19 DECOLONIZATION CHAPfEf( AND THE COLD WARephshdfavela.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/7/13272121/ch_19_jarrett_w… · Name _ Date _ _ UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization

CHAPfEf( .19 DECOLONIZATION AND THE COLD WAR

• History 1 (F) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following important turning points in world history: Communist revolutions and their impact on the Cold War; [and] independence movements ....

• History 13 The student understands the impact of major events associated with the Cold War and independence movements. • History 13(A) Summarize how the outcome of World War II contributed to the

development of the Cold War. • History 13(8) Summarize the factors that contributed to Communism in China,

including Mao Zedong's role in its rise, and how it differed from Soviet Communism. • History 13(C) Identify the following major events of the Cold War, including the Korean War,

the Vietnam War, and the arms race. • History 13 (D) Explain the roles of modern world leaders, including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail

Gorbachev, Lech Wab;sa, and Pope John Paul II, in the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

• History 13(E) Summarize the rise of independence movements in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia and reasons for ongoing conflicts.

• Economics 18(E) Explain why Communist command economies collapsed in competition with free-market economies at the end of the 20th century.

• Economics 18(F) Formulate generalizations on how economic freedom improved the human condition, based on students' knowledge of 20th century free-market economies, compared to Communist command communities.

•Citizenship 21(A) Describe how people have participated in supporting or changing their governments.

• Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in Cambodia, China, [and] the Soviet Union.

• Citizenship 22(E) Identify examples of individuals who Led resistance to political oppression such as Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Natan Sharansky ... and Chinese student protestors in Tiananmen Square.

• Culture 24(8) Describe the major influences of women such as Indira Gandhi ... during major eras of world history.

• Science, Technology, and Society 28(C) Explain the effects of major new military technologies on ... the Cold War.

After World War II, the imperial powers of Europe were greatly weakened. The spirit of nationalism had spread to their colonies, and most of them had achieved independence within a few years after the war. In the same period, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union broke down and the Cold War began. An "Iron Curtain" fell across Eastern Europe, while China and several other nations became Communist states. Although the United States and Soviet Union avoided a head-on confrontation, they engaged in a world-wide competition for influence as well as in regional conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 317

0- How did the colonies of Asia and Africa win their independence?

0- What were the causes and main events of the Cold War?

0- What factors brought an end to the Cold War?

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. After the war, independence movements brought an end to colonial rule in Asia

and Africa. Mohandas Gandhi used passive resistance to win independence for India in 1947. Muslims separated from India, forming Pakistan. Most of Southeast Asia and the Middle East gained independence in the 1950s.

B. K wame Nkrumah won independence for Ghana in 1957. Other African nations followed and achieved independence shortly thereafter.

C. New African states faced problems of tribalism, political instability, and economic development. Many one-party states turned into dictatorships. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela led the struggle against apartheid.

D. Ideological differences led to a Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union when Stalin refused to allow free elections to take place in Poland. The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan aimed at containment of Communism.

E. Communism next spread to Asia. Mao Zedong defeated Chinese Nationalists in 1949 and transformed China into a Communist state. Mao's economic policies during the Great Leap Forward failed, leading to millions of deaths.

F. During the Korean War, Communist North Korea attacked South Korea, and Chinese and U.S. troops fought each other on the Korean peninsula.

G. Communism also spread to Cuba and other countries. In the 1960s, the U.S. sent 500,000 troops to help South Vietnam against North Vietnam, but they were unable to prevent a Communist take-over of South Vietnam.

H. Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s to revive Communist enthusiasm. The revolution led to a loss of cultural treasures and many lives.

I. In the 1970s, the Soviet command economy stagnated. It could not compete effectively with the free market economies of the West. Mikhail Gorbachev introduced changes to reform the Soviet economy, but his reforms proved to be too little, too late. In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved, and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed by several of the former republics.

J. Pope John Paul II and Lech Waf~sa led the struggle to end Communist rule in Poland. Gorbachev allowed Eastern Europe to hold free elections. In 1989, East Germans opened the Berlin Wall; soon after, Germany was reunited.

K. China's Communist rulers have continued their monopoly of political power but have encouraged limited free enterprise and foreign investment in their economy. As a result, China is now the fastest growing economy in the world.

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318 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLOGY IN THIS CHAPTER

• Pecolottizatiott • NAfO • Natatt Sharattsky • Mohattdas Oattdhi • Mao Z edottg • Mikhail ~rbachev • Kwat11e Nkrut11ah • Koreatt War • ~lasttost • Apartheid • Cultural Revolutiott • Perestroika • Nelsott Mattdela • Nuclear Art11s Race • Pope Johtt Paul II • lttdira ~attdhi • "Cubatt Missile Crisis" • Lech Waf~sa • "lrott Curtaitt" • Vietttat11 War • fiattattt1tett Square • frut11att Poctritte • Kht11er Rouge • Pettg Xiao Pittg

THE INDEPENDENCE OF ASIA AND AFRICA One of the most significant effects of World War II was the end of European imperialism in India, Indochina, Africa and Indonesia. Historians now refer to this development as decolonization. Several factors contributed to the end of imperialism at this time. The aggressive ambitions of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan had largely discredited imperialist beliefs. It was hard to fight for democracy in Europe and to deny it to others in Asia and Africa. Moreover, after World War II, the old colonial powers were exhausted. Most Europeans were not willing to endure further warfare overseas to maintain imperial rule against determined local resistance. Even so, the conclusion of European imperialism was not always bloodless.

I INDIA

The first major country to achieve independence in the post-war period was India. The roots of its independence movement reached back to the late 19th century.

THE INDIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress was the main organization dedicated to achieving Indian independence. Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Congress, sought to resist the British by using a non-violent approach to show the British the futility of denying India its freedom. He believed this would help the British realize the wrongfulness of their actions.

