQEXO�YH�\|UHVLQGH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�KD]ÕU�SLOLo�HWOHUL�YH��U�QOHULQGH�C. jejuni

RUDQÕQÕQ� VDSWDQPDVÕ� DPDFÕ\OD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� DoÕNWD� VDWÕODQ� �� DGHW� SLOLo�NDUNDV� |UQH÷LQGHQ� �� C. jejuni, %20.32 C. coli, %25.13 C. lari)

RUDQÕQGD�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter VSS��L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L��ELOGLULOPLúWLU��<ÕOGÕUÕP��

'L]JDK� �� øVWDQEXO� SL\DVDVÕQGD� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� oHúLWOL� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� YH�ürünlerinde C. jejuni¶QLQ� YDUOÕ÷Õ� �]HULQH� \DSWÕ÷Õ� oDOÕúPDVÕQGD�� oL÷� SLOLo� NDUNDV�� oL÷�LúOHQPLú�SLOLo�HWL��U�QOHUL�YH� ÕVÕ� LúOHPL�J|UP�ú�SLOLo�HWL��U�QOHULQGHQ�ROXúDQ� WRSODP�� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶�Q�Q� C. jejuni� LOH� NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷XQX�� DGHW� oL÷� SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQGDNL�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�RUDQODUÕQÕQ��C. jejuni, %19.0 C. coli ve %31.0 C.

lari�RODUDN�WHVSLW�HGLOGL÷LQL��ELOGLUPLúWLU�

.|NVR\��'HQL]OL�YH�ED]Õ�LOoHOHULQGH�W�NHWLPH�VXQXODQ�SLOLo�EXW��J|÷�V�YH�NDQDWWDQ�ROXúDQ�WRSODP��|UQH÷LQ��¶ÕQGDQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campyloacter spp. izole

YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúWLU��

<ÕOGÕUÕP� �� LQFHOHGL÷L� �� SLOLo� NDUDFL÷HU� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶�QGHQ� ��termoflik Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH�HWWL÷LQL�� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter saptanan 54

|UQH÷LQ� ��¶XQXQ� SLOLo� NHVLPKDQHVLQGHQ�� ¶LQLQ� LVH� PDUNHWOHUGHQ� DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúWLU�

51

$WDQDVVRYD� YH� 5LQJ� �� \DSWÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDGD�� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQÕQ� ��RUDQÕQGD�Campylobacter VSS��LOH�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷XQX�YH�NDUNDVODUGDQ�HOGH�HWWLNOHUL��L]RODWÕ��C. jejuni�RODUDN�L]ROH�HWWLNOHULQL�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU��

+XGVRQ� YH� DUN�� <HQL� =HODQGD¶GD� $÷XVWRV� �� LOH� ùXEDW� ��G|QHPLQGH�LQFHOHGLNOHUL�WRSODP��SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VÕQGDQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter�VSS��L]ROH�HWPLúOHUGLU�

Uyttendaele vH� DUN�� %HOoLND¶GD� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� � NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDV� YH��U�QOHULQGHQ� ROXúDQ �� |UQHN� �]HULQGHQ� \DSWÕNODUÕ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� |UQHNOHULQ�%28.5’inin C. jejuni ve C. coli� LOH� NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷XQX�� GHULVL� oÕNDUÕOPDPÕú�ürünlerdeki Salmonella spp., C. jejuni ve C. coli kontaminasyonunun derisi

oÕNDUÕOPÕú��U�QOHUH�RUDQOD��GDKD��\�NVHN�ROGX÷XQX�RUWD\D�NR\PXúODUGÕU�

Tokumaru ve ark. (1990), piliç eti örneklerinin %55.8’inden termofilik

Campylobacter VSS��L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

Shih (2000)�� W�P�SLOLo� NDUNDV�� Lo� RUJDQ� �WDúOÕN�� NDUDFL÷HU�� YH� ��SDUoD�SLOLo� HWLQGHQ� � �NDQDW�� J|÷�V�� EXW�� ROXúDQ� WRSODP� �� |UQHNWHNL�Campylobacter spp.

YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ�DUDúWÕUGÕ÷Õ�oDOÕúPDVÕQGD��VR÷XWPD�VLVWHPLQH�VDKLS�V�SHUPDUNHWOHUGHQ�DOGÕ÷Õ�W�P�SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQ��68’inden, parça piliç eti örneklerinin %100’ünden, iç organ

|UQHNOHULQLQ� ��¶�QGHQ�� VR÷XWPD� VLVWHPLQH� VDKLS� ROPD\DQ� N�o�N� PDUNHWOHUGHQ�DOGÕ÷Õ� W�P�SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQ��¶VLQGHQ��SDUoD�SLOLo�HWL�|UQHNOHULQLQ��¶�QGHQ�� Lo�RUJDQ� |UQHNOHULQLQ� LVH� ��¶ÕQGDQ� Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH� HWWL÷LQL� ELOGLUPLúWLU��$UDúWÕUÕFÕ�� VR÷XWPD� VLVWHPLQH� VDKLS� V�SHUPDUNHWOHUGHQ� DOGÕ÷Õ� |UQHNOHUGHNL�Campylobacter VSS�� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕQ� EX� VLVWHPH� VDKLS� ROPD\DQ� PDUNHWOHUGHQ�DOGÕ÷Õ�|UQHNOHUGHQ�HOGH�HWWL÷L�RUDQODUGDQ�GDKD�G�ú�N�ROGX÷XQX�ND\GHWPLúWLU��

Cloak ve ark. (2001), Ekim-$UDOÕN�D\ODUÕQGD�PDUNHWOHUGHQ�WRSODGÕNODUÕ��SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶XQGDQ��WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. L]ROH�HWWL÷LQL��C. jejuni, %14.5 C. coli��GRQPXú�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ�KLoELULQGHQ�L]ROH�HGLOPHGL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúWLU��

52

'�Q\DQÕQ� oHúLWOL� E|OJHOHULQGH�� oL÷� NDQDWOÕ� HWL� YH� �U�QOHULQGHNL� C. jejuni� RUDQÕQÕQ�RUWDODPD��ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�oL÷�YH�SLúLUPH\H�KD]ÕU�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH��U�QOHULQGHNL�L]RODV\RQ�RUDQODUÕ�dL]HOJH��¶GD�J|VWHULOPLúWLU��/DNH�YH�ark., 2003).

5RJRO� YH� DUN�� LQFHOHGLNOHUL� �� SLOLo� HWL� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶LQLQ� ��C.

jejuni/C. coli� LOH�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷XQX��V�SHUPDUNHW�YH�UHVWRUDQODUGDQ�WRSODQDQ�SLOLo�HWOHULQGHNL� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� RUDQODUÕQÕQ� �� NHVLPKDQHGHQ� Woplananlardan

��GDKD�G�ú�N�ROGX÷XQX�ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�

%HUUDQJ�YH�DUN�� W�\�\ROPD�DúDPDVÕQÕ� WDNLEHQ�DOGÕNODUÕ�GHULVL]��SLOLo�J|÷�V� YH� �� EXW� |UQH÷LQGHQ�Campylobacter L]ROH� HGLOPHGL÷LQL�� Lo� RUJDQ� oÕNDUPD�DúDPDVÕQGDQ�KHPHQ�VRQUD�DOÕQDQ�GHULOL��SLOLo�J|÷�V�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶XQGDQ��SLOLo�EXW�|UQH÷LQLQ� LVH� �¶LQGHQ� HWNHQL� L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� $\QÕ� DUDúWÕUÕFÕODU��NHVLPKDQHGHQ� WRSODGÕNODUÕ� GHULOL� �� YH� GHULVL]� �� |UQHNOHULQ� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VSS�� G�]H\OHUL� DUDVÕQGD� |QHPOL� IDUN� ROGX÷XQX�� GHULOL� YH� GHULVL]�PDUNHW�|UQHNOHULQGH�|QHPOL�G�]H\GH�IDUN�ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ��NHVLPKDQH�|UQHNOHULQLQ�PDUNHW�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�GDKD�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

Slovenya’da Eylül 2000-� 0D\ÕV� �� WDULKOHUL� DUDVÕQGD� PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕODQ�NDQDWOÕ�HWOerinde termofilik Campylobacter VSS��YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��SLOLo�NDUDFL÷HUL�YH�EXWXQGDQ�ROXúDQ�WRSODP��|UQH÷LQ��¶VLQGHQ��WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L��NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQ�VRQEDKDUÕQ�HUNHQ�G|QHPOHULQGH�daha yüksek oldX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��=RUPDQ�YH�0RåLQD��

:LOOLV� YH� 0XUUD\� �� PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQGD� C.

jejuni¶QLQ� YDUOÕ÷ÕQD� \|QHOLN�PHYVLPVHO� GD÷ÕOÕPODUÕ� DUDúWÕUGÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� HQ�\�NVHN� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕ� 0D\ÕV� YH� (NLP� D\ODUÕ� DUDVÕQGDNL� ÕOÕPDQ� LNOLPOHUGH�\DNDODGÕNODUÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��$\QÕ�oDOÕúPDGD�\HUHO�V�SHUPDUNHWOHUGHQ�WRSODGÕNODUÕ��NDQDWOÕ��U�Q�Q�Q��¶XQGD�C. jejuni�L]ROH�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

53

Madden ve ark. (1998), 120 market parça piliçlerinin %38’inin C. jejuni ile

NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷X� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��0DUNHW� SLOLoOHULQLQ� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� RUDQODUÕQGDNL�IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ� |UQHNOHULQ� DOÕQGÕ÷Õ�PHYVLPH�� |UQHNOHPH�PHWRGXQD� YH� JÕGD� KD]ÕUODPD�DúDPDVÕQGDNL�oDSUD]�NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUD�ED÷OÕ�ROGX÷X�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��

FederighL� YH� DUN�� PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕODQ� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ� ��-%80

DUDVÕQGD� GH÷LúHQ� RUDQODUGD� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VSS�� LOH� NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷XQX�belirtmektedir.

Kramer ve ark. (2000), 198 parça pilicin 165’inden (%83) termofilik

Campylobacter spp. izolH�HWWLNOHULQL�EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU�

+ROODQGD�PDUNHWOHULQGH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ��W�P�SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶LQLQ�termofilik Campylobacter VSS��LOH�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷X�VDSWDQPÕúWÕU��'XIUHQQH�YH�DUN��2001).

