11 Human Development and Aging 1. Describe the stages of human development and identify common disorders for each group Infancy (birth to 12 months) Infants

11 Human Development and Aging

1. Describe the stages of human development and identify common disorders for each group

Infancy (birth to 12 months) • Infants grow and develop quickly. • Development is from head down. • Support head and don’t encourage walking until infant is

ready.


Transparency 11-1: Infancy: Common Disorders

• Prematurity• Low-birth-weight babies• Birth defects• Viral or bacterial infections• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)



Childhood: The Toddler Period (1 to 3 years) Formerly dependent, now gaining independence and body control Learn to speak, gain coordination and bladder and bowel control Need to childproof the house for safety May have tantrums or whine to get their way



Childhood: The Preschool Years (3 to 6 years) • More social relationships • Play cooperatively and learn language • Learn right from wrong



Childhood: School-Age Children (6 to 12 years) • Cognitive development (thinking and learning) • Get along with others in peer group • Develop a conscience and self-esteem


Transparency 11-2: Childhood: Common Disorders

• Chickenpox• Viral or bacterial infections• Leukemia• Child abuse and neglect



REMEMBER:

Measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, smallpox, whooping cough, and polio are no longer common due to vaccines.



Define the following term:puberty

the stage of growth when secondary sex characteristics, such as body hair, appear and reproductive organs begin to function.



Adolescence (12 to 19 years) • Concern for body and peer acceptance • Changing moods • Need to express themselves socially and sexually


Transparency 11-3: Adolescence: Common Disorders

• Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia)• Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs)• Teenage pregnancy• Depression and suicide• Trauma or accidental injury



Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) • Select an education • Select an occupation or career • Select and live with a mate • Raise children • Develop a satisfying sex life



Middle Adulthood (40-65 years) • More comfortable and stable • May have “mid-life crisis” • Physical changes, such as wrinkles, gray hair, and menopause • Need for exercise and proper diet



Late Adulthood (65 years and older) • Many physical and psychosocial changes • Loss of physical health • Loss of friends and jobs • Many receive home care


2. Distinguish between fact (what is true) and fallacy (what is not true) about the aging process

Define the following terms:geriatrics

the study of health, wellness, and disease later in life.gerontology

the study of the aging process in people from mid-life through old age.

ageismprejudice toward, stereotyping of, and/or discrimination against older persons or the elderly.


Transparency 11-4: Fact or Fallacy?

1. People over 80 years old cannot live by themselves.2. Most older adults are lonely and depressed.3. Older adults are not able to adjust to changes.4. Most older adults are ill or disabled in some way.5. Older adults can stay active by pursuing favorite hobbies.6. Good health can help older adults live independently.7. Normal changes of aging do not include diseases, disabilities,

or dependence on others.



Know these facts about aging: • Many different capabilities • Stereotypes are false. • Older persons are usually active. • Aging is a normal process, not a disease. • Aging persons need to adjust to change. • They do not need to be dependent.



Know these facts about aging: • Many different capabilities • Stereotypes are false. • Older persons are usually active. • Aging is a normal process, not a disease. • Aging persons need to adjust to change. • They do not need to be dependent.


3. Discuss normal changes of aging and list care guidelines

Understand the changes of aging and related care for each body system.

Changes in the integumentary system:• Thin, dry, fragile skin • Fatty layer lost • Thin, gray hair • Wrinkles appear• Nails harder and more brittle



Care of the integumentary system:• Fewer baths • Moisturizing lotions • Shampoo hair less often • Layering clothing • Keeping bed linens wrinkle-free • Encouraging fluids



Changes in the musculoskeletal system: • Weaker muscles • Brittle bones • Stiff joints • Loss of height



Care of the musculoskeletal system:• Preventing falls • Encouraging self-care • ROMs • Promoting independence • Encouraging exercise



Changes in the nervous system: • Loss of ability to think quickly and logically • Loss of concentration and memory (improved by reminiscing) • Slower responses and reflexes • Changes in vision, hearing, taste, and smell



Care of the nervous system: • Keeping notes • Placing calendar nearby • Looking at photos to reminisce • Allowing time for decision-making • Allowing time for movement • Encouraging mental activities



Care of the nervous system (cont’d): • Special books • Cleaning eyeglasses, hearing aids • Speaking carefully but not loudly • Facing client • Encouraging oral care • Fresh foods • Assist with bathing• Safety measures to lower risks of burns and falls



Changes in the circulatory system: • Less efficient pumping of heart • Decreased activity • Need for more rest • More sensitivity to temperature extremes



Care of the Circulatory System: • Moderate exercise • ROM exercises • Slower movements (example: rise slowly and stand for a

minute to prevent dizziness) • Better control of temperature • Wearing slippers or shoes and socks • Safety measures for loss of senses



Changes in the respiratory system:• Shortness of breath

Care of the respiratory system: • More rest periods • Moderate exercise • Deep breathing exercises • Limit exposure to cigarette smoke or pollutants • Sit upright, rather than lying down



Changes in the urinary system: • Bladder problems (frequent urination) • Susceptibility to infection

Care of the urinary system: • Encouraging fluids • Reporting urinary incontinence • Offering trips to bathroom • Cleanliness • Good skin care



Changes in the gastrointestinal system: • Loss of appetite • Changes in digestion • Elimination difficulties



Care of the gastrointestinal system: • More fluids • Softer foods • Regular oral care • Enjoyable mealtimes • Bite-sized pieces • Smaller meals • More fiber



Changes in the endocrine system: • Lower hormone levels (including poor pancreas function) • Less able to handle stress

Care of the endocrine system: • Regulate blood sugar with medication and diet • Eliminate stressors



Changes in the reproductive system:• Menstruation ends. • Physical changes in sex organs (such as prostate and vagina) • Sexual needs and desires do not necessarily change.