Indian leaders had hoped for independence shortly after World War I, but were disappointed by British opposition. Winston Churchill was one of those who then opposed Indian independence. When World War II broke out, Gandhi refused to support Britain in the war.

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INDIA'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

Non-Violence. Gandhi was a pacifist - a person opposed to using violence to settle disputes. He developed the policy of non-violent passive resistance in which Indians passively suffered British beatings and violence without fighting back.

Civil Disobedience. Gandhi urged Indians to disobey unjust British laws. In 1930, he led a Salt March to protest a British salt tax. Gandhi's followers also conducted fa sts and refused to work for the British. As a result, Indians were jailed in everincreasing numbers.

Cottage Industries. Gandhi encouraged Indians to boycott (refuse to buy) British-made cotton goods, and to buy cotton goods that were homespun in India. Gandhi hoped to rebuild India's cottage industries to raise living standards.

Despite Gandhi 's opposition, many Indian soldiers fought on the British side during the war against Germany and Japan. After World War II, British leaders recognized that they could no longer resist Indian demands. In 1947, the British agreed to the independence of the subcontinent.

THE PARTITION OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN (1947) One reason for the British delay in granting independence to India was the fear of violence between Hindus and Muslims. Muslim leaders, led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, told the British they wanted a separate Muslim state. Thus, when independence was granted in 1947, India was partitioned into two separate nations: India and Pakistan. India became a Hindu nation, while Pakistan became a home for Muslims. Because there were large Muslim populations to the east and west, Pakistan became a divided nation - separated by Hindu India and over a distance of a thousand miles. Millions of Hindus and Muslims moved their homes after independence was granted. Thousands were killed in riots during these mass migrations because of religious prejudices. Nonetheless, independence had finally been achieved.

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In Southeast Asia, the Dutch ruled the East Indies, Britain ruled Burma and the Malay Peninsula, and France ruled most of Indochina. As in India, nationalist feelings had spread to members of the educated elite in these colonies. During World War II, Japan occupied all of Southeast Asia, driving out the European powers. After the war, nationalist leaders fully expected to achieve their independence.

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In parts of Southeast Asia, independence was granted peacefully; in others, it was only achieved through warfare.

The Philippines are a group of islands in the Pacific. The United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946.

Burma and Malaysia. Great Britain granted both Burma (Myanmar) and Malaysia their independence in 1948.

SOUTHEAST ASIA'S ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

Indonesia. Indonesian leaders declared independence in 1945, but had to fight Dutch troops until 1949, when the Netherlands at last recognized Indonesian independence.

Vietnam. Guerillas, led by Ho Chi Minh, began a war against the French and won their independence in 1954. At an international conference, Vietnam was divided in two: (1) in the north, a Communist state was established, led by Ho Chi Minh; (2) in the south, a pro-Western state was recognized.

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THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Colonies in the Middle East also gained their independence. Britain had granted Egypt independence as early as 1922. However, the British kept troops in Egypt to protect the Suez Canal, and the King of Egypt was little more than a British puppet. Gamel Nasser, an Arab nationalist, overthrew the Egyptian King in 1952. Saudi Arabia also became independent in the inter-war period. After World War II, the French granted independence to Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya in North Africa and to Lebanon and Syria in the Middle East.

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The independence of Algeria posed greater difficulties. Over a million Frenchmen had settled in Algeria. These settlers assumed that one day Algeria would become a part of France. Starting in 1954, Algerian nationalists launched a violent struggle for independence. The French army fought the nationalists for almost eight years. France finally recognized Algerian independence in 1962, and French settlers fled the country.

The decolonization of Palestine and Transjordan under British rule similarly posed a thorny problem. In 1917, the British had promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine. But the British also limited Jewish emigration to Palestine to prevent Arab uprisings. After the Holocaust, many Jews wanted to migrate to their historic homeland in Palestine. The British feared the end of colonial rule would lead to a full-scale civil war between Jews and Arabs. Finally, they brought the problem to the newly created United Nations. You will learn about Israel in the next chapter.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

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The spirit of nationalism also led to the decolonization of Africa south of the Sahara. Even before the war, the British and French had educated some native Africans - the British in order to train them for self-government, and the French in order to absorb their colonies later into France itself.

Members of this small educatedAfrican elite became leaders of the new nationalist movement. They were greatly impressed by the promises of freedom issued by the United States and Great Britain during World War II, as well as by the post-war decolonization of Asia.

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322 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

Kwame Nkrumah. In the British colony known as the Gold Coast, Nkrumah followed the example of Gandhi by staging demonstrations and boycotting British products. At first, Nkrumah was jailed by the British. But after his release, he was able to win independence for the Gold Coast in 1957. The former colony changed its name to Ghana after the historic West African kingdom. Ghana became the first black African colony to win its independence.

Over the next decade, almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa followed its example. In some cases, bloodshed accompanied independence. Sometimes conflicts arose between European settlers and native Africans. In other cases, individual tribal groups attempted to secede from the new nations. But for the most part, the former African colonies became new nations without major wars .

Kwame Nkrumah

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : ACTIN~ AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN . . • Select one country in Asia or Africa that achieved independence : in the post-war period. Research the independence movement in : that country and report your results to the class. Consider what the : country was like under colonial rule, the role of nationalist lead- '!l!Jl!ll!rl • ers, and the struggle for independence. Finally, consider how well : the country has done in the years since independence . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CONTINUING CONFLICTS IN THE POST-COLONIAL WORLD

The achievement of independence did not end all of the problems in the developing countries of Africa and Asia.

