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Architecture

Through the Ages A

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A Architecture

Through the Ages

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Egyptian………………………..…………………….…...4

- Obelisk……………………………………….…….5

- Pyramids………………..………………….……...6

- Mud Bricks………………...……………….……...7

Greek………………………………….………….……….8

- Temples…………………………….…….………..9

- Parthenon…………………………..….………..10

- Roof Tiles……………………………...………….11

- Columns……………………………………….....12

Gothic………………………………………………..…..13

- Venice…………………………………………....14

- Arches…………………………………………....15

- Ornamentation………………………………....16

- Notre Dame…………………………………......17

Roman…....................................................................18

- Arches and Columns…..................................19

- Aqueducts and Bridges….............................20

- Domes…..........................................................21

- Coliseum…......................................................22

- Baths….............................................................23

Asian….......................................................................24

- Temples…........................................................25

- Enclosure…......................................................26

- Balance…........................................................27

- Horizontal Emphasis…....................................28

- Great Wall of China…....................................29

- Taj Mahal…......................................................30

- Pagodas….......................................................31

- Angkor Wat…..................................................32

Glossary…..................................................................33

Image Credits…........................................................34

About the Authors.....................................................36

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

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Egyptian Architecture

Ancient Egyptian architecture is fair-

ly distinct in its style. Its construction

involved large amounts of mud

bricks and stone (usually limestone),

as well as granite and sandstone for

more elaborate and ornate struc-

tures. Egyptian architecture brings to

mind the pyramids, as well as obe-

lisks , and temples and tombs for lost

gods and emperors.

Our understanding of Egyptian ar-

chitecture stems mostly from their re-

ligious monuments, characterized by

their cut and marked up surfaces

and thick, sloping walls with as few

openings as possible. And though

the arch was developed in the

fourth dynasty, all the monumental

structures consist of flat roods made

from huge stone blocks supported

by the outside walls along with tight-

ly placed columns (these columns

were the foundation of the column

dependent structures all over Rome

and Greece).

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Obelisks in ancient Egypt were placed in

pairs outside the entrances of pyramids.

Obelisks are tall four-sided narrow

tapering monuments that end in a

pyramid shape at the top. There was a

large amount of engineering required to

erect the obelisks due to their immense

size and weight (they weighed hundreds

of tons). They were erected by securing

the base of the obelisk in one place while

the top was pulled across the base until it

was up right, almost using the base as a

hinge.

Obelisks

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A pyramid is a structure in which

all of the outer surfaces except

for the base (the bottom) are

triangular and all meet at a

single point. The bases of the

Egyptian pyramids were square

and they had four triangular

faces. Due to the structure of the

pyramidal design, the majority of

the weight is closer to the

ground. With the pyramidion on

top, there’s less material at the

top and therefore less weight

that has to be lifted up that high.

Due to the relative ease of

building pyramids, they were the

largest structures on earth for

thousands of years.

FUN FACT: Khufu’s

Pyramid is built entirely

of l imestone. I t

c o n t a i n s a r o u n d

1 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 b l o c k s

ranging in weight from

2.5 tons to 15 tons. The

original height of the

Pyramid was 146.5 m

(488 ft.).

Pyramids

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Due to the scarcity of wood in

ancient Egypt, the locals built their

houses out of mud bricks. They

mixed mud with chopped straw and

formed blocks from the mixture.

These blocks were then left to dry in

the sun, where they baked and

dried. Unfortunately, although mud

was plentiful, it was not very sturdy,

and the bricks would usually

crumble in just a few years. In

addition to their lack of structural

integrity, the bricks were terrible

insulators, letting the hot air in during

the day and the cold air in at night.

The only redeeming factor was that

mud was easy to acquire and easy

to build with.

Mud Bricks

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Greek Architecture

Ancient Greek architecture is one of

the most recognizable styles in the

world. It influences Roman architec-

ture and even had a hand in the

development of Egyptian structures.

Most of the knowledge of Greek ar-

chitecture stems from the few surviv-

ing buildings from the Greek and Ro-

man periods (the Romans REALLY

copied the Greeks). The standard

format of Greek public buildings usu-

ally started with a cube or rectangle

constructed from limestone. Marble

was not used too often due to its

high cost and difficulty to obtain.