-RQHV�YH�DUN��E��oDOÕúPD�\DSWÕNODUÕ�LúOHWPHOHUH�XODúDQ�NDQDWOÕODUÕQ�NORDNDO�|UQHNOHULQLQ��¶VLQGHQ�� VR÷XWPD�DúDPDVÕQGDNL�NDUNDV�|UQHNOHULQLQ��¶VLQGHQ�YH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�W�P�NDUNDV�|UQHNOHULQLQ��¶VÕQGDQ�C. jejuni izole ettiklerini ve

\ÕOÕQ� VR÷XN� D\ODUÕQGD� JHQHOOLNOH� ELUoRN� V�U�Q�Q� EX� LQIHNVL\RQGDQ� DUL� ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

ABD’de 1999-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD��PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ��oL÷�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VLQGHQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. izole

HGLOGL÷L��W�P�NDUNDV�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�VÕUDVÕ\OD��LOH�C. jejuni, %41.5 ile C. coli ve

��LOH�GL÷HU�Campylobacter VSS��L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��=KDR�YH�DUN��

øQJLOWHUH¶GH� ��-1999 ve 1999-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD��oL÷�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VÕQGDQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp�� L]ROH�HGLOGL÷L��elde edilen 425 L]RODWÕQ��¶LQLQ�C. jejuni�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��-RUJHQVHQ�YH�DUN��2002).

54

/HH�YH�DUN��V�SHUPDUNHW�YH�N�o�N�PDUNHWOHUGH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�SLOLo�J|÷�V��EXW�YH� NDQDW� ROPDN� �]HUH� LQFHOHGLNOHUL� WRSODP� �� |UQH÷LQ� ��¶ÕQGan C. jejuni,

%100’ünden ise C. coli� L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU�� 3LOLo� HWOHULQGHNL�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� G�]H\LQLQ� SDUoDODPD� WHNQLNOHULQH� J|UH� GH÷LúNHQOLN� J|VWHUGL÷L��NXOODQÕODQ� HNLSPDQÕQ� SDUoDODPD� VÕUDVÕQGD�PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQGD�önemli rol o\QDGÕ÷Õ�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��,]DW�YH�DUN��

6DYDúoÕ� �� 0D\ÕV-$÷XVWRV� �� WDULKOHUL� DUDVÕQGD� $QNDUD¶QÕQ� GH÷LúLN�PDUNHWOHULQGHQ� WRSODGÕ÷Õ� WRSODP� �� SLOLo� SDUoD� HWL� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶VÕQGDQ� ��termofilik Campylobacter spp. izole ve identifiye ettL÷LQL�� SLOLo� J|J�V� HWL�|UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶ÕQÕQ� �� SLOLo� NDQDW� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶VÕQÕQ� �� EXW� HWL�|UQH÷LQLQ� LVH� ��¶XQXQ� �� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp. ile kontamine

ROGX÷XQX�ND\GHWPLúWLU��$UDúWÕUÕFÕ��SLOLo�SDUoD�HWL�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VÕQGDQ�HOGH�HWWL÷L�364 termofilik Campylobacter� L]RODWÕQÕQ��¶VL� ��C. jejuni��¶VÕ� ��C.

coli��¶VÕ��C. lari�RODUDN�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúWLU�

Wilson (2002), 1995-�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD�PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ�NDQDWOÕ�NDUNDVODUÕQGDNi Salmonella ve Campylobacter�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�G�]H\OHULQL�DUDúWÕUGÕ÷Õ�oDOÕúPDVÕQGD�� oL÷� NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDVÕQÕQ� � ��¶VLQLQ� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter

VSS��LOH�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷XQX�ND\GHWPLúWLU��

2QR�YH�<DPDPDWR� ��\DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��PDUNHWWHQ� WRSODGÕNODUÕ��NDQDWOÕ� HWL� |UQH÷LQGHQ� HOGH� HWWLNOHUL� �� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter� VSS�� L]RODWÕQÕQ�33’ünü (%45.8) C. jejuni�RODUDN�LGHQWLIL\H�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�

2VDQR�YH�$ULPL��1DLUREL¶GH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ��C.

jejuni ile NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� G�]H\OHULQL� EHOLUOHPHN� DPDFÕ\OD� \DSWÕNODUÕ� ELU� oDOÕúPDGD�� DGHW� NDUNDV� |UQH÷LQLQ� ��¶VLQLQ� �� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp. ile

NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷XQX�� NDUNDVODUÕQ� ��¶XQGDQ� C. jejuni, %39’undan C. coli ve

%2’sinden C. lari identifiye ettiklHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

55

��.ÕUPÕ]Õ�HW�YH�HW��U�QOHULQGH�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp.’nin�YDUOÕ÷Õ

.DQDWOÕ� HWL�� Campylobacter LQIHNVL\RQODUÕ� DoÕVÕQGDQ� ULVN� JUXEX� JÕGDODUÕQ� EDúÕQGD�\HUDOPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ�� NR\XQ�� VÕ÷ÕU�� GRPX]� JLEL� HYFLO� oLIWOLN� KD\YDQODUÕQÕQ� LQWHVWLQDO�sistemlerinin termofilik Campylobacterler�VSS�¶QLQ�UH]DUYXDUÕ�ROPDODUÕ�EDNÕPÕQGDQ�EX� KD\YDQODUGDQ� HOGH� HGLOHQ� �U�QOHULQ� GH� LQIHNVL\RQ� DoÕVÕQGDQ� |QHP� WHúNLO� HWWL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��6WDQOH\�YH�DUN��D��6WDQOH\�YH�DUN��E��

Fukushima YH� DUN�� VÕ÷ÕU� NÕ\PD��GRPX]�YH�NDQDWOÕ� HWLQGHQ�ROXúDQ��DGHW� � |UQH÷L� Salmonella, C. jejuni, C. coli, Y. enterocolitica ve Cl. perfringens

DoÕVÕQGDQ�LQFHOHPLúOHU�YH��VÕ÷ÕU�NÕ\PD��GRPX]�HWL��YH��SLOLo�HWL��|UQH÷LQGHQ��HOGH�HGLOHQ�WRSODP��L]RODWÕQ��¶�Q��C. jejuni, 1’ini C. coli

RODUDN� LGHQWLIL\H� HWPLúOHU�� VÕ÷ÕU� YH� GRPX]� HWL� |UQHNOHULQLQ��¶VLQLQ�C. jejuni ile

NRQWDPLQH� ROGX÷XQX� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� $\QÕ� úHNLOGH�� 2VDQR� YH� $ULPL� ��LQFHOHGLNOHUL� �� DGHW� VÕ÷ÕU� HWL� |UQH÷Lnin %2’sinden C. jejuni izole ettiklerini

ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�� <DSÕODQ� ELU� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDGD� termofilik Campylobacter spp.

NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�RUDQODUÕ�PDUNHWOHUGH�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�NX]X�HWLQGH��GRPX]�HWLQGH��RODUDN� WHVSLW�HGLOPLú�YH�NX]XGDNL�GRPLQDQW�W�U�Q�C. jejuni (%75), domuzda

ise (%42.4) C. coli�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��.UDPHU�YH�DUN��

1.14.3. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde termofilik Campylobacter��VSS�¶QLQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ

øQVDQODUGD� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� Campylobacter� ND\QDNOÕ� JDVWURHQWHULW� ROJXODUÕQGD�� oL÷�sütün önemOL�ELU�ND\QDN�ROGX÷X��/RYHWW�YH�DUN��%DFKPDQQ�YH�6SDKU��C.

jejuni’nin, V�WH� IHNDO� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� VRQXFX� \D� GD� PHPH� KDVWDOÕNODUÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD�EXODúWÕ÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �+XWFKLQVRQ� YH� DUN�� (WNHQ�� SDVW|UL]DV\RQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD� NROD\OÕNOD� \ÕNÕPODQGÕ÷ÕQGDQ� SDVW|UL]H� V�WOHUGH� VDSWDQDPDPÕúWÕU�(Sopwith ve ark., 2003).

-D\DUDR�YH�+HQQLQJ��\DSWÕNODUÕ� �oDOÕúPDGD��oL÷�WDQN�V�W��|UQH÷LQLQ�%9.2’sinden C. jejuni�L]ROH�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�<DSÕODQ�ELU�EDúND�oDOÕúPDGD�LVH�� oL÷� WDQN� V�W�� |UQH÷LQLQ� �¶LQGHQ� �� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp. izole

HGLOGL÷L�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��:K\WH�YH�DUN��<DQJ�YH�DUN��WRSODP��oL÷�

56

V�W�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶VÕQÕQ��C. jejuni�\|Q�QGHQ�SR]LWLI�ROGX÷XQX�ELOGLULUNHQ��oL÷� V�WWHQ� \DSÕODQ� �� SH\QLU� |UQH÷LQGHQ� HWNHQLQ� L]ROH� HGLOHPHGL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU��:K\WH�YH�DUN��øVYLoUH�GH��UHWLOHQ�SH\QLUOHULQ�\DNODúÕN��¶VLQGH�oL÷�V�W�Q�NXOODQÕOPDVÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� GL÷HU� SDWRMHQOHUH� LOLúNLQ� ]HKLUOHQPH� ROJXODUÕQÕQ� VÕNOÕNOD�ELOGLULOGL÷L�� EXQD� NDUúÕQ�Campylobacter� VSS�� QLQ� DVLGH� RODQ� KDVVDVL\HWLQGHQ�GROD\Õ�SH\QLUGH�FDQOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ�ND\EHGHUHN�L]ROH�HGLOHPHGL÷L�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��%XQD�LOLúNLQ�\DSÕODQ�ELU�oDOÕúPDGD��)HGHULJKL�YH�DUN��oL÷�V�WWHQ�\DSÕOPÕú��SH\QLU�|UQH÷LQGHQ�C.

jejuni�L]ROH�HGLOPHGL÷LQL�ELOGLUPLúWLU��$%'¶GH��\ÕOÕQGD��oL÷�V�W�W�NHWLPL�VRQXFX��ELUH\LQ�HWNLOHQGL÷L�ELU�VDOJÕQGDQ�VRUXPOX�HWNHQLQ�C. jejuni ROGX÷X�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��3RWWHU� YH� DUN�� $\QÕ� úHNLOGH��0LQHVRWD¶GD� \DSÕODQ� ELU� oLIWOLN� JH]LVLQGH� ��|÷UHQFLQLQ��¶VLQGH��YH��\HWLúNLn bireyin 3’ünde (%14) Campylobacter spp.