INSTABILITY IN AFRICA In Africa, many of the newly independent nations became one-party states: the party that had fought for independence became the only lawful political party. Nationalist leaders sometimes assumed dictatorial powers. In other African nations, military leaders took charge. Most African nations also faced the problem of tribalism. European nations had formed their colonies without regard to local tribes. The new African nations were based on colonial, not tribal , boundaries. Often a nation contained members of several tribes. This sometimes led to civil wars between tribes, or attempts by some tribes to form separate nations. New African nations also had to struggle to improve agriculture, introduce more industry, build schools and hospitals, and raise standards of living.

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APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA In 1948 in South Africa, the white minority of mostly Dutch-speaking Afrikaners (Boers) introduced the policy of apartheid - racial separation. Under apartheid, South Africans were separated by race. They could not intermarry and lived in separate communities. Many black Africans resisted apartheid. In 1960, several anti-apartheid demonstrators were killed by the police in the Sharpesville Massacre. During the Soweto Uprising in 1976, riots spread through the black townships.

Nelson Mandela was a leader of the anti-apartheid African National Congress. He was imprisoned in 1962. Meanwhile, international opposition to apartheid continued to mount. The United States and other Western countries Former Preside111 FW. de Klerk and

refused to do business with South Africa. Finally, white new President Nelson Mandela.

South Africans elected F.W. de Klerk as President in 1989. De Klerk promised to improve South Africa 's foreign relations by ending apartheid. He released Mandela and other antiapartheid leaders from prison. A new constitution was written, which promised a peaceful transition to a democratic multi-racial state. In 1994, South Africa held its first election in which all races were permitted to vote. Nelson Mandela was elected as the country's first black President. He skillfully kept the country together under new conditions.

CONFLICTS IN SOUTH ASIA In the Indian subcontinent, tensions continued between Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India. They disagreed over control of Kashmir, a province in the north of India. Shortly after achieving independence, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist. His death led to rioting and violence throughout India. In 1947, Jawaharla Nehru became India's first prime minister. Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, followed him as India's Prime Minister for 15 years. She was one of the first women to serve as the head of state of a major country. Both she and her son Rajiv Gandhi were later assassinated by political extremists.

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Af ter partition, millio11s of people moved between the two new states.

Neighboring Pakistan originally consisted of West and East Pakistan. In 1971, East Pakistan broke away to form the independent nation of Bangladesh. Bitter fighting followed until India intervened on Bangladesh's behalf. Today, Bangladesh remains one of the world's poorest countries.

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(",_.11111 LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERSll>. ~ ~ w

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the main events leading to the independence of each of these areas.

South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East/ North Africa Southeast Asia

1HECOLOWAR At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were left as the world's two major powers - the United States had vast economic power and the atomic bomb; the Soviet Union had the massive Red Army. They became known as Superpowers. During World War II, these two countries had been allies, despite the fact that their political, economic, and social systems were quite different.

After the war, each Superpower attempted to extend its influence, quickly leading to a "Cold War" - emerging first in Europe and then in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The Cold War was "cold" only in the sense that the two Superpowers never confronted one another directly in open warfare. But their global competition led to crises and conflicts on every continent, dominating world events for the next 45 years.

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UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 325

ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR The roots of the Cold War lay in the competing ideological systems of the Western democracies and Soviet Communism. While Western nations hoped to spread democracy and free enterprise, Soviet leaders promoted the spread of Communism. It is therefore essential to understand the basic differences between the two systems.

Western Democracies Soviet Communism

Political Citizens elected representatives and The Soviet Union was a dictatorship System national Leaders. People had the right controlled by Communist Party Lead-

to form their own political parties. ers. The Communist Party was the only political party permitted to operate.

Individual Citizens had basic rights, such as free- Ordinary citizens had few rights. The Rights dom of speech, freedom of the press, government controlled radio, television,

and freedom of religion. and newspapers. Secret police arrested all critics of the government. The prac-tice of religion was discouraged.

Economic Economic freedom allowed people and Many forms of private property were System corporations to own land and busi- abolished. With state ownership and

nesses. Businesses provided goods and central planning, the government con-services in order to make a profit. trolled all production . Private farms

became state-owned collective farms.

THE COLD WAR BEGINS IN EUROPE Even before the war ended, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin had met in the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference in 1945 to make plans for the post-war world. They agreed to divide Germany into four separate zones of occupation, controlled by the three allies and France. Stalin also pledged to allow free elections in Eastern Europe when the war was over.

AN IRON CURTAIN FALLS ON EASTERN EUROPE Stalin never kept his promise to hold free elections in Eastern Europe. Instead, the Soviet army, which occupied Eastern Europe at the end of the war, placed local Communists in power. Stalin felt the Soviets had the right to control Eastern Europe to act as a buffer to protect Soviet security. In 1946, Winston Churchill announced that an "Iron Curtain" had descended on Eastern Europe. The nations of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and, later, East Germany became Soviet satellites.



Trade and communications between Eastern and Western Europe were cut off. Eastern European governments were forced to create Communist economies and to follow policies dictated by the Soviet Union .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACflNG- AS AN AMAf EUR HISfORIAN Winston Churchill gave this speech in Missouri after receiving an honorary degree. In this speech, he introduced the phrase "Iron Curtain."

"I have a strong admiration for the Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an 'iron curtain' has descended across the continent. Behind that Line Lie all the capitals of Central and Eastern Europe: Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them Lie in the Soviet sphere, and are subject to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. The safety of the world requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong races in Europe that the wars we have witnessed have sprung."

Churchill saw the "Iron Curtain" as the division between the Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. How did this speech mark the beginning of the Cold War?

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GROWING AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT Western leaders began to fear that Stalin was another Hitler, bent on world conquest. In the post-war period, the United States was the only country powerful enough to resist the Soviet Union and the spread of Communism.