Care of the reproductive system: • Avoid hot baths.• Provide privacy for sexual activity.• Report inappropriate behavior.



Changes in the immune and lymphatic systems: • Weakened immune system • Slow recovery rate • Decrease in bone marrow activity and number of lymph nodes • Decreased response to vaccines



Care of the immune and lymphatic systems: • Wash hands often.• Keep everything clean. • Encourage good nutrition • Monitor vital signs for signs of infection.• Vaccinations for flu



Define the following terms: disorientation

confusion about person, place, or time.depression

a mental illness that causes withdrawal, lack of energy, and loss of interest in activities, as well as other symptoms.



Know to observe and report these signs of psychological changes (that can be related to aging):• Disorientation • Problems concentrating • Depression • Dementia • Confusion



Signs of psychological changes (cont’d):• Suicidal thoughts • Insomnia • Anorexia or loss of appetite • Moodiness or withdrawal • Changes in appearance, speech, movement, and behavior • Sleep disorders and emotional changes



Lifestyle changes related to aging: • Death of friends and relatives • Loss of strength and stamina • Fear of death, illness, or injury

Care: • Listening and caring • Ensuring safety


4. Identify attitudes and habits that promote good health

Understand these ways HHAs promote good health in older adults: • Encourage clients to pursue activities they enjoy and can

succeed in. • Help clients develop a routine for the day. • Encourage self-care. • Help clients to be well-groomed. • Address clients respectfully. • Respect the needs for privacy and social interaction.


ExamMultiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.1. In infants, physical development moves from

(A) The feet up (B) The head down (C) The spine out (D) The hands up

2. Development in children from 6 to 8 years old centers on cognitive development. Cognitive development means (A) Developing touching and feeling skills (B) Learning right from wrong (C) Developing thinking and learning skills (D) Developing social relationship skills


Exam (cont’d)3. Eating disorders that adolescents may develop include

(A) Trauma and injury (B) Viral and bacterial infections (C) Pregnancy and binge eating (D) Anorexia and bulimia

4. Children in their ____________ years develop vocabulary/language skills, learn to play cooperatively in groups, and begin to learn right from wrong. (A) School-age (ages 6 to 12) (B) Toddler (ages 1 to 3) (C) Adolescent (ages 12 to 19) (D) Preschool (ages 3 to 6)


Exam (cont’d)5. Which of the following stages of child development involves children

learning to speak, gaining coordination of their limbs, and gaining control over their bladders and bowels? (A) Preschool (ages 3 to 6) (B) Toddler (ages 1 to 3) (C) Infancy (birth to 12 months) (D) School-age (ages 6 to 12)

6. Which of the following statements is true of the normal aging process? (A) Most elderly people are entirely dependent on others. (B) Most elderly people are disabled and cannot walk. (C) Most elderly people are active and engaged in activities. (D) Most elderly people cannot manage their own money.


Exam (cont’d)7. One way an HHA can help with normal changes of aging related to the

integumentary system is to (A) Withhold fluids so a client will not have to use the toilet often (B) Layer clothing and bed covers for warmth (C) Shampoo hair at least once a day (D) Bathe elderly clients twice a day

8. To prevent or slow osteoporosis, clients should (A) Be discouraged from doing any form of exercise (B) Be encouraged to do light exercise (C) Sit most of the time to avoid falls (D) Have the HHA do everything for the client


Exam (cont’d)9. For clients who are hearing-impaired, the HHA should

(A) Speak slowly, simply, and clearly (B) Turn off the client’s hearing aid (C) Speak loudly or shout (D) Turn away from the client when speaking

10. One way an HHA can help with normal changes of aging related to the circulatory system is to (A) Leave hot water bottles on the client’s skin for long periods of time (B) Encourage clients with heart conditions to exercise vigorously (C) Keep the temperature in the house higher and layer clothing (D) Encourage clients to go barefoot while in the house


Exam (cont’d)11. One way an HHA can help with normal changes of aging related to the

urinary system is to (A) Offer frequent trips to the bathroom (B) Withhold fluids (C) Scold clients who are incontinent (D) Make sure every client wears incontinence briefs

12. To help promote proper nutrition and digestion in older adults, the HHA should (A) Remove the client’s dentures before meals (B) Withhold fluids during meals to decrease the risk of choking (C) Encourage the client to eat a high-fiber diet and to drink plenty of fluids (D) Remain silent during mealtime


Exam (cont’d)13. Which of the following is considered a normal change of aging for the female

reproductive system? (A) Start of menstruation (B) Weakening of voice (C) Increased bone density due to calcium absorption (D) Drying and thinning of vaginal walls

14. Which of the following statements is true of older adults and psychological changes? (A) Depression is a normal sign of aging. (B) Dementia is a normal sign of aging. (C) Disorientation is a normal sign of aging. (D) Some forgetfulness is a normal sign of aging.


Exam (cont’d)15. What is one way that an HHA can promote good health for older clients?

(A) The HHA should help clients develop routines for each day. (B) The HHA should do everything for clients. (C) The HHA should make decisions for clients. (D) The HHA should prevent clients from reading or doing crafts.

Documents

11 Human Development and Aging 1. Describe the stages of human development and identify common disorders for each group Infancy (birth to 12 months) Infants