ND\QDNOÕ�LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L��|÷UHQFLGHQ�YH�VHPSWRP�J|VWHUPH\HQ��\HWLúNLQGHQ�C. jejuni� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� YH� KDVWDOÕ÷ÕQ� SLNQLN� VÕUDVÕQGD� oL÷� V�W� W�NHWLPL�VRQXFX� úHNLOOHQGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �.RUODKW� YH� DUN�� %LU� GL÷HU� DUDúWÕUPDGD��$%'¶GH��\ÕOÕQGD�oL÷�NHoL�V�W��W�NHWHQ��NLúL�LOH��PDQGÕUD�LúoLVLQLQ�HWNLOHQGL÷L�ve C. jejuni�ND\QDNOÕ�HQWHULW�ROJXODUÕ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��+DUULV�YH�DUN��

1.14.4. Su ve su ürünlerinde termofilik Campylobacter sSS�¶QLQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ

Campylobacter VDOJÕQODUÕQÕQ�VSRUDGLN�ROJXODUÕQGDQ�� LúOHP�J|UPHPLú� LoPH�YH�\�]H\�VXODUÕ� VRUXPOX� WXWXOPDNWDGÕU�� <�]H\� VXODUÕQÕQ� NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQGD�� J|oPHQ� YH�HQIHNWH� VX� NXúODUÕQÕQ� HWNLOL� ROGX÷X�� 6RSZLWK� YH� DUN�� GHQL]� VX\X�� QHKLU� YH�körIH]� VXODUÕQÕQ� �� PO¶VLQGH� � �� LOD� �� Campylobacter koloni formunun izole

HGLOGL÷L�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��.HHQHU�YH�DUN��

'�Q\DQÕQ� JHOLúPLú� \D� GD� JHOLúPHNWH� RODQ� ELUoRN� E|OJHVLQGH� LúOHP� J|UPHPLú�\�]H\� VXODUÕQÕQ� LQVDQODU� YH� oLIWOLN� KD\YDQODUÕ� WDUDIÕQGDQ� W�NHWLOGL÷L� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU��Norveç’te Campylobacter LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQD�LOLúNLQ��-��\ÕOODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�\DSÕODQ�ROJX�NRQWURO� oDOÕúPDVÕQGD��ROJXGDQ��¶XQXQ�GH]HQIHNWH�HGLOPHPLú�VX� W�NHWLPL�VRQXFX� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L� ELOGLULOPLúWLU� �.DSSHUXG� YH� DUN�� $\QÕ� úHNLOGH��øQJLOWHUH¶GH��-��\ÕOODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�VX�ND\QDNOÕ�HQIHNVL\|]��KDVWDOÕNODUD�LOLúNLQ��

57

VDOJÕQÕQ� PH\GDQD� JHOGL÷L�� EX� VDOJÕQODUÕQ� �¶LQGHQ� Campylobacter jejuni/coli’nin

sorumlu ROGX÷X�UDSRU�HGLOPLúWLU��)XUWDGR�YH�DUN��

<DSÕODQ� ELU� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDGD�� øVYLoUH¶GH� LoPH� VX\X� ND\QDNOÕ� JDVWURHQWHULW�VDOJÕQODUÕQGDQ� �� NLúLQLQ� HWNLOHQGL÷L� YH� ��NLúLQLQ� IHNDO� |UQHNOHULQGHQ�C.

jejuni� L]ROH� HGLOGL÷L� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �0DXUHU� YH� 6W�UFKOHU�� :K\WH� YH� DUN��\DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDGD��LQFHOedikleri 129 deniz kabuklusunun 3’ünden (%0.9),

EHQ]HU� ELU� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDGD� LVH��:LOVRQ� YH�0RRUH� �� GHQL]�NDEXNOXVXQXQ�%42.0’sinden Campylobacter� VSS�� L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU�� %LU� GL÷HU�oDOÕúPDGD�LVH��)HGHULJKL�YH�DUN��LQFHOHGLNOHUL��PLG\H�|UQH÷LQLQ��¶LQGHQ�C.

jejuni� L]ROH� HWWLNOHULQL� ND\GHWPLúOHUGLU�� <DQJ� YH� DUN�� \DSWÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDGD�ND\QDN�YH�\�]H\�VXODUÕQGDQ�ROXúDQ�WRSODP��VX�|UQH÷LQLQLQ��¶VÕQGDQ��C. jejuni�L]ROH�HWWLNOHULQL�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

1.15. Korunma ve Kontrol

*ÕGD� ND\QDNOÕ Campylobacter� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ NRQWURO� |QOHPOHUL� DUDVÕQGD��FLYFLYOHULQ� PLNUREL\HO� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� G�]H\LQL� EHOLUOHPH�� NDQDWOÕ� LoPH� VXODUÕQÕ�NORUODPD�� DúÕODPD�� GLUHQoOLOLN� ND]DQGÕUDFDN� VHOHNWLI� \HPOHUOH� EHVOHPH� JLEL� oLIWOLN�strDWHMLOHULQLQ�\HU�DOGÕ÷Õ��EX�|QOHPOHULQ�NDQDWOÕODUGDNL�Campylobacter spp. insidensini

|QHPOL� G�]H\GH� D]DOWDFD÷Õ� ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �6MRJUHQ� YH� .DLMVHU� �� +XPKUH\� YH�ark., 1993; Byrd ve ark., 1998).

.HVLP� DúDPDVÕQGD� YH� GDKD� VRQUD� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� oDSUD]� NRQWDPLQDV\RQODUÕQ�HQJHOOHQPHVLQGH� L\L� KLM\HQ� H÷LWLPLQLQ� ROGXNoD� |QHPOL� ROGX÷X� ELOGLULOPLúWLU��*HUHN�NDQDWOÕODUGD� JHUHNVH� LQVDQODUGD� UXWLQ� DQWLEL\RWLN� NXOODQÕPÕQGDQ� NDoÕQÕOPDVÕ�� úHKLU�úHEHNH� LoPH� VXODUÕQÕQ� G�]HQOL� RODUDN� NORUODQPDVÕ� YH� V�W�Q� SDVW|UL]D\RQXQGD� ÕVÕ-]DPDQ�SDUDPHWUHOHULQH�X\XOPDVÕ�NRQWURO�|QOHPOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��6NLUURZ��1990; Allos, 2001). Termofilik Campylobacter VSS�� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ� |QOHPHVLQGH�NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDVODUÕQGDNL� PLNUREL\HO� NRQWDPLQDV\RQX� D]DOWPDN� GLNNDWH� GH÷HU� ELU�konudur. Bu amaoOD�NXOODQÕODQ�\|QWHPOHU�DUDVÕQGD�IL]LNVHO�YH�NLP\DVDO�PHWRGODU�YH�ÕúÕQ� X\JXODPDODUÕ� GD� \HU� DOPDNWDGÕU�� .DQDWOÕ� NDUNDVODUÕQGDNL� Campylobacter spp.

58

NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQX�D]DOWPDN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕODQ�IL]LNVHO�\|QWHPOHUGHQ��VR÷XN-VÕFDN�VX� YH� \�NVHN� EDVÕQo� X\JXODPDODUÕ� HQ� VÕN�� GXPDQODPD� LVH� HQ� D]� NXOODQÕODQ�PHWRGODUGÕU��<D\JÕQ�RODQ�NLP\DVDO�PHWRGODU�DUDVÕQGD��RUJDQLN��LQRUJDQLN�DVLWOHULQ�YH�ED]ODUÕQ�� NORULQ� YH� LOJLOL� ELOHúLNOHULQ� NXOODQÕPÕ� \HU� DOPDNWDGÕU�� %DNWHUL�UHG�NVL\RQXQGD� HWNLOL� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ� HQ� D]�X\JXODQDQ�PHWRGXQ� ÕúÕQODPD�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��.HQHU�YH�DUN��

Termofilik Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ�QHGHQ�ROGX÷X�LQIHNVL\RQODUGDQ�NRUXQPDGD��D]�SLúPLú�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�YH\D�NÕUPÕ]Õ�HW��oL÷�\D�GD�\HWHUVL]�ÕVÕ�LúOHPL�J|UP�ú�V�W�YH�LúOHP�J|UPHPLú�VX�W�NHWLPLQGHQ�NDoÕQÕOPVÕ�JHUHNWL÷L��EXQXQOD�ELUOLNWH�HWNHQLQ�oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�HWL� LOH� WHPDVWD� RODQ� oDOÕúDQODUÕQ� HOOHUL�� GR÷UDPD� WDKWDODUÕ�� PXWIDN� JHUHoOHUL�� PDVD��oHúPH��GRODS�NXOSODUÕ��NDSÕ�NROODUÕ�YH�KDYOX�JLEL�\�]H\OHU�YDVÕWDVÕ\OD�GD�\D\ÕODELOGL÷L�J|]�|Q�QH�DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD��GR÷UDPD�WDKWDODUÕQÕQ�\ÕNDQPDVÕ��oL÷�NDQDWOÕ�HWL�LoLQ�NXOODQÕODQ�EÕoDN�YH� WDKWDODUÕQ�GL÷HU�JÕGDODUÕQ�KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOPDPDVÕ�JLEL�EDVLW�|QOHPOHUOH� LQIHNVL\RQODUÕQ� HQJHOOHQHELOHFH÷L� EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�� $\UÕFD�� DNXW� GL\DUHO�KDVWDOÕN�EXOJXVX�J|VWHUHQ�ELUH\OHULQ�JÕGD�LOH�WHPDV�KDOLQGH�ROPDPDVÕ�|QHULOPHNWHGLU�(Skirrow, 1990; Jacobs-Reitsma, 1997; Altekruse ve ark., 1999; Cogan ve ark., 1999;

Allos, 2001; Keener ve ark., 2004).