Containment. In 1947, Britain withdrew its troops from Greece, where Communist rebels were threatening the government. President Truman announced the United States would give aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent Communist penetration. He offered to support all free peoples resisting Communism. This policy, known as the "Truman Doctrine," marked the beginning of America's containment policy: the United States would not overturn Communism where it already existed, but it would take steps to prevent Communism from spreading any further. Later that same year, the United States announced the Marshall Plan: this plan gave billions of dollars in financial aid to Western European nations in an effort to help them rebuild their war-tom economies. The aim of the Marshall Plan was to build future trading partners for the United States and to help Europeans resist Communism.

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UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY CHAPTE R 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 327

The Berlin Airlift and the Division of Germany. In 1948, the Western allies took the first steps to merge their zones of occupation in Germany. Stalin reacted by closing all Western highway and railroad links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed and supply the city. Within a year, Stalin, admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

In 1949, the three Western zones of occupation were officially merged into a new independent state, known as the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). Stalin responded by turning the Soviet zone into the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

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Why were these links to West Berlin of such great importance?

FORMATION OF NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries formed the North Atlantic lreaty Organization (NATO) to protect Western Europe from Communist aggression. With NATO, the United States pledged to defend Western Europe with its nuclear weapons. Soviet leaders responded m 1955 by creating the Warsaw Pact with their Eastern European allies. When Hungary tried to drop out from the pact, Soviet forces moved in to crush the uprisings.



APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Do you think the Cold War could have been avoided? Explain your answer.

Emergence of Two Superpowers. Europe's collapse left two Superpowers: the Soviet Union had the largest military, while the U.S. had the world's most productive economy and weaponry - including atomic weapons.

Ideological Differences Reemerge. While the U.S. sought to spread democracy and capitalism, the Soviets wanted to promote the expansion of Communism. The wartime alliance between the two different nations fell apart after the defeat of the Axis powers.

HOW THE END OF WORLD WAR II HELPED START THE COLD WAR

Soviet Security Fears. The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany in 1944 created fears of a future attack. Soviet leader Stalin sought control of Eastern Europe to prevent any future invasion of the Soviet Union from the West.

-U.S. Leaders Avoid Isolation or Appeasement. After being drawn into World War II, American leaders feared repeating the errors of isolationism or the mistakes of Britain and France in following a policy of appeasement. American leaders saw Communism as the next major threat to world stability. They decided to reject appeasement and to resist all Soviet demands with their containment policy.

New Weapons Lead to the Cold War. New weapons developed in World War II, such as the atomic bomb, made warfare extremely dangerous. The two Superpowers engaged in a "Cold War" rather than attack each other directly .

The Rise of Communism in Asia. The Japanese invasion of China weakened the Chinese Nationalist government. Within a few years after the defeat of Japan, Communist Chinese leaders seized power.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • : ACflN~ AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN • • • Some historians contend that a major outcome of World War II • • was the development of the Cold War. Research one of the factors : in the chart above. Then write a position paper showing how that • factor supports the view that the Cold War was influenced by the • • outcome of World War II . • •••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••

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THE COLD WAR REACHES ASIA Just when Western statesmen believed they had succeeded in checking the spread of Communism in Europe, the world's most populous nation turned Communist.

THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN CHINA Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) had defeated local warlords and united most of China in 1928. He then became engaged in a long struggle against both Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. Mao Zedong, leader of the Communists, retreated with his forces to northwestern China in what became known as the Long March (1934-1937). In 1937, Japan invaded China. Nationalist and Communist forces agreed to cooperate in defeating the Japanese. After Japan was defeated in 1945, fighting resumed between the Nationalists and Communists. The Soviets helped the Communists, who quickly achieved control over most of the countryside. They won the support of the peasantry through their land-reform programs. In 1949, Mao

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Zedong and the Communists finally drove Chiang and the Nationalist Chinese out of mainland China. Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan, vowing to return to the mainland.

RED STAR OVER CHINA Once Mao Zedong took control of China, all aspects of life came under the direct control of the Communist Party. While Soviet Communism had emphasized the role of urban workers , Mao emphasized the role of the peasantry. He believed this emphasis created a new form of Communism that was more suitable to Asia. The changes that Mao introduced dramatically changed all aspects of traditional life:

Elimination of the "Capitalist Class". Landowners, factory-owners, village leaders, and better-off peasants were considered to be the "capitalist class.'' The Communists said these capitalists exploited others. At least one million of these so-called "capitalists" were killed.

I CHANGES TO CHINA UNDER MAO l Reeducation. Communist beliefs became required learning in all universities and schools. Newspapers and books were brought under the control of the government and had to promote Communism. Even art and music came under the direct supervision of the govern ment.

The Family. Family authority was replaced by the authority of the Communist Party. Children were taught to obey the state, not their parents. Ancestor worship, which had once promoted family tradition, was forbidden. This prohibition further weakened the father's traditional role as family leader.

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THE "GREAT LEAP FORWARD" Starting in 1956, Mao began forcing peasants into cooperative farms in which families shared in the work and divided the crops. Later, these cooperative farms were merged into larger communes. In 1958, Mao introduced a Five-Year Plan aimed at turning China into an industrial power. China's vast population was used to build dams, roads, and factories. But because of poor planning and the high cost of foreign machinery and equipment, the plan was an economic disaster. As a result, China faced starvation and an economic crisis that saw as many as 30 to 50 million die.

THE KOREAN WAR {1950-1953) After Mao's victory in China, West- ...-----------r----------. em leaders feared Communism was on the march. Like Germany, Korea had been divided in 1945 into a Communist and non-Communist state. In 1950, Communist North Koreans invaded South Korea. President Truman and other Western leaders believed it was necessary to take a firm stand against Communism.

Under a U.N.resolution, the United States and other countries intervened and forced the Communists back to North Korea. U.N. forces , led by

A reenactment of a battle during the Korean War.