There were two main styles: Doric,

and Ionic.

These names reflected the Greeks'

beliefs that the styles descended

from the Dorian and Ionian Greeks

of the Dark Ages. The Doric style was

formal and austere, upright and

more Spartan. The Ionic style was

more relaxed and decorative and

later led to the Corinthian style (a

famous ornate style of building in

Ancient Greece). These three styles

are best known for their differences

in their styles of columns, but there

are differences in most aspects of

the designs and decorations.

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Built to house the statues of the

Greek gods and goddesses,

Greek temples were developed

form small mud brick structures

into double porticos of more than

20 meters in height. The temples

were designed and built following

set rules which were based on the

dimensions of the foundation

levels. There was a mathematical

strictness in basic design. For

example, the Parthenon was

based off of the ratio 2:3, and its

square, 4:9. The ratio of width to

length is 4:9 (30.88m : 69.5m). And

the ratio of height : width : height

= 16 : 36 : 81, a ratio of all square numbers. In fact, connections can be

drawn between the ratios of temples' widths to lengths and Pythagorean

triangles.

Temples

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The Parthenon is a Greek temple

dedicated to the Greek

Goddess Athena. The roof of the

Parthenon is supported by Doric

temple. It's walls tapered and it's

roof was supported by Doric

columns which bulged slightly as

they rose. The roof itself had a

slight downwards curvature (like

an upside down "U") to allow

rainwater to flow off. The

columns actually lean inwards,

and if they extended infinitely,

they would cross a mile above

the Parthenon.

Fun Fact: The walls and ceiling of the

Parthenon are all curved with respect to light

distortion. Each edge is curved in order for it

to look perfectly flat to the human eye.

Parthenon

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A r c h i t e c t u r e

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Roof tiles have been documented to

have been used in Greece since

approximately 650 BC. Early roof tiles

had an S-shape, with the pan and

cover tile forming one piece.

Tegulae, as they were called, were

large, weighing close to 30kg each.

In addition to their size, they were

harder and more expensive to make

than thatched roofs. They were used

for their fireproof qualities which

allowed them to better protect the

deities in the temples that the tiles

were used on. They were usually

made of fired clay, but in some cases

were constructed of marble or gilt.

Kalupter were semi-cylindrical half

pipes that were laid over joints of

tegulae to ensure that they were

Greek Roof Tiles

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Columns, also know as pillars, are

vertical structural elements that

help transfer the load of the

structure above them that they are

supporting, to the area below

them. They are often used to

support arches or beams and were

used in many of the Greek's

structures. A column was a new

and innovative concept because it

allowed for more structural stability

without taking up massive amounts

of space. It focused all the force of

the above element's weight into

one point, transmitting it into the

area below it and allowing it to

spread out.

The early columns were carved

from stone (some from just one

piece!). Many of the older columns

had a hole bored into their pieces

so that they could be connected

using pegs.

Columns

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Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture f i rst

showed itself during the medieval

period which lasted from the 5th and

25th century. This particular form of

design originated in France late in

this period around the 12th century

and was referred to as “the French

Style”. Known characteristics of the-

se buildings were pointed arches,

ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.

These styles are most prominently

found in Europe particularly in

churches, cathedrals, or castles;

however, structures such as universi-

ties and town halls have adapted

the gothic style all over the world.

This type of architecture is fo-

cused greatly on the idea of propor-

tions. Gothic style includes high

peaks which significantly extend the

width of the building. The structure

Cologne Cathedral in Germany

achieved the vast proportional dif-

ference of 3.6:1. The buildings are

much more focused on the vertical

structure than the horizontal; this

feature highlights the massive arch-

es. Light also plays an important role

in the type of gothic architecture.

Specifically in cathedrals there are

large stained glass windows which

cover most of the upper walls and

arches of the buildings allowing a

large amount of light to fill the build-

ing.

Gothic architecture is often

times replicated in order to accom-

plish a wanted look for a new struc-

ture. This often occurs in modern

churches or university buildings all

over the world.

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The term “Venetian Gothic” refers

to gothic architecture in Venice,

Italy. Much like the explosion of

the style in France due its use in

well known structures such as

cathedrals, the uprising of the

architecture began when the rich

began to build elegant gothic

houses and churches were

developing the same new look.