(Y�KD\YDQODUÕ�YH�GL÷HU�KD\YDQODUOD�WHPDV�KDOLQGH�RODQ�ELUH\OHULQ�JHQHO�hijyen

NXUDOODUÕQD�X\PDODUÕ�YH�VRQ�RODUDN�JHOLúPLú�\D�GD�JHOLúPHNWH�RODQ��ONHOHUH�VH\DKDW�HGHQ� NLúLOHULQ� HQGHPLN� E|OJHOHUH� VH\DKDW� HWPHNWHQ� NDoÕQPDODUÕ�� LQIHNVL\RQGDQ�NRUXQPDGD�|QHP�WHúNLO�HWPHNWHGLU��%ODVHU�YH�DUN��E��%HUQGWVRQ�YH�DUN��

59

2. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM

2.1. Gereç:

$I\RQ¶GD� GH÷LúLN� PDUNHWOHUGH� SDNHWOHQPHGHQ� �WLFDUHWWH� G|NPH� SLOLo� RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�� DoÕNWD� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQGD� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter

VSS�¶QLQ�VDSWDQPDVÕ�YH�C. jejuni�RODUDN�WDQÕPODQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ�3&5�LH�GR÷UXODQPDVÕ�DPDFÕ\OD� \DSÕODQ� EX� oDOÕúPDGD�� VÕFDNODUÕQ� EDúODGÕ÷Õ� �� \ÕOÕQÕQ�0D\ÕV� � D\ÕQGDQ��KDYDODUÕQ�VR÷XPD\D�EDúODGÕ÷Õ�(NLP�D\Õ�VRQXQD�NDGDU�KHU�D\ÕQ��YH��KDIWDODUÕQGD�ROPDN��]HUH��|UQHN�DOÕQDUDN��WRSODP��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕ�JHUHo�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU��gUQHNOHU��PDUNHWWHQ�DOÕQDQ��ILUPD\D�DLW�SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQÕ�WHPVLO�HWPHNWHGLU��

2.1.1.Termofilik Campylobacter�VSS��L]RODV\RQ�YH�LGHQWLILNDV\RQXQGD�NXOODQÕODQ�EHVL\HUOHUL�YH�GL÷HU�NLP\DVDOODU��$QRQ�� Preston Broth

Nutrient Broth No:2

øoHUL÷L�

Lab-Lemco Powder 10g

Pepton 10g

Sodium chlorid 5.0g

Distile su 1000 ml

1XWULHQW�EURWK�1R��2[RLG�&0��EHVL�\HULQGHQ��J�DOÕQÕS��PO�GLVWLOH�VXGD�çözündürülüp (pH 7.5), otoklavda 1210C’de 15 dakika tutularak steril edildikten

sonra 500&¶\H�VR÷XWXODUDN��¶OLN�VWHULO�O\VHG�KRUVH�EORRG��2[RLG�65��HNOHQGL��Üzerine 1 vial Campylobacter growth supplement (liquid) (Oxoid SR 232E) ve 1 vial

��RUDQÕQGD�DVHWRQ�� VWHULO�GLVWLOH� VX��SUHVWRQ�Campylobacter selective supplement

�2[RLG�65��(��LODYH�HGLOHUHN�NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕ��

60

Campylobacter Growth Supplement (Oxoid SR 232E)

øoHUL÷L�

Sodium pyruvate 0.125 g

Sodium metabisulphite 0.125 g

Ferrous sulphate 0.125 g

��YLDO��PO�EHVL�\HUL�LoLQ�NXOODQÕOGÕ�

Preston Campylobacter Selective Supplement (Oxoid SR 0117E)

øoHUL÷L� Polmyxin B 2500 IU

Rifampicin 5.0 mg

Trimethoprim 5.0 mg

Cycloheximide 50.0 mg


Campylobacter Blood-Free Selective Agar Base (Oxoid CM 739)

øoHUL÷L� Nutrient broth No:2 25.0 g

Bacteriological charcoal 4.0 g

Casein hydrolysate 3.0 g

Sodium desoxycholate 1.0 g

Ferrous sulphate 0.25 g

Sodium pyruvate 0.25 g

Agar 12 g

Distile su 1000 ml

61

%HVL� \HULQGHQ� �� J� WDUWÕOÕS� �� PO� GLVWLOH� VX� LoHULVLQGH� o|]�QG�U�O�S� VX�banyosunda eritildikten sonra (pH 7.4) otoklavda 1210C’de 15 dakika tutularak steril

edildi. Daha sonra besi yeri 500&¶\H�NDGDU�VR÷XWXODUDN� LoHULVLQH��YLDO� ��PO�VWHULO�distile suda eritilen supplement (Oxoid SR 155E)’den ilave edildi ve steril petrilere

döküldü.

CCDA Selektif Supplement (Oxoid SR 155E) øoHUL÷L� Cefoperazone 16 mg/vial

Amphotericin B 5 mg/vial


Columbia Blood Agar Base (Oxoid CM 331) øoHUL÷L�

Pepton 23.0 g

Starch 1.0 g

Sodium chlorid 5.0 g

Agar No:1 10.0 g

Distile su 1000 ml

%HVL�\HULQGHQ��J�WDUWÕOÕS��OLWUH�GLVWLOH�VX�LoHULVLQGH�o|]�QG�U�O�S�VX�EDQ\RVXQGD�eritildikten sonra (pH 7.3) otoklavda 1210C’de 15 dakika tutularak steril edildi. Daha

sonra besi yeri 500&¶\H�VR÷XWXODUDN��]HULQH��¶OLN�GHILEULQH�NR\XQ�NDQÕ�LODYH�HGLOGL�ve steril petrilere döküldü.

62

Triple Sugar Iron Agar (Oxoid CM 277)

øoHUL÷L� Lab-Lemco Powder 3.0 g

Yeast extract 3.0 g

Peptone 20.0 g

Sodium chloride 5.0 g

Lactose 10.0 g

Sucrose 10.0 g

Glucose 1.0 g

Ferric citrate 0.3 g

Sodium thiosulphate 0.3 g

Phenol red 0.024 g

Agar 12.0 g

Distile su 1000 ml

BeVL�\HULQGHQ��J�WDUWÕODUDN��OLWUH�GLVWLOH�VX�LoHULVLQGH�o|]�QG�U�OG�NWHQ�VRQUD��S+�7.4) 7-��PO� RODFDN� úHNLOGH� NDSDNOÕ� W�SOHUH� SD\ODúWÕUÕOGÕ� YH� RWRNODYGD� ��0C’de 15

dakika tutularak steril edildi.

Müeller-Hinton Agar (Oxoid CM 337)

øoHUL÷L� Beef, dehydrated infusion 300.0 g

Casein hydrolysate 17.5 g

Starch 1.5 g

Agar 17.0 g

Distile su 1000 ml

+D]ÕU�EHVL\HULQGHQ�� J� WDUWÕOÕS�� OLWUH� GLVWLOH� VX� LoHULVLQGH�o|]�QG�U�O�S� �S+��VÕFDN�VX�EDQ\RVXQGD�HULWildikten sonra otoklavda 1210C’de 15 dakika tutularak steril

63

HGLOGL��<DNODúÕN� ��0&¶\H�NDGDU�VR÷XWXODQ�EHVL�\HULQH��¶OLN� VWHULO� GHILEULQH�NR\XQ�NDQÕ�LODYH�HGLOGL�YH�VWHULO�SHWULOHUH�G|N�OG��

Brucella Broth (Sigma Lot 108H0726)

øoHUL÷L� Tryptone 10.0 g

Meat peptic peptone 10.0 g

Glucose 1.0 g

Yeast extract 2.0 g

Sodium chloride 5.0 g

Sodium hydrogen sulfite 0.1 g

Distile su 1000 ml

%UXFHOOD� EURWK� EHVL� \HULQGHQ� �� J� WDUWÕOÕS�� PO� GLVWLOH� VX� LoHULVLQde

o|]�QG�U�O�S� �S+� �� W�SOHUH� �� PO� RODFDN� úHNLOGH� SD\ODúWÕUÕOGÕ� YH� RWRNODYGD�1210C’de 15 dakika tutularak steril edildi.

Katalaz Test:

Hidrojen peroksit (%3) (H2O2��0HUF��LOH�\DSÕOGÕ�

Membran filtreler

3RU�oDSÕ��µP�YH�oDSÕ��PP�RODQ�PHPEUan filtreleri (Millex GVSLGV025LS)

NXOODQÕOGÕ� Oksidaz Test Kiti

%DFWLGHQW�2[LGDVH�WHVW�NLWOHUL�NXOODQÕOGÕ��0HUN��

64

Antibiyotik Diskleri

2[RLG¶LQ�KD]ÕU��J�VHIDORWLQ��2[RLG�&7��YH��J��PLNRJUDP��QDOLGLNVLN�DVLW�(Oxoid CT 031) içeren antiEL\RWLN�GLVNOHUL�NXODQÕOGÕ�

Laked Horse Blood (Oxoid SR 048)

Sodyum Hippurat Solüsyonu

øoHUL÷L� 3%6�VRO�V\RQX�LoHUL÷L�

Sodium chlorid 8.5 g

Disodium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate 8.98 g

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate 2.71 g

Distile su 1000 ml

Hippuric acid sodium salt 10g

3%6� VRO�V\RQX� LoHULVLQGH� KD]ÕUODQDQ� ��¶OLN� 1D-hippurat solüsyonu filtreden

geçirilerek steril edildi. Steril tüplere 0.��PO�SD\ODúWÕUÕODUDN��–200C muhafaza edildi.

1LQKLGULQ��VRO�V\RQX�LVH��RODUDN�KD]ÕUODQGÕ��$VHWRQ-Butanol) ve taze olarak

NXOODQÕOGÕ��

CampyGen (Oxoid CN 025A)

$QDHURELN�MDUODU�LoLQ�|]HO�WLFDUL�NLWOHU��¶OXN��NXOODQÕOGÕ�

7HVW�6XúX

.RQWURO�VXúu olarak ATCC 33291 Campylobacter jejuni��2[RLG��/��NXOODQÕOGÕ

65

2.2. Yöntem

$OÕQDQ�SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQHNOHUL�WDúÕPD�NDSODUÕ\OD�DVHSWLN�úDUWODUGD�VR÷XN�]LQFLU�DOWÕQGD�laboratuvara getirildikten hemen sonra analiz edildi. Örneklerden termofilik

Campylobacter spp.’nin izolasyon ve identifikasyonu ISO’nun (The International

2UJDQL]DWLRQ� IRU� 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ�� \|QWHPLQH� J|UH� \DSÕOGÕ� �$QRQ�� Piliç

NDUNDVODUÕQÕQ�S+�|Oo�POHL��HOHNWURQLN�S+�PHWUH��6XQWH[�76-2) ile belirlendi.

2.2.1. Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu

��ø]RODV\RQ

Termofilik Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ� L]RODV\RQX� DPDFÕ\OD�� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� LúOHPLQL�takiben Campylobacter Blood-)UHH�6HOHFWLYH�$JDUD��P&&'$��HNLP�\DSÕOGÕ��$QRQ��1995).

Homojenizat

ùHNLO�� Termofilik Campylobacter VSS�¶QLQ�L]RODV\RQ�YH�LGHQWLILNDV\RQ�úHPDVÕ

Karkas +

Preston Broth (225ml)

mCCDA

.DQOÕ�DJDU��NR\XQ�NDQÕ�

Hippurat hidrolizi Brucella broth

Mueller Hinton Agar

Nalidiksik asit Sefalotin diskleri

Oksidaz testi Gram Boyama

Hareketlilik

Mikroaerofilik 42 °C 24 h

Mikroaerofilik 42 °C 48-72 h

Mikroaerofilik 37 °C 24 h

Mikroaerofilik 42°C 24 h

Aerob 37 °C 2 h

Karbonhidrat Fermentasyon H26�ROXúXPX

Rinse

250C’de üreme ve hareketlilik

Katalaz testi

66

��=HQJLQOHúWLUPH

3LOLo� NDUNDV� |UQHNOHUL�� VWHULO� ULQV� SRúHWOHULQH� NRQXODUDN� �� PO� SUHVWRQ� VHOHNWLI�]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� EX\\RQXQGD (Oxoid CM 67, Oxoid SR 232E, Oxoid SR 0117E,

Oxoid SR 048) 1-2 dk. ovulup homojenize edildikten sonra, homojenizat örnek

RODUDN� NXOODQÕOGÕ�� <ÕNDPD� VÕYÕODUÕQÕQ� LQN�EDV\RQX� ��&¶GH� �� VDDW� PLNURDHURILOLN�RUWDPGD��&DPSJHQ�2[RLG�&1��JHUoHNOHúWLULOGL��/LOODUG��/HH�YH�Drk., 1994;

Cloak ve ark., 2001; Jorgensen ve ark., 2002; Josefsen ve ark., 2003).