General Douglas MacArthur, then invaded North Korea. When they approached the Chinese border, China itself intervened. General MacArthur thought of using nuclear weapons against China, but President Truman refused to consider this option. Instead, he removed MacArthur from his command. In 1953, a compromise finally ended the war, leaving North and South Korea divided exactly as they had been before the conflict began.

THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION By 1962, border disputes and Mao's condemnation of reforms in the Soviet Union led to an open disagreement between China and the Soviet Union. Mao used the Sino-Soviet split to launch a new bid for world leadership of the Communist movement. Mao was also concerned about the loss of enthusiasm for Communism by party officials inside China. Finally, Mao may have wanted to cover up his own mistakes in the Great Leap Forward. He now made a bold attempt to push China towards the ideal Communist society by announcing the Cultural Revolution. Mao's sayings in his "Little Red Book" served as its blueprint.

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UNLAWFUL To P~OTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 331

In 1966, Mao closed China's universities and schools and invited eleven million students to gather in Beijing as Red Guards. Mao hoped to use these young people to revitalize Chinese society. The Red Guards traveled throughout China attacking writers, scientists, doctors, professors, factory managers and party officials for looking down on the common people and for abandoning Communist ideals. Scholars and professionals were sent to work in the fields. Artworks from dynastic China were destroyed. Mao's opponents within the party were removed and punished. Many people were imprisoned, tortured and killed.

Chinese society eventually became so disrupted by the excesses of the Red Guards that Mao had to use the army to control them. The Cultural Revolution led to shortages of food and goods. In 1969, Mao sent the Red Guards back to the countryside to help with farming. Violence came to an end as the Cultural Revolution drew to a close. As many as a million people may have died.


Stalin in the Soviet Union and Mao in China achieved tremendous economic and social changes in their countries, but at a terrible cost. What is your evaluation of these leaders?

THE COLD WAR AT ITS HEIGHT

THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE In 1949, the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic MAJOR U.S. AND SOVIET MISSILE SITES

bomb. Soon both the United States and Soviet Union also developed far more destructive hydrogen bombs and the missiles to deliver them. The Soviets even launched Sputnik into outer space in 1957. American and Soviet leaders quickly realized that these weapons could hardly ever be used because of their immense destructiveness. Instead, nuclear weapons served as deterrents, preventing the Superpowers from attacking one another. The Superpowers became locked in a new "Balance of Terror," which forced them to find other channels for competition. They soon became involved in a number of regional conflicts, some of which led to warfare on a limited scale.



KRUSHCHEV AND EASTERN EUROPE In 1953, Stalin died. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the next leader of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev condemned Stalin's atrocities, freed many political prisoners, and attempted to introduce changes into the Soviet Union. Khrushchev 's condemnation of Stalinism triggered unrest in Eastern Europe, where local populations were unhappy with Communist rule.

Poland. In 1956, workers went on strike demanding greater freedom. Khrushchev agreed to let Polish refo rmers handle their own affairs so long as Poland remained Communist and continued to be a loyal member of the Warsaw Pact.

Hungary. Students launched demonstrations in favor of reform. Unlike Poland, Hungarian leaders threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops were sent into Hungary in 1956 and brutally crushed the reform government.

PROBLEMS AND PROTESTS IN EASTERN EUROPE

East Berlin. Many East Germans fled to the West through Berlin . In 1961, Khrushchev had a wall built to seal off East and West Berlin , and barriers went up along the border of East and West Germany. The Berlin Wall served as a symbol of the Cold War.

Czechoslovakia. In 1968, after Czech leaders proclaimed a more liberal policy called "Communism with a human face," the Soviets sent tanks into Prague. Czech leaders were replaced by hard-line Communists.

COMMUNISM COMES TO LATIN AMERICA Widespread poverty and repression made Latin America ripe for the spread of Communist beliefs. In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the ruling dictatorship in Cuba. Castro came to power promising democracy to Cubans, but once in power he nationalized businesses and executed opponents. The United States reacted to the nationalization of American-owned businesses in Cuba by breaking off trade. Castro turned to the Soviet Union for support, and transformed Cuba into a Communist state.

In 1961 Cuban exiles, armed and trained by the American Central Intelligence Agency, invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. President John Kennedy refused to supply the rebels with air support to carry out their attack, and their invasion effort fai led. Then in 1962 American leaders discovered Cuba was secretly building bases to install Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads. These would be within striking distance of U.S. cities. During the "Cuban Missile Crisis," President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn.

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Name - - -------------------Date ________ _


The world stood on the brink of nuclear war. Khrushchev finally agreed to withdraw the missiles for a pledge that the United States would not invade Cuba. Khrushchev 's failure in the crisis contributed to his removal from power in 1964.


In what ways was the leadership style of Khrushchev different from that of Stalin 's? How were they similar?

CONFLICT IN INDOCHINA The Cold War became "hot" again when it next erupted in Southeast Asia.

THE WAR IN VIETNAM After gaining independence in 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided. The nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh created a Communist state in North Vietnam, while South Vietnam established ties to the West. South Vietnam refused to hold elections to reunify the country, as previously agreed, arguing that elections in the Communist North would not be free.

Vietnamese Communists, known as Viet Cong, launched a guerrilla war against the South Vietnamese government. Once again, the United States stepped in to resist Communism. American leaders feared Southeast Asian countries might otherwise fall like a row of dominoes. At first, American sol- ,::.:/::;::::::. diers acted only as advisors to the South Vietnamese :;·:·(3µ1; 0 i army. However, that changed when American com- :-: -thru1iind

bat troops were sent to Vietnam in 1964.

CHINA

Sc.ale of Miles

0 200

Although the United States eventually used extensive bombing, had large numbers of helicopters, and sent in a half a million troops, it was never able to turn the tide against the Viet Cong and North Vietnam. The 1968 Tet Offensive demonstrated the strength of the Viet Cong. In 1973, American troops withdrew from Vietnam in accordance with an agreement reached in Paris. In 1975, South Vietnam fe ll to North Vietnamese forces and the country was finally reunited under Communist rule.

