10 Protists Kingdom

8/3/2019 10 Protists Kingdom

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What is a symbiosis?

When two dissimilar organisms livetogether and form an intimate and life-

sustaining relationship that is mutually

beneficial.


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How did Cellular Symbiosis happen?Since:

1) Apparently, the first cells to appear in thefossil record (3.5 billion years ago) werebacteria-like and prokaryotic


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Cellular Symbiosis

Scientists postulate or hypothesize

that:

The origin of complex eukaryotic cells wasmost likely a type of symbiosis among

prokaryotic cells.


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KINGDOM PROTISTA

Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit into

other 4 KingdomsMoneran (bacteria), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

Much more complicated than Monerans

They represent the intermediate step in theevolution of the other three kingdoms

Contains about 65,000 species

Protozoan is the Greek word for first animal


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Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell (unicellular)

or cells (multicellular)Eukaryotes have cellular organelles, andprokaryotes (bacteria) do not

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Prefix uni One (single)Prefix multi More than one (many)

Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate both

animal and plant-like characteristicsSome members make their own food (________)autotrophs

Some ingest food from outside (____________)heterotrophs


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All Protozoa can reproduce asexually

Called binary fissionDuring binary fission, oneprotozoan cell divides into two

identical individuals.

One parent for reproduction


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Reproduction in protozoa

The commonest form of reproduction is

binary fission in which two essentially

identical individuals result.

In some ciliatesbudding occurs in which a

smaller progeny cell is budded off whichlater grows to adult size.


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Sexual reproduction in protozoa

All protozoa reproduce asexually, but sex is

widespread in the protozoa too.

In ciliates such as Paramecium a type of

sexual reproduction called conjugation

takes place in which two Paramecia jointogether and exchange genetic material


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Figure 11.28


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Kingdom Protista


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Animal-like protists

classified by the 4 ways they move:1) Cilia -

2) Flagellum(a) -

Coordinated

movement betweenindividual cilia

Back and forthwave motion

tiny beating hair-like structures

whip-like tail(s)

All heterotrophs


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3) Pseudopodia -

Animal-like protists

classified by the 4 ways they move:

projection of cytoplasm thatsticks out like a foot (falsefoot)

4) Sessile -No locomotion (_________)movement
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/index.html


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Cilia and flagella

No real morphological distinction between

the two structures although cilia are usually

shorter and more abundant and flagellafewer and longer.

Each flagellum or cilium is composed of 9pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged

in a circle around a central pair.


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Cilia and flagella

The collection of tubules is referred to as

theaxoneme and it is covered with a

membrane continuous with the rest of theorganisms cell membrane.

Axoneme anchors where it inserts into themain body of the cell with a basal body.


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Figure 11.09a

Protein spo

Dynein mot


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1. Amoeba

just visible to the naked eye

moves by pseudopodia which give appearanceof cell changing size and shape

comes from the Greek wordamoibe which means change

Animal-like protists - Examples

unicellular

aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowlymoving streams

can cause disease amoebic dysentery

ingests small organisms like bacteria andother protozoans
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/index.html


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1. Amoeba


feeding sequencepsuedopodia surroundand engulf food particle

process calledphagocytosis


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2. Paramecium


Unicellular, slipper-shapedmove by coordinatedbeating of many cilia

aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams

usually do not cause diseases in humans
http://www.ittiofauna.org/webmuseum/invertebrati/microinvertebrati/pg_07_big.htm


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2. Paramecium - continued


Feeding occursin thefunnel-shaped gullet(buccal cavity) wherefood is drawn in byexternal and internal ciliato form food vacuole

ingests organic detritusand other small organismslike bacteria and otherprotozoans


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Food to waste pathway


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2. Conjugation (________)sexual



Reproduction

Form structure calledconjugation tube toexchange genetic material


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protist that reproduce by forming spores

sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria

its caused by female mosquitoshumans get malaria whenbitten by an infected mosquito

mostly common in tropical areas

Sporozoa do not move on their own

they are usually parasitic

Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like)

Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan


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Have chlorophyll

Make their own foodThey can live in 4 main environments:

salt water

soiltree bark

freshwater

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

they produce large amounts of oxygen which areused by other living organisms

they are grouped according to color & stucture

into 5 main groups:

4) red dinoflagellates

2) diatoms

5) algae

1) euglena 3) dinoflagelletes

PLANT LIKE PROTIST C ntd


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they are grouped according to color & stucturePLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d

A) Euglena

B) Diatom

C) Dinoflagellates

D) Red Dinoflagellates

E) Green Algae

PLANT LIKE PROTIST Contd


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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d

A) Euglena-one celled alga thatmoves with oneflagellum

red eyespotnear front end to find lightWhy?

lives in fresh waterreproduces asexually

have chlorophyll and can make their ownfood ( )autotroph
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/movies.htg/Espiro2.MOV


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PLANT LIKE PROTIST C td


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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

B) Diatombeautiful one celled protistscome in many shapes

EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles

important food source for water dwelling animalscell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts

made of the same material as glass

Think of a box with a lid

cell coverings do not decay (when dead)

used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters



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C) DinoflagellatesAlgae that is usually found in oceans

Usually brown or red in color

Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments

Move by two flagella

Read & Highlight hand-out on Dinoflagellates



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produce large numbers which turns the ocean redresponsible for red tides

produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish

humans can become ill if they eat shell fishthat have absorbed these chemicals

common off the coast of Florida or other

warmer areas


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Red Tide


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Red Tide Kills Fish

After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a

stingray becomes disoriented. They have theappearance of not being able to see or controlwhat they are doing. Eventually the ray willstay at the surface lying horizontally and die.

Absorbed red

dinoflagellates



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E) Green AlgaeCome in many different formscan be unicellular or multicellular

usually found in colonies

Colony a group of cells that live together

they produce O2 in H2O

serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish

desmids

spirogyra

chlorella

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd


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EX: volvox colony

Arranged in a single layerwith flagella facing outward

The flagella beat and the

colony spins through the water

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont dAlgae Examples

EX: Kelp (brown algae)

aka.sea weedused by humans for food

also used to thicken food

such as ice cream and jelly


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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST


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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

Slime Molds:

fungus-like protists that are consumerslive in cool, damp places EX: forest floor

feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and

decaying leavessome are parasites (very few)


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Flagella, intelligent design and

irreducible complexity The U.S. Supreme Court has prohibited the

teaching of creationism in public schools as

a violation of the establishment ofreligion clause of the constitution.

Latest attempt to insert creationism intoschools is the idea of Intelligent Design.


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irreducible complexity The concept of intelligent design is outlined

most clearly in Michael Behes book Darwins

Black Box.

The central idea in intelligent design is that

some structures in the body are so complex that

they could not possibly have evolved by a gradualprocess of natural selection. These structures are

said to irreducibly complex.


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irreducible complexity By irreducibly complex Behe means that

a complex structure cannot be broken down

into components that are themselvesfunctional and that the structure must have

come into existence in its complete form.


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irreducible complexity If structures are irreducibly complex Behe

claims that they cannot have evolved. Thus,

their existence implies they must have beencreated by a designer (i.e. God, although the

designer is not explicitly referred to as

such).

Directions: Write out & highlight the following


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1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.

3) List the 3 structures protozoan use for

locomotion.4) List 5 plant-like protists?

5) Why are algae important?

6) Explain why red tides occur and what causesthem.

Directions: Write out & highlight the followingquestions

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10 Protists Kingdom