Resim 2.1. 3LOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQ�\ÕNDQPD�DúDPDVÕ

��.DWÕ�EHVL�\HULQH�HNLP�YH�NRORQLOHULQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL

=HQJLQOHúWLUPH� VÕYÕVÕQGDQ� �� |]H� GROXVX� DOÕQDUDN�� Campylobacter Blood-free

Selective Agara (CCD Agar-Oxoid CM 739, Oxoid SR 155) çizme yöntemiyle ekim

\DSÕOGÕ�� 'DKD� VRQUD� ��0C’de 48-72 saat mikroaerofilik ortamda inkübasyona

EÕUDNÕOGÕ��øQN�EDV\RQGDQ�VRQUD�&KDUFRDO�&HIRSHUD]RQH�'HR[\FKRODWD�$JDUGD��UH\HQ�\DVVÕ�� JUL� UHNOL�� QHPOL� J|U�Q�PO�� ú�SKHOL� � NRORQLOHUGHQ� �¶L� VHoLOHUHN� NDQOÕ� DJDUD�

67

�2[RLG� &0� �� NR\XQ� NDQÕ�� oL]PH� \|QWHPL\OH� HNLOGL� YH� ��0C’de 24 saat

mikroaerofilik orWDPGD�LQN�EDV\RQD�EÕUDNÕOGÕ�

Resim 2.2. Termofilik Campylobacter spp.’nin mCCDA’daki üreme görüntüsü

��øGHQWLILNDV\RQ

.DQOÕ� DJDUGD� �UH\HQ� KHPROL]� QHJDWLI� ú�SKHOL� Nolonilerden Gram boyama,

hareketlilik, katalaz, oksidaz, sodyum hippurat hidroliz testleri ile 250C’de üreme,

0�HOOHU�+LQWRQ�$JDUGD�QDOLGLNVLN�DVLW�YH�VHIDORWLQ�DQWLEL\RWLN�GX\DUOÕOÕN� WHVWOHUL� LOH�TSI Agarda H26�ROXúXPXQD�EDNÕOGÕ��

2.2.1.2.1. Gram boyama YH�PLNURVNRELN�EDNÕ

ù�SKHOL� NRORQLOHUGHQ�*UDP�%R\DPD� \DSÕODUDN�PLNURVNRSWD� �<6�-H Nikon, Japan)

LQFHOHQHQ�*UDP�QHJDWLI��NÕUPÕ]Õ�UHQNOL��NÕYUÕN�YH\D�VSLUDO�úHNLOOL�PLNURRUJDQL]PDODU�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH\H�DOÕQGÕ�

68

Resim 2.3. Gram boyamada termofilik Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�PLNURVNRSLN�EDNÕGD�J|U�QW�V��$QRQ��2005).

2.2.1.2.2. Hippurat hidrolizi testi

øoHULVLQGH� �� PO� VRG\XP� KLSSXUDW� o|]HOWLVL� EXOXQDQ� W�SOHUH� NDQOÕ� DJDUGD� �UH\HQ�ú�SKHOL� NRORQLOHUGHQ� �� |]H� GROXVX� JHoLOHUHN� VX� EDQ\RVXQGD�� VDDW� ��0C’de inkübe

HGLOGL��%X�LúOHPGHQ��KHPHQ�VRQUD�KHUELU�W�SH��PO�QLQKLGULQ�D\ÕUDFÕ�GDPODWÕODUDN��GN� LoHULVLQGH� ROXúDQ� NR\X� PDYL� UHQN� SR]LWLI�� DoÕN� PDYL� UHQN� \D� GD� Uengin

GH÷LúPHPHVL�QHJDWLI�RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL��

- - + + Resim 2.4. Hippurat hidrolizi testi.

69

2.2.1.2.3. Katalaz testi

Bir lam üzerine %3’lük H2O2 VRO�V\RQXQGDQ�ELU�|]H�GROXVX�DOÕQGÕNWDQ�VRQUD��]HULQH�TSI Agarda üreyeQ� NRORQLOHUGHQ� ELU� |]H� GROXVX� NR\XODUDN�� ROXúDQ� N|S�UPHQLQ�YDUOÕ÷ÕQD� EDNÕOGÕ�� -�� VQ� LoHULVLQGH� JD]� NDEDUFÕNODUÕQÕQ� J|U�OPHVL� SR]LWLI� UHDNVL\RQ�RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL��

2.2.1.2.4. Oksidaz testi

.DQOÕ�$JDUGD��UH\HQ�ú�SKHOL�NRORQLOHU��KD]ÕU�RNVLGD]� WHVW�ND÷ÕWODUÕQD��0HUF��ELU�PLNWDU�DOÕQGÕ��øúOHP�VRQUDVÕ��-��VQ�LoHULVLQGH�PRU�PHQHNúH�UHQN�SR]LWLI�RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL��

2.2.1.2.5. 250&¶GH��UHPH�\HWHQH÷L .DQOÕ� $JDUGDQ� %UXFHOOD� EURWK� LoHULVLQH� LQRN�OH� HGLOHQ� NRORQLOHU� ��0C’de

mikroaerofilik ortamda 2-��J�Q�LQN�EH�HGLOHUHN��GDKD�VRQUD��UHPHQLQ�ROXS�ROPDGÕ÷Õ�0F�ID\ODQG�VNDODVÕQGDNL�UHQN�NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQD�J|UH�NRQWURO�HGLOGL��

2.2.1.2.6. Hareketlilik testi

.DQOÕ� $JDUGD� N�OW�U�� \DSÕODQ� NRORQLOHULQ� KHUELUL� �� PO� %UXFHOOD� EURWK� LoHUVLQGH�emülsifiye edilerHN� ID]� NRQWUDVW� PLNURVNREXQGD� KDUHNHW� YH� PRUIRORML� DoÕVÕQGDQ�LQFHOHQGL�� .ÕYUÕN�� YLUJ�O� YH\D� VSLUDO� IRUPGD� KÕ]OÕ� KDUHNHW� HGHQ� YH� \|Q� GH÷LúWLUHQ�hücreler termofilik Campylobacter VSS��RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL�

��$QWLEL\RWLN�GX\DUOÕOÕN�WHVWL

Brucella� EURWK� LoHULVLQH�� NDQOÕ� DJDUGD� �UH\HQ� NRORQLOHUGHQ� ELU� |]H� GROXVX� DOÕQDUDN��V�VSDQVH� HGLOGL�� 6�VSDQVL\RQ�� NR\XQ� NDQÕ� LODYH� HGLOHUHN� KD]ÕUODQDQ� 0�HOOHU-Hinton Besi yerine 0.1 ml yayma plak yöntemiyle ekilerek 370&¶GH��GN�NXUXPDVÕ�için bekletildi. Daha sonra 30 �J nalidiksik asit ve 30 �J sefalotin içeren antibiyotik

GLVNOHUL�\HUOHúWLULOHUHN��0C’de mikroaerofilik olarak inkübe edildi. �øQN�EDV\RQGDQ�

70

VRQUD� DQWLEL\RWLN� GLVNOHUL� HWUDIÕQGD� ]RQODUÕQ� ROXúXS� ROXúPDPDVÕQD� J|UH�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH� \DSÕOGÕ�� %XQD� J|UH�� QDOLGLNVLN� DVLGH� GX\DUOÕ�� VHIDORWLQH� GLUHQoOL� YH�hippurat pozitif olanlar C. jejuni�� QDOLGLNVLN� DVLGH� GX\DUOÕ�� VHIDORWLQH� GLUHQoOL� YH�hippurat negatif olanlar C. coli, nalidiksik aside ve sefalotine dirençli hippurat

negatif olanlar ise C. lari�RODUDN�GH÷Hrlendirildi.

Resim 2.5. Müeller-+LQWRQ�$JDUGD�DQWLEL\RWLN�GX\DUOÕOÕN�WHVWL�

2.2.1.2.8. H26�ROXúXPX�YH�NDUERQKLGUDW�IHUPHQWDV\RQ�WHVWOHUL

.DQOÕ�$JDUGD��UH\HQ�NRORQLOHUGHQ�ELU�|]H�GROXVX�DOÕQDUDN��LoHULVLQGH�JOLNR]��VXNUR]�YH��ODNWR]XQ�EXOXQGX÷X�76,�$JDUD�JHoLOGL�YH��0&¶GH��VDDW�LQN�EDV\RQD�EÕUDNÕOGÕ� 5HQN�GH÷LúLNOL÷LQLQ�ROPDPDVÕ�YH�+26¶LQ�ROXúPDPDVÕ��SR]LWLI�RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL��

71

Resim 2.6. H26�2OXúXPX�YH�NDUERQKLGUDW�IHUPHQWDV\RQ�WHVWOHUL

2.3. PCR yöntemiyle ceu(�JHQLQLQ�YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL��

3&5�\|QWHPLQGH��|QFHOLNOH�L]RODWODUÕQ�'1$�HNVWUDNVL\RQX�\DSÕODUDN�3&5�NRúXOODUÕ�RSWLPL]H� HGLOGL�� dDOÕúPDGD� NXOODQÕODFDN� SULPHU� oLIWOHUL�� *RQ]alez ve ark. (1997),

WDUDIÕQGDQ� |QHULOHQ� ceu(� JHQ� VHNDQVÕQÕ� ROXúWXUDQ� ROLJRQ�NOHRWLG� GL]LOLPLQL� LoHUGL��$PSOLILNDV\RQ�LúOHPL�7KHUPDO�&\FOHU¶GD��%LRPHWUD��\DSÕODUDN��3&5�DPSOLILNDV\RQ�ürünleri %1.5’luk agaroz jelde yürütüldü. Agaroz jeldeki bantlar, Transiluminatör’de

89�ÕúÕ÷Õ�DOWÕQGD�'1$�PDUNHU�YH�SR]LWLI�NRQWUROOHU�\DUGÕPÕ\OD�LQFHOHQHUHN��C. jejuni

ROGX÷X�VDSWDQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ��G|N�PDQWDV\RQX�\DSÕOGÕ��C. jejuni için, Gonzalez ve ark.