Name Date _______ _

334 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA) The withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam also led to the collapse of the government in neighboring Cambodia. In 1975, Cambodian Communists, known as the Khmer Rouge, seized control. Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge leader, carried out a policy of genocide (mass murder) against city-dwellers and opponents. The Khmer Rouge killed as many as four million Cambodians between 1975 and 1978, until they were finally overthrown by Vietnamese intervention.

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

CAMBODIA

Gulf of Thailand

THE COLD WAR ENDS In the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere, Communism came to a surprisingly abrupt end in the last decade of the 20th century.

SOVIET STAGNATION (1964-1982) After the fall of Khrushchev in 1964, the Soviet Union fell into a long period of stagnation (failure to advance). Government central planners could not predict people's needs. People had little incentive to work hard since a person's salary did not depend on how hard he or she worked. Farms failed to produce enough food; consumer goods were of poor quality; living standards fell; and alcoholism and corruption grew. The government-run "command" economy was unable to compete with the free-market economies of the West. Meanwhile, Communist Party members enjoyed special privileges usually denied to ordinary citizens.

Soviet leaders attempted an easing of Cold War tensions with the West by pursuing a policy of detente. This policy collapsed when the Soviets sent troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968 and again into Afghanistan in 1979 to crush rebellions and to maintain Soviet rule.

Dissidents like Na tan Sharansky, founder of the Refusenik Movement, were imprisoned for demanding human rights or permission to emigrate. Sharansky was released in 1986 after nine years in a Soviet concentration camp. In Afghanistan, Soviet troops became engaged in a long, drawn-out war against local nationalists. This war, similar to what the United States faced in Vietnam, tied up large numbers of Soviet forces and led to the deaths of many of their soldiers.

Sharansky was released due to imense pressure from Presidem Reagan.

Name ____________________ Date _______ _


THE GORBACHEV YEARS (1985-1991) In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev wanted to preserve Communism, but he sought to reform it through a number of new policies:

* Glasnost. This introduced a greater "openness" to Soviet society. Restrictions on speech and the press were lifted. Dissidents were released from prison. Restrictions on Soviet Jews wishing to emigrate to Israel and the West were lifted. Eventually, a Congress of People's Deputies was created, allowing Soviet citizens to elect their own representatives. The deputies elected Gorbachev as "President" of the Soviet Union in 1990.

* Perestroika. This was a program of economic reform, or "restructuring," introduced by Gorbachev. He hoped to move away from central planning to encourage more individual initiative in the Soviet economy. People were permitted to form small businesses, factory managers were given greater control over the production of their factories, and foreign companies were invited to invest in the Soviet Union.

* New Directions in Foreign Policy. Gorbachev withdrew troops from Afghanistan in 1988. President Ronald Reagan had called the Soviet Union an "evil empire," challenged Gorbachev to "tear down this wall [Berlin Wall]," and threatened to create a new anti-ballistic defense system. To prevent this, Gorbachev entered into talks with President Reagan to reduce nuclear arms. He also allowed dramatic changes in Eastern Europe, eventually permitting the creation of democratic, non-Communist governments there.

THE IRON CURTAIN FALLS IN EASTERN EUROPE Poland led the way in the demand for change in Eastern Europe. The Polish Cardinal of Cracow was elected Pope John Paul II in 1978. He was the first non-Italian Pope in 400 years. His election was an inspiration to other Poles. John Paul II visited Poland the next year and told his countrymen, "Do not be afraid." Lech Wat~sa organized an independent trade union named Solidarity. From 1981 to 1983, the government tried to use martial law to crush the movement. Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and opposed the use of force. In 1988, Wal~sa led a strike of workers at the Gdansk shipyard, which soon spread throughout Poland. Poles became the first Eastern European nation to elect a non-Communist government.

Solidarity leader, Lech Wal~sa.

These changes promoted a lifting of the "Iron Curtain" elsewhere. People in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and across Eastern Europe staged massive demonstrations. The Berlin Wall, which had separated East and West Berlin since 1961, was opened in November 1989. Throughout Eastern Europe, free elections suddenly brought non-Communist governments to power.

Name Date _______ _


GORBACHEV'S PROBLEMS GROW Meanwhile, Gorbachev 's policies had failed to solve the economic problems within the Soviet Union. The new openness of Glasnost unleashed ethnic nationalism and social discontent. The Soviet Union had consisted of separate republics, made up of both Russian and non-Russian nationalities. Non-Russian nationalities, many of which had been brought into the Russian Empire or Soviet Union by force, suddenly began demanding their independence. The spirit of nationalism even

Demonstrations and rioting throughow the Soviet U11io11 led to its disso/11tio11.

spread to the Russian Republic, the very center of the Soviet Union. In 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian Republic and began to assert Russian authority over Gorbachev 's Soviet government. Gorbachev was helpless to stop these nationalistic stirrings without returning to the old policy of repression.

THE DISSOLUTION OF THE SOVIET UNION (1991) In August 1991, Communist hard-liners temporarily overthrew Gorbachev in a military coup (a sudden takeover of the government by force). Lacking popular support, the coup quickly collapsed. Because many Communists had supported the coup, the Communist Party was greatly discredited. Gorbachev recognized the independence of Lithuania and the other Baltic States. He attempted to negoti

THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Miles 1CIOO

ate a new arrangement for the Soviet Union, but in December 1991, Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine all declared their independence from the Soviet Union. These three states formed the Commonwealth of Independent States. Each state became completely independent, with the Commonwealth serving limited functions. Other former republics of the Soviet Union quickly joined the Commonwealth. The Soviet Union dissolved, and Gorbachev resigned his presidency at the end of 1991 .