�� WDUDIÕQGDQ� |QHULOHQ� 3&5� ROLJRQ�NOHRWLGOHUL� -(-��(5’CCTGCTACGGTGAAAGTTTTGC3’) ve JEJ2

(5’GATCTTTTTGTTTTGTGCTGC3’) dizilimini içerdi.

72

��ø]RODWODUÕQ�FDQODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ

3&5�LúOHPL�LoLQ��JOLVHURO�LoHUHQ�%UXFHOOD�%URWK¶WD�-700C’de muhafaza edilen C.

jejuni� L]RODWODUÕ� P&&'$¶\D� JHoLOHUHN� ��0C’de 48 h mikroaerofilik ortamda

LQN�EDV\RQD� EÕUDNÕOGÕ�� 'DKD� VRQUD� P&&'$� GD� �UH\HQ� NRORQLOHULQ� HNVWUDNVL\RQX�\DSÕOGÕ��

2.3.2. DNA ekstraksiyonu

'1$� HNVWUDNWH� HWPHN� DPDFÕ\OD� ND\QDWPD� PHWRGX� X\JXODQGÕ�� %LUoRN� DUDúWÕUÕFÕ�WDUDIÕQGDQ�NXOODQÕODQ�GLUHNW�ND\QDWPD�PHWRGXQGD��0RKUDQ�YH�DUN��1998; Englen ve

Cray, 2002; Sails ve ark., 2003) 1000 µl steril distile su içerisinde süspansiyonu

\DSÕODQ� L]RODWODU� VX� EDQ\RVXQGD� �� GN� V�UH\OH� ��0&� WXWXOGXNWDQ� VRQUD� VR÷XWXOXS�10.000 g’de 5 dk santrifüj edilerek elde edilen süpernatant hedef DNA olarak

kXOODQÕOGÕ��

��3&5�X\JXODPDVÕ

*RQ]DOH]� YH� DUN�¶QÕQ� �� X\JXODGÕ÷Õ� 3&5� SURWRNRO�QGH� ED]Õ� G�]HQOHPHOHU�\DSÕODUDN�3&5�LúOHPL��WRWDO�YRO�P��O�RODFDN�úHNLOGH��P0�.&/��P0�7ULV-HCl (10xPCR buffer) (pH 8.3), 1.5 µl MgCl2, 0.5 µl dNTP mix, her bir primerden

�� O�� O� $PSOL� 7DT�'1$� SROLPHUD]� YH� HNVWUDNVL\RQX� \DSÕOPÕú� �� O� KHGHI�'1$¶GDQ� ROXúWX�� .DUÕúÕP� PLQHUDO� \D÷� LOH� NDSODQGÕNWDQ� VRQUD� |UQHNOHULQ�DPSOLILNDV\RQX�� 7KHUPDO� &\FOHU¶GD� �� VLNOXV� �]HULQGHQ� \DSÕOGÕ�� +HUELU� VLNOXV��940&¶GH��GN�ÕVÕWPD� 940C’de 30 sn denatürasyon, 570&��VQ�SULPHU�ED÷ODQPDVÕ�YH�720&��GN�SULPHU�X]DWÕOPDVÕ�RODFDN�úHNLOGH�\DSÕOGÕ��6RQ�VLNOXVX�WDNLEHQ�LODYH�RODUDN�720&��GN�SULPHU�X]DWÕOPDVÕ�LúOHPL�X\JXODQGÕ�

73

�ùHNLO��PCR döngüsü (Madigan ve ark., 2003)

PCR amplifikasyon ürünleri, DNA markerlar, pozitif ve negatif kontrollerde

GDKLO�ROPDN��]HUH�HWLG\XP�EURPLG� LOH�ER\DQPÕú��¶OXN�DJRUR]� MHOGH��P9¶WD�yürütülerek elekWURIRUH]� LúOHPL� \DSÕOGÕ�� (OHNWURIRUH]� LúOHPLQL� WDNLEHQ� MHOOHU��7UDQVLOXPLQDW|UH� DOÕQDUDN�'1$�PDUNHU� YH� SR]LWLI� � NRQWURO� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� KHGHI� JHQH�|]J��EDQWODU��ES¶GH�WHVSLW�HGLOGL�YH�IRWR÷UDIODUÕ�DOÕQDUDN�G|N�PDQWDV\RQX�\DSÕOGÕ�(Resim 3.1, Resim 3.2).

74

3. BULGULAR

0D\ÕV�–�(NLP��WDULKOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�$I\RQ¶GD�SDNHWOHQPHGHQ�VDWÕODQ��G|NPH�SLOLo��karkas örneklerinde termofilik Campylobacter�VSS�¶QLQ�YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�RUWD\D�NRQPDVÕ�YH�C. jejuni� L]RODWODUÕQÕQ� 3&5� LOH� GR÷UXODQPDVÕQÕQ� DPDoODQGÕ÷Õ� EX� oDOÕúPDGa,

PDUNHWOHUGHQ�DOÕQDQ�|UQHN�SLOLo�NDUNDV�D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕQÕQ��NJ� LOH��NJ�DUDVÕQGD��S+��GH÷HUOHULQLQ� LVH�� EXWWD� RUWDODPD� �� NDQDWWD� RUWDODPD�� J|÷�VWH� LVH�RUWDODPD��ROGX÷X�VDSWDQGÕ�

0D\ÕV�D\ÕQGD�DOÕQDQ�WRSODP��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQ��8’i 05/05/2004 tarihinde (hava

VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0&�� ¶VL� LVH� �� KDYD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0&�� WDULKLQGH� LúOHQGL�� øON�SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQGDQ� WRSODP�� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. izole

HGLOGL��6DSWDQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ��¶��C. jejuni, 11’i C. coli, 1’i C. lari olarak identifiye

HGLOGL�� øNLQFL� SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ� �� NDUNDVWDQ� VDSWDQDQ� WRSODP� �� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. �L]RODWÕQ��¶��C. jejuni, 10’u C. coli olarak identifiye edilirken,

C. lari identifiye edilemedi (Grafik 3.1, Grafik 3.19).

0D\ÕV�D\ÕQGD�DOÕQDQ�SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQGHQ�L]ROH�HGLOHQ�WRSODP��WHUPRILOLN

Campylobacter�L]RODWÕQ��¶VL�C. jejuni (%55.1), 21’i C. coli (%42.8), 1’i ise C. lari

(%2.0) olarak identifiye edildi (Çizelge 3.8 ve Grafik 3.16).

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n: C. jejuni, C. coli ve C. lari�VD\ÕVÕ

Grafik 3.1. 0D\ÕV� D\ÕQGD� �� YH� �� SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ� NDUNDVODUGDQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH� HOGH� HGLOHQ�Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��Q��

0D\ÕV� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� termofilik

Campylobacter spp. izole edildi. �� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� C. jejuni� YH� GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN� W�UOHU�L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOLUNHQ��WDQHVLQGHQ�VDGHFH�GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN�W�UOHU� L]ROH� YH� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOGL�� .ODVLN� N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� �� NDUNDV� |UQH÷LQGHQ� Hlde

edilen toplam 27 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕ�DUDVÕQGDQ��L]RODWD�3&5�LúOHPL�X\JXODQGÕ��%XQD�göre, 15 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕQÕQ� ��¶L� �� 3&5¶GD� GR÷UXODQÕUNHQ�� ¶�� GR÷UXODQPDGÕ��dL]HOJH��*UDILN��

Çizelge 3.1. 0D\ÕV� D\ÕQGD� HOGH� HGLOHQ� C. jejuni i]RODWODUÕQÕQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� YH� 3&5� WHNQLNOHUL\OH�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ�RUDQODUÕ�

.ODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷LQGH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�L]RODW�VD\ÕVÕ

3&5�LOH�GR÷UXODQDQ�L]RODW�VD\ÕVÕ

PCR ile

GR÷UXODQPD\DQ�L]RODW�VD\ÕVÕ

15 11 (%73.33) 4 (%26.66)

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Grafik 3.2. 0D\ÕV�D\ÕQGD�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�L]RODWODUÕQ�3&5�RUDQODUÕ��

+D]LUDQ� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� ��¶L� �� WDULKLQGH� �KDYD�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0&�� JHUL� NDODQ� ��¶VL� LVH� �� KDYD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0C) tarihinde

LúOHQGL��øON�SDUWLGH�DOÕQDQ��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQGDQ�WRSODP��WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter

VSS��L]ROH�HGLOGL��6DSWDQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ��¶VL�C. jejuni, 19’u C. coli, 2’si C. lari olarak

LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOGL�� øNLQFL� SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ� �� NDUNDVWDQ� VDSWDQDQ� WRSODP� �� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VSS�� L]RODWÕQ� ��¶L� C. jejuni�� ¶VÕ� C. coli, 1’i ise C. lari olarak

identifiye edildi (Grafik 3.3, Grafik 3.19).

+D]LUDQ�D\ÕQGD�DOÕQDQ�SLOLo�NDUNDV�|UQHNOHULQGHQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH��L]ROH�edilen toplam 73 termofilik Campylobacter� L]RODWÕQ�45’i C. jejuni (%61.6), 25’i C.

coli (%34.2), 3’ü ise C. lari (%4.1) olarak identifiye edildi (Çizelge 3.8 ve Grafik

3.16).