Name-------------- - - -------Date ________ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 33 7

THE REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY While the Soviet Union fell apart, Germany was reunited. West Germany's leader, Helmut Kohl, helped negotiate the reunification, which became official at the end of 1990. After a half a century of division, Germany was once again a united nation.

In a series of rapid developments, Soviet troops withdrew from East Germany, currencies were merged, and the German legislature voted to move the capital of Germany back to Berlin .

NORTH SEA

..................................................... ' ACflNO. AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN Your teacher should select five students on each side to research and hold a classroom debate on: Could Communism in the Soviet Union and East Europe have been reformed without collapsing?

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

CHANGES COME TO CHINA While Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union struggled with political and economic changes, China's Communist leaders introduced free enterprise gradually without abandoning their monopoly of political power. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping became China's leader. Deng had opposed Mao's Cultural Revolution and once in power he set about making practical reforms. Deng's main goal was to "modernize" China by reforming its economy:

Land Reforms. Communes (state-run farms) were disbanded and peasants were allowed to rent former lands. This led to increased agricultural productivity, making China self-sufficient in food .

Consumer Goods. Under Mao, people had few consumer products. China began producing more consumer goods, such as radios and televisions.

I ECONOMIC CHANGES UNDER DENG XIAOPING I New Factory Management. Central planners lost some degree of control to factory managers. Managers and workers were allowed to sell some of their production to private buyers for a profit.

Limited Capitalism. Individuals could now own small businesses. An owner was even allowed to hi re a few workers. The private sector became responsible for a much of China's industrial output.

Foreign Investment. New laws allowed foreign investment, bringing capital and high-technology to special enterprise zones. Foreign companies were allowed joint ventures with Chinese enterprises.

Name Date _______ _


TIANANMEN SQUARE AND THE LIMITS OF REFORM Although Chinese leaders encouraged economic reform, they refused to abandon the Communist system. In 1989, Chinese college students peacefully demonstrated in Beijing's Tiananmen Square for greater personal freedom and democracy. When the students refused to disperse, army tanks fired on the demonstrators, killing hundreds. In response, Western leaders reduced trade with China for a brief time. Since then, trade has resumed. Greater economic freedom has turned China into the fastest growing economy in the world.

A unknown "Tank man" blocks tanks in the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN On a separate sheet of paper, create an illustrated timeline showing the events that led to the end of the Cold War, free elections in Eastern Europe, the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and reforms in China. Use the Internet or 411!!!!!!!!!1 the library for information and for illustrations for your timeline .

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Complete the graphic organizer by describing three events that took place in Asia during the Cold War.

Communism in China

KEY EVENTS IN ASIA DURING THE COLD WAR

Korean War Vietnam War

Name ______________________ Date ________ _

CHAPTER 19: Decolonization and the Cold War 339

r------------------------------ ------------------------------• Decolonization of Asia and Africa

* After W.W. II, the imperial powers were weakened; colonies gained independence.

South Asia * Gandhi used non-violent resistance. * Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan created.

Africa * Ghana was the first to achieve independence

in 1957; other colonies soon followed. * Problem of apartheid in South Africa: Nelson Mandela was elected President in 1994.

Southeast Asia * Indonesians and Vietnamese fight; win inde

pendence from Holland and France.

Cold War (1946-1991)

Global competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union; both armed with atomic weapons. * Eastern Europe. Despite Yalta Conference

pledge, Soviets refused to hold free elections after World War II; allowed Communist puppet governments to take power. * "Iron Curtain" Falls. Eastern Europe was cut off from contact with the West. * NATO. Alliance formed by Western Europe and U.S. to protect against Soviets. * Warsaw Pact. Alliance of Eastern European nations and Soviet Union as a countermeasure to NATO.

I I I I I I I

~

·------------------------------·------------------------------~ Containment

President Truman took steps to block the spread of Soviet Communism in Europe. * Truman Doctrine. President Truman

announced U.S. would give military aid to all free peoples resisting Communism. * Marshall Plan. Aid given to Western European nations to rebuild their economies to help stop Communist revolutions. * Korean War. United States assisted South Korea against invasion by North Korea. Later, Communist China entered the war on the side of North Korea.

Communist China

Communists under Mao Zedong drove Nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek from China to Taiwan in 1949. Communists then controlled all aspects of life; killed businessmen and wealthy farmers. * Great Leap Forward. Five-Year Plan that

failed to industrialize China. Peasant Lands were collectivized; 30-50 million died. * Cultural Revolution. Mao's attempt to reinvigorate Communism in China was a disaster. Red Guards (Chinese students) forced educated people to work on farms in countryside; destroyed ancient works of art.

·------------------------------·------------------------------~ Vietnam War

In 1954, French withdrew: Vietnam was split. Ho Chi Minh created Communist state in the north; South Vietnam favored the West. * Elections. Reunification elections were

never held as promised. * Viet Cong. Guerilla fighters in South, called Viet Cong, had Northern help; by 1964, there were 500,000 U.S. troops helping South Vietnam. U.S. officials feared the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. * Result. Despite advanced technology, U.S. could not turn tide. U.S. withdrew in 1973. Vietnam unified under Communism in 1975.

The End of Soviet Communism Central planning could not compete with economic freedom of the West. * Pope John Paul II and Lech Wa.t~sa fought

for greater freedoms in Poland. * Mikhail Gorbachev. Introduced reforms in the Soviet Union and Lifted Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe, but his reforms failed. * Berlin Wall. In 1989, the wall was finally opened. * German Reunification. In 1990, Germany was reunited once again. * Soviet Dissolution. In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved: was replaced by the C.I.S.

Name Date _______ _


CHECKIN& YOUR UNOER91ANOIN& Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

" 'Mere boycott of foreign cloth cannot satisfy us .... We want something that will produce an immediate effect on the British. ' - so spoke Maulana Hasrat Mohani. Even as I was listening to him, I felt something new, over and above the boycott of foreign cloth, would be necessary ... . I could not hit upon a suitable Hindi word for the new idea, and that put me out somewhat. At last I described it by the word 'non-cooperation,' an expression I used for the first time at this meeting. As the Maulana was delivering his speech, it seemed to me that it was in vain for him to talk about effective resistance to a government with which he was co-operating in more than one thing, if resort to arms was impossible or undesirable. The only true resistance to the Government, it seemed to me, was to cease to co-operate with it. Thus I arrived at the word non-cooperation."

- Mohandas Gandhi , Autobiography: The Story of My Experimems with Truth

1 In this passage, Gandhi explains -A how he convinced others to use force against the British ( Citi 22(E) )

B why he took steps to help bridge Hindu-Muslim differences C why he decided Indians should not help the British in World War II D how he developed passive resistance as a way to resist political oppression

First, E.XAMINE the question. This question tests your ability to interpret a passage by Gandhi. In t he text, Gandhi describes his t houghts while listening to a speech. He develops a new idea of "noncooperation." RECALL what you know. You should recall that Gandhi developed the method of non-violent passive resistance to help Indians win their independence from the British. APPLY what you know. Choices A, B, and C have nothing to do with t he passage. The best answer is Choice D, since here Gandhi describes his development of non-cooperation and passive resistance to oppression.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

2 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to -F promote religious freedom (~H-ist_1_3-(C~) )

G defend Western Europe from Soviet aggression H isolate member nations from the rest of the world J stop the flow of immigration between member nations

Name ____________________ Date _______ _


3 Which was a significant social change Mao Zedong brought to China after 1949? A eliminating wealthy landowners (Hist 13(8) )

B requiring arranged marriages C adopting the practice of foot binding D mandating Confucianism as the state philosophy

4 What was one reason that British India was divided into two nations in 194 7? F Great Britain feared a unified India would be a military threat. (-H-fst_1_3-(E)-)

G Many Hindus and Muslims preferred to live in separate states. H Indian leaders disagreed about India's role in the United Nations. J The Soviet Union insisted India should have a Communist government.

Use the passage and your know ledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"I saw that the whole solution to this problem lay in political freedom for our people, for it is only when a people are politically free that other races can give them the respect that is due to them. It is impossible to talk of equality of races in any other terms. No people without a government of their own can expect to be treated on the same level as peoples of independent sovereign states. It is far better to be free to govern yourself than to be governed by anybody else .... "

- Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah

5 Which idea is expressed in this statement by Kwame Nkrumah? A independence from colonial rule C racial apartheid (Hist 13{E) )

B equality of men and women D the need for class struggles

6 Which was a reason for the collapse of Communist command economies at the end of the twentieth century? F Central planners failed to predict national needs as efficiently (Econ 18(E))

as a free market system, G Over-speculation in the stock market made these economies unstable. H Ethnic divisions prevented their economies from operating efficiently. J These economies focused on consumer goods at the expense of heavy industry.

7 Which was a long-term effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? A Communism was strengthened in Central Asia. (-H-fst-~-3-((-) ) B Hostilities between China and India lessened. C Pressures increased for changes within the Soviet Union. D Border tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan were reduced.

8 How did the outcome of World War II contribute to the rise of the Cold War? F The U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as Superpowers. (-H-ist--1-3{_A_})

G Germans resented the division and occupation of Germany. H Germany convinced U.S. leaders to oppose the Soviet Union. J The United States and Soviet Union competed to annex territory in Europe.



Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

'"These handcuffs are to punish you for your intransigence. You will wear them until you are ready to confess. Only then will we take them off. If you never confess, you will have to wear them to your grave,' said the militant female guard .... Under the watchful eyes of the guards, I could not pray openly. The only way I could be certain of being left alone with my prayers was to bend my head over a volume of Mao Zedong 's books while I prayed to God from my tormented heart."

- Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai ( 1986)

9 Which event is the author describing in this passage? A the jailing of dissidents in the Soviet Union during the Cold War ( Hist 13(8) )

B the torture of Jews in concentration camps during the Holocaust C the mistreatment of Chinese civilians during Japan's invasion of China D the oppression of political prisoners during the Cultural Revolution

Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer questions 10 and 11.

..---------l DECOLONIZATION OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA r--=-=:::--------, N W.E S ATLANTIC

OCEAN

SENEGAL 1959

GAMBIA 1965

CAPE VERDE • _ • 1975 .••

GUINEA-BISSAU 1974 -<ts2?A-~ GUINEA 1958

SIERRA LEONE 1961 ~L_,IB,_E,,"""

IVORY COAST 1960 TOGO 1960 0

GHANA 1957 CAMEROON 1960 •

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 1968 GABON 1960

CONGO 1960

10 Which conclusion can best be drawn from this map?

• Before 1950 D 1950-1959

~ 1960-1969

~ After 1970

F There are few independent nations on the continent of Africa. ( Hist 13(E) )

G Most African colonies achieved independence before 1950. H Once one colony became independent, other African colonies quickly followed

over a short period. J Africa continues to be a continent controlled by European powers.

11 The boundaries of newly independent African countries were often based on -A existing tribal settlement patterns (~H-ist-8-(D_) __ )

B divisions imposed under European imperialism C mandates created under the United Nations D the locations of key natural resources

Documents

19 DECOLONIZATION CHAPfEf( AND THE COLD WARephshdfavela.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/7/13272121/ch_19_jarrett_w… · Name _____ Date _____ _ UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization

19 DECOLONIZATION CHAPfEf( AND THE COLD WARephshdfavela.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/7/13272121/ch_19_jarrett_w… · Name _ Date _ _ UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 19: Decolonization