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Grafik 3.3.�+D]LUDQ�D\ÕQGD��YH��SDUWLGH�DOÕQDQ�NDUNDVODUGDQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��Q��

+D]LUDQ� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter ssp. izole edildi. �� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� C. jejuni� YH� GL÷HU�termofiOLN� W�UOHU� L]ROH� YH� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOLUNHQ�� WDQHVLQGHQ� VDGHFH� GL÷HU� WHUPRILOLN�W�UOHU� L]ROH�YH� LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOGL�� NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQGHQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�edilen toplam 45 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕ�DUDVÕQGDQ��L]RODWD�3&5�LúOHPL�X\JXODQGÕ��%XQD�göre, 16 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕQÕQ� ��¶VL� �� 3&5¶GD� GR÷UXODQÕUNHQ�� ¶�� GR÷UXODQPDGÕ��dL]HOJH��*UDILN��

Çizelge 3.2. Haziran� D\ÕQGD� HOGH� HGLOHQ� C. jejuni� L]RODWODUÕQÕQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� YH� 3&5� WHNQLNOHUL\OH�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ�RUDQODUÕ�

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16 12 (%75.0) 4 (%22.0)

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7HPPX]� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� 18’i 05/07/2004 tarihinde (hava

VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0&�� JHUL� NDODQ� ��¶VL� LVH� �� KDYD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0C) tarihinde


spp. izole edildi. 6DSWDQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ��¶X�C. jejuni, 12’si C. coli, 1’i C. lari olarak

LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOGL�� øNLQFL� SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ� �� NDUNDVWDQ� VDSWDQDQ� WRSODP� �� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp.�L]RODWÕQÕQ��¶L�C. jejuni, 30’u C. coli olarak identifiye edilirken,


7HPPX]� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� SLOLo� NDUNDV� |UQHNOHULQGHQ� L]ROH� HGLOHQ� WRSODP� ��termofilik Campylobacter�L]RODWÕQ��¶L�C. jejuni (%56.1), 42’i C. coli (%42.8), 1’i ise

C. lari (%1.0) olarak identifiye edildi (Çizelge 3.8 ve Grafik 3.16).

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Grafik 3.5. 7HPPX]�D\ÕQGD��YH��SDUWLGH�DOÕQDQ�NDUNDVODUGDQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��Q��

TemPX]� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter� VVS�� L]ROH� HGLOGL�� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� C. jejuni� YH� GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN� W�UOHU� L]ROH� YH� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOLUNHQ�� WDQHVLQGHQ� VDGHFH�GL÷HU� WHUPRILOLN�türler izole ve identifiye edilGL��NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQGHQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�edilen toplam 55 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕ�DUDVÕQGDQ��L]RODWD�3&5�LúOHPL�X\JXODQGÕ��%XQD�göre, 25 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕQÕQ� ��¶�� 3&5¶GD� GR÷UXODQÕUNHQ�� ¶L� ��GR÷UXODQPDGÕ��dL]HOJH��*UDILN��.

Çizelge 3.3. Temmuz� D\ÕQGD� HOGH� HGLOHQ�C. jejuni� L]RODWODUÕQÕQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� YH� 3&5� WHNQLNOHUL\OH�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ�RUDQODUÕ�



PCR ile


25 14 (%56.0) 11 (%44.0)

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$÷XVWRV� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� ��¶L� 05/08/2004 tarihinde (hava

VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0C), geri kalan 17’si ise 26/08/2004� �KDYD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0C) tarihinde


VSS�� L]ROH�HGLOGL��6DSWDQDQ�L]RODWODUÕQ��¶L�C. jejuni, 11’i C. coli, 1’i C. lari olarak

LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOGL�� øNLQFL� SDUWLGH� DOÕnan 17 karkastan saptanan toplam 31 termofilik

Campylobacter�VSS��L]RODWÕQÕQ��¶VL�C. jejuni, 19’u C. coli olarak identifiye edilirken,


$÷XVWRV� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� SLOLo� NDUNDV� |UQHNOHULQGHQ� L]ROH� HGLOHQ� toplam 88

termofilik Campylobacter�L]RODWÕQ��¶VL�C. jejuni (%64.7), 30’u C. coli (%34.0), 1’i

ise C. lari (%1.1) olarak identifiye edildi (Çizelge 3.8 ve Grafik 3.16).

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Grafik 3.7. $÷XVWRV�D\ÕQGD��YH��SDUWLGH�DOÕQDQ�NDUNDVODUGDQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��Q��

$÷XVWRV� D\ÕQGD� DOÕQDQ� �� SLOLo� NDUNDVÕQ� �� WDQHVLQGHQ� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter VSS�� L]ROH� HGLOGL�� NDUNDVÕQ 24 tanesinden C. jejuni� YH� GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN� W�UOHU� L]ROH� YH� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOLUNHQ�� WDQHVLQGHQ� VDGHFH�GL÷HU� WHUPRILOLN�W�UOHU� L]ROH�YH� LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOGL�� NDUNDV�|UQH÷LQGHQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH�HOGH�edilen toplam 57 C. jejuni�L]RODWÕ�DUDVÕQGDQ� 24 L]RODWD�3&5�LúOHPL�X\JXODQGÕ��%XQD�göre, 24 C. jejuni� L]RODWÕQÕQ� ��¶�� 3&5¶GD� GR÷UXODQÕUNHQ�� ¶L� ��GR÷UXODQPDGÕ��dL]HOJH��*UDILN��

Çizelge 3.4.� $÷XVWRV� D\ÕQGD� HOGH� HGLOHQ�C. jejuni� L]RODWODUÕQÕQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� YH� 3&5� WHNQLNOHUL\OH�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ�RUDQODUÕ�



PCR ile


24 13 (%54.16) 11 (%45.83)

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HGLOGL��6DSWDQDQ� L]RODWODUÕQ��¶X�C. jejuni, 18’i C. coli identifiye edilirken, C. lari

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edildi (Grafik 3.9, Grafik 3.19).

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(NLP�D\ÕQGD�DOÕQDQ��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQ��¶L��WDULKLQGH��KDYD�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�120C), geri kalan 17’si ise 28/10/2�� KDYD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ��0&�� WDULKLQGH� LúOHQGL�� øON�SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQGDQ� WRSODP�� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. izole

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Grafik 3.11.� (NLP� D\ÕQGD� �� YH� �� SDUWLGH� DOÕQDQ� NDUNDVODUGDQ� NODVLN� N�OW�U� WHNQL÷L� LOH� HOGH� HGLOHQ�Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��Q��

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VSS��L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOGL��NDUNDVÕQ 11 tanesinden C. jejuni�YH�GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN�W�UOHU�L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOLUNHQ��WDQHVLQGHQ�VDGHFH�GL÷HU�WHUPRILOLN�W�UOHU�L]ROH�YH�LGHQWLIL\H�HGLOGL��NDUNDVWDQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�WRSODP��C. jejuni

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Grafik 3.15. Klasik k�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ�WHUPRILOLN Campylobacter�L]RODWODUÕQÕQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��

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Çizelge 3.9. Klasik k�OW�U�WHNQL÷L�LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ��L]RODWÕQ�3&5�LOH�GR÷UXODQPD�RUDQODUÕ�

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%X� EDNÕPGDQ�� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter spp.’nin kimyasal ajanlara ve çevre

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(1999), Shih (2000), Cloak ve ark. (2001), Aho ve Hirn (1988), Jones ve ark.

��E�� +XGVRQ� YH� DUN�� 7RNXPDUX� YH� DUN�� EXOJXODUÕ\OD� X\XP�göstermektedir. Ancak, <ÕOGÕ]�YH�'LNHU� �� LOH�<ÕOGÕUÕP� ��¶ÕQ�EXOJXODUÕQÕQ��EX� oDOÕúPDQÕQ�EXOJXODUÕQGDQ�\�NVHN�ROGX÷X�J|]OHQPLúWLU��%XQXQ�QHGHQL��<ÕOGÕ]�YH�'LNHU¶LQ� �� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD� |UQHN� RODUDN� DoÕNWD� VDWÕODQ�� X]XQ� V�UH� VR÷XNWD�PXKDID]D� HGLOPLú�� RNVLMHQH� PDUX]� NDOPÕú� YH� \�]H\L� NXUXPXú� NDUNDV� GH÷LO� GH��NHVLPGHQ� KHPHQ� VRQUD� VDWÕúD� KD]ÕU� NDUNDV� NXOODQPÕú� ROPDODUÕQD� ED÷ODQDELOLU��<ÕOGÕUÕP� �� SHUDNHQGH� VDWÕú� \HUOHULQGH� VDWÕODQ� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQGDNL�NRQWDPLQDV\RQXQ��NHVLPGHQ�KHPHQ�VRQUD�DOÕQDQ�NDUNDVODUGDQ�GDKD�G�ú�N�ROGX÷XQX��EXQXQ� GD� NDUNDVODUÕQ� VR÷XNWD� PXKDID]DVÕ� VÕUDVÕQGD� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter

spp.’nin LQDNWLYH�ROPD\D�H÷LOLP�J|VWHUPHVLQGHQ�ND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúWLU�

Köksoy (2001), Atanassova ve Ring (1999), Uyttendaele ve ark. (1999),

Dufrenne ve ark. (2001)¶QÕQ� EXOJXODUÕQÕQ� LVH� EX� oDOÕúPDQÕQ� EXOJXODUÕQGDQ� G�ú�N�ROGX÷X�J|]OHQPLúWLU��.|NVR\��|UQHNOHUGHQ��J�DODUDN��PO�WDPSRQODQPÕú�SHSWRQOX�VXGD�KRPRMHQL]H�HWWLNWHQ�VRQUD�EX�NDUÕúÕPGDQ�GLUHNW�RODUDN�Campylobacter

%ORRG� )UHH� $JDUD� HNLP� \DSPÕúWÕU�� %XOJXODUÕQÕQ� G�ú�N� ROPDVÕ�� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH�\|QWHPLQL� NXOODQPDPDVÕQÕQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� KRPRMHQL]H� HWWL÷L� VÕYÕQÕQ� 3UHVWRQ� EURWK�ROPDPDVÕ� GD� 3UHVWRQ� EURWK¶XQ� � WDPSRQODQPÕú� SHSWRQOX� VX\D� �VW�QO�N� QHGHQL� LOH�DoÕNODQDELOLU�� $WDQDVVRYD� YH� 5LQJ¶LQ� �� -�� \ÕOODUÕ� DUDVÕQGD� \DSWÕNODUÕ�oDOÕPDGD�� VDGHFH� .DVÕP� YH� $UDOÕN� D\ODUÕQGD� VZDE� \|QWHPL\OH� |UQHN� DOPÕú�olmalarÕQÕQ��WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter VSS��RUDQÕQÕ�G�ú�N�EXOPDODUÕQGD�HWNLOL�ROGX÷X�VRQXFXQD� YDUÕOPÕúWÕU�� $QFDN� &ORDN� YH� DUN�¶QÕQ� �� EXOJXODUÕ�� D\QÕ� G|QHPGH�oDOÕúPDODUÕQD� UD÷PHQ� |UQHNOHUH� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� LúOHPL� X\JXODPDODUÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ�Atanassova ve Ring’in (1��EXOJXODUÕQGDQ�IDUNOÕOÕN�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU��8\WWHQGDHOH�YH�DUN�¶QÕQ� �� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGDQ� HOGH� HWWLNOHUL� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter izolasyon

RUDQÕQÕQ�EX�oDOÕúPDGDQ�HOGH�HGLOHQ�RUDQGDQ�G�ú�N�ROPDVÕ�� IDUNOÕ�\Dú�JUXSODUÕQD�DLW�SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQÕ�JHUHo�RODUDN�NXOODQPDODUÕQÕQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�NHVLPLQ�IDUNOÕ�E|OJHOHUGHNL�NHVLPKDQHOHUGH� \DSÕOPÕú� ROPDVÕ� YH� NDUNDVODUÕQ� IDUNOÕ� E|OJHOHUGHQ� VD÷ODQPÕú�

98

ROPDVÕ\OD�DoÕNODQDELOLU��%X�DUDúWÕUPDGD�LVH��PDWHU\DO�RODUDN�NXOODQÕODQ�SLOLoOHU�IDUNOÕ�\Dú�JUXSODUÕQD�DLW�ROPD\ÕS��-8 haftalÕN�ROPDNOD�ELUOLNWH��SLOLoOHU�VDGHFH�$I\RQ�RULMLQOL�YH� V�UHNOL� D\QÕ� PH]EDKDGD� NHVLOPLúOHUGLU�� 'XIUHQQH� YH� DUN�¶QÕQ� �� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter VSS�� L]RODV\RQXQGD� NXOODQGÕNODUÕ� 0RVW� 3UREDEOH� 1XPEHU� �031��\|QWHPL��DUDúWÕUPDPÕ]GD�NXOODQÕODQ�\|QWHPGHQ�IDUNOÕGÕU��$UDúWÕUPDFÕ��]HQJLQOHúWLUPH�PHG\XPX� RODUDN� 3UHVWRQ� � EURWK¶X� NXOODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ� YH� ]HQJLQOHúWLUPH� VÕUDVÕQGD� SLOLo�NDUNDV�YH�SDUoD�SLOLo�HWL�|UQHNOHULQLQ�GHULOHULQGH�EXOXQDQ�EDVNÕQ�IORUDQÕQ�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter sSS�� VD\ÕVÕQÕ� EDVNÕODGÕ÷ÕQÕ� ND\GHWPLúWLU�� %X� WH]� oDOÕúPDVÕQGD� ��SLOLo�NDUNDVÕQ��¶XQGD� ��KLo� WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter spp. saptayamayarak

GL÷HU� NRQWDPLQDQWODUÕQ� �UHGL÷L� EHOLUOHQPLú� ROVD� GD�� HOGH� HWWL÷LPL]� WRSODP�Campylobacter� VSS�� RUDQÕQÕQ� GL÷HU� oDOÕúPDODUGDNL� RUDQODUÕQ� DOWÕQD� G�úPHGL÷L�gö]OHQPLúWLU��

Bununla birlikte, Berrang ve ark. (2001), Zorman ve MoåLQD� �� 8\WWHQGDHOH�YH�DUN�� .UDPHU�YH�DUN�� <ÕOGÕUÕP��YH�6DYDúoÕ¶QÕQ�� EXOJXODUÕQGD� WHUPRILOLN� Campylobacter� VSS�� G�]H\OHULQLQ� \�NVHN� ROPDVÕ��gereç olarak t�P� SLOLo� NDUNDV� GH÷LO�� SDUoD� SLOLo� HWOHULQL� YH\D� SLOLo� Lo� RUJDQODUÕQÕ�NXOODQPDODUÕQD�ED÷ODQDELOLU�

3DUoD�KDOLQGH�VDWÕODQ�SLOLo�HWOHULQLQ�SLOLo�NDUNDVODUÕQD�RUDQOD�GDKD�\�NVHN�RUDQGD�termofilik Campylobacter�VSS��LOH�NRQWDPLQH�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU��+XGVRQ ve ark.,

1999). <DSÕODQ�oHúLWOL�oDOÕúPDODU��C. jejuni¶QLQ�DoÕN�RODUDN�VDWÕúD�VXQXODQ�NDQDWOÕ�HWL��U�QOHULQGH�\D\JÕQ�RODUDN�EXOXQGX÷XQX�YH�GRPLQDQW�W�U�ROGX÷XQX�RUWD\D�NR\PXúWXU�(Kinde ve ark., 1983; Rogol ve ark., 1985).

%X� oDOÕúPDGDQ� LGHQWLIL\H� HGLOHQ� C. jejuni� RUDQÕ� LOH�� <ÕOGÕ]� YH� 'LNHU� �� Eyigör ve ark. (1999) Willis ve Murray (1997), Zhao ve ark. (2001), Jorgensen ve

DUN�� 2VDQR� YH�$ULPL� ��'L]JDK� ��<ÕOGÕUÕP� �� YH�5RJRO� YH�DUN�¶QÕQ� �� LGHQWLIL\H� HWWLNOHUL� C. jejuni oranlDUÕ� X\XP� J|VWHUPHNOH� ELUOLNWH��Uyttendaele ve ark. (1999), Lee ve ark. (1994), Ono ve Yamamato (1999) ile

0DGGHQ� YH� DUN�¶QÕQ� �� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGDQ� HOGH� HGLOHQ� C. jejuni� RUDQODUÕQÕQ� EX�oDOÕúPDGDQ�HOGH�HGLOHQ�RUDQODUGDQ�G�ú�N�ROGX÷X�J|U�OP�úW�U��C. jejuni, C. coli ve C.

99

lari’QLQ� LGHQWLILNDV\RQ�RUDQODUÕGDNL� IDUNOÕOÕ÷ÕQ�QHGHQL��NXOODQÕODQ�NDQDWOÕ�V�U�OHULQLQ�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�RUDQÕQD��NDQDWOÕODUÕQ�EXOXQGX÷X�E|OJHGHNL�WHUPRILOLN�Campylobacter

HSLGHPL\RORMLVLQLQ�IDUNOÕOÕ÷ÕQD��NDQDWOÕ�V�U�OHULQLQ�N�PHVWH�\HWLúWLULOLú�úHNOLQH��\HU�YH�\D� NDIHV� WDYXNoXOX÷X�� V�U�Q�Q� \DúÕQD�� DQWLEL\RWLN� NXOODQÕPÕQD�� V�U�� YH� N�PHVLQ�EXOXQGX÷X�oHYUHGHNL�URGHQW�YH�HYFLO�ROPD\DQ�NDQDWOÕODUÕQ��J�YHUFLQ��VHUoH��PDUWÕ�Y�V��SRSXODV\RQXQD� ED÷OÕ� RODELOHFH÷L� JLEL�� NHVLP� WHNQLNOHULQH�� NDUNDV� VDNODPD�PHWRWODUÕQD��VDWÕú�úDUWODUÕQD��HWNHQLQ�DUDQGÕ÷Õ�|UQHN�oHúLGLQH��L]RODV\RQGD�NXOODQÕODQ�\|QWHP�IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQD�YH�PHYVLPH�ED÷ODQDELOLU��

�:LOOLV� YH� 0XUUD\� �� PDUNHWOHUGH� VDWÕúD� VXQXODQ� SLOLo� NDUNDVODUÕQGD� C.

jejuni¶QLQ� YDUOÕ÷ÕQD� \|QHOLN�PHYVLPVHO� GD÷ÕOÕPODUÕ� DUDúWÕUGÕNODUÕ� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� HQ�\�NVHN� L]RODV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕ� 0D\ÕV� YH� (NLP� D\ODUÕ� DUDVÕQGDNL� ÕOÕPDQ� LNOLPOHUGH�\DNDODGÕNODUÕQÕ�ELOGLUPLúOHUGLU��

%X�oDOÕúPDGD�HOGH�HGLOHQ�EXOJXODU�GR÷UXOWXVXQGD��VÕFDN�D\ODUÕQ�EDúÕQGD��0D\ÕV-Haziran) karkaslardaki termofilik Campylobacter� VSS�� NRQWDPLQDV\RQ� RUDQÕQÕQ��DUWWÕ÷Õ�� \D]� D\ÕQÕQ� RUWDODUÕQGD� �7HPPX]-$÷XVWRV�� HQ� \�NVHN� G�]H\H� XODúWÕ÷Õ��VRQEDKDU� PHYVLPLQLQ� LON� D\ODUÕQGD� LVH� �(\O�O-(NLP�� D]DOGÕ÷Õ� J|]OHQPLúWLU�� %X�EDNÕPGDQ�DUDúWÕUPDQÕQ�EXOJXODUÕ�:LOOLV�YH�0XUUD\��1997) ile uyum göstermektedir.

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NDSDVLWHVLQLQ� �]HULQGH� NHVLP� \DSDQ� �� IDUNOÕ� NHVLPKDQHGH� NHVLOPHNWH� YH� PDKDlle

NDVDSODUÕ� LOH� RUWD� YH� E�\�N� oDSOÕ� PDUNHWOHUH� GD÷ÕWÕOPDNWDGÕU�� øOGHNL� NHVLPKDQH�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ� YH� NHVLP� úDUWODUÕQÕQ� \HWHUVL]OL÷L� EDúOÕEDúÕQD� ELU� VRUXQ� WHúNLO� HWPHNWHGLU��+DYD�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�DUWPDVÕ\OD�NRQWDPLQDV\RQ�G�]H\LQLQ�GDKD�GD�DUWWÕ÷Õ�J|]OHQPLúWLU�

Termofilik Campylobacter spp. izolasyon ve identifikasyonunda klasik klasik

N�OW�U�\|QWHPOHULQLQ�\DQÕVÕUD�VRQ�\ÕOODUGD�JHOLúHQ��NROD\�X\JXODQDELOHQ��NÕVD�V�UHQ�YH�daha güvenilir olan biyoteknolojik yöntemlerden ELUL� RODQ� 3&5� YH� 3&5� WDEDQOÕ�X\JXODPDODUÕQ�JLWWLNoH�\D\JÕQODúWÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��Wassenaar ve Newell, 2000).

100

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RODUDN�WDQÕPODQGÕ÷Õ�ELOGLULOPLúWLU��$\UÕFD�3&5�WHNQL÷L�LOH�C. jejuni�ROPDGÕ÷Õ�VDSWDQDQ��VXúXQ��¶VÕQÕQ�NODVLN�N�OW�U�WHNQL÷LQGH�C. jejuni�RODUDN�VDSWDQGÕ÷Õ��EX�VRQXoODUD�GD\DQDUDN�3&5� WHNQL÷LQLQ�GDKD�J�YHQLOLU�YH�GX\DUOÕ�ROGX÷X�ND\GHGLOPLúWLU� �+RXQJ�ve ark., 2001).

+RQJ� YH� DUN�� NDQDWOÕ� NDUNDVODUÕQGD� C. jejuni, C. coli ve Salmonella¶QÕQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL� DPDFÕ\OD� 3&5-(/,6$� YH� NODVLN� N�OW�U� PHWRGXQX� NDUúÕODúWÕUGÕNODUÕ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD�� Campylobacter spp.’nin identifikasyonunda spesifik olan ceuE

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102

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106

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