The unique adaptation of

Venetian gothic architecture is

best seen in the intricate design of

Doge’s Palace built in the 14th

century. This branch of gothic style

for the most part did not include

vaulting, a key characteristic of

the classic northern structures.

However, lighting and

stained glass windows

were included in the

designs of the new

b u i l d i n g s . G o t h i c

architecture remains

the root of this Venetian

style although various

aspects have been

adapted for the region.

Venice

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Specific arches are prominently

found in gothic architecture.

Developed from the Roman rounded

arch, this gothic characteristic

includes a point at the top comprised

of two tall arch segments. This

formation allows the arches to reach

higher with a given width compared

to rounded arches found on other

architecture. Few tools were used in

the medieval era to produce these

structures. Masons most often used

geometry and mathematics to

d e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s a r y

characteristics for the foundation of

each building. The techniques used

by builders centuries ago can still be

used today when replicating the

gothic style.

Arches

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Pointed arches are not

the only popular trait of

gothic architecture.

There are many other

forms of ornamentation

and structure which

makes these structures

unique. Most commonly

i n t r i c a t e p a t t e r n s ,

particular designs are

often found engraved

into the stone of the buildings. The most known feature of gothic

architecture is the interesting gargoyles which surround many of the

churches and cathedrals. One of the cathedrals most known for these

creatures is Notre Dame in Paris, France. Gargoyles were used as fountains

to drain water from buildings, but they also served a decorative purpose as

well. Structure parts such as ribbed vaults and flying buttresses give this style

of architecture a distinctive look while also comprising the main support

system of the buildings. Ribbed vaults are found on the ceiling of structures

and transmit the weight upon them outwards to supporting pillars. Flying

buttresses are external support systems that take the outwards forces that

push the walls of the structure and redirect them downwards. These pieces

of gothic architecture allow the

buildings to be constructed into

magnificent structures known for

their unique characteristics.

Gothic Ornamentation

FUN FACT: Specifically, gargoyles were

supposed to protect the structure on

which they were built. Although hide-

ous, gargoyles were guardians of ca-

thedrals and other structures. They

were meant to rid the building of evil.

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The Notre Dame Cathedral located in

Paris, France is highly regarded as one of

the finest works of French Gothic

architecture. This intricate structure took

over a century to complete and includes

one of the first ever uses of the flying

buttress. These supports were not

originally incorporated into the designs;

however, as more parts were added

onto the cathedral and walls grew taller

additional support was needed to

counter the stress produced outwards.

During the French Revolution, parts of the

gothic patterns or religious symbols were

ruined. This loss as well as slight

deterioration over time called for

restoration of the building. The process

transformed the magnificent piece of architecture back to its original

gothic style. This conservation procedure is not only necessary on

Notre Dame, but on a countless amount of structures.

Notre Dame

FUN FACT: The term gargoyles

originates from the Latin word

"gurgulio" which means throat as

well as the sound water makes

passing through the throat.

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Roman Architecture

Ancient Roman architecture

incorporated many parts of

Greek architecture while also

creating a completely new

style. This new form included

features such as the use of

rounded arches, vaults, and

domes. These characteristics

are found in the structures

that are now famous and

well known for its depiction of

Roman architecture. Romans

felt that these buildings

should serve a purpose while also demonstrating impressive construction.

Unlike other styles, this form of architecture received recognition not only

for magnificent churches and city buildings but for public structures. Within

this time of architectural development, great changes were made to aq-

ueducts, sewers, and bath houses as well. Not only did the appearance of

the region improve, but the public facilities did as well.

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The use of arches in Roman

architecture developed from their

use in Greek buildings. This rounded

structure produces and appealing

style while also improving the

structural design. Roman columns

proved to be tremendous additions

to architecture. Architects used

different styles of columns for

particular buildings, from the basic

Doric style to the intricate Corinthian

type. These, as well as arches, have

been used since their time of

creation on modern structures. The

arches and columns used in

Roman architecture allowed the

buildings to expand into much

larger structures due to the

increased amount of support.

The weight and force of the

buildings were no longer relying

solely on the thin outer walls but

instead distributed throughout

much thicker, well supported

masses. This allowed for even

greater developments of

building support to be created

based on the design of these

Roman features.

Arches and Columns

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One of the most well known

public improvements in Roman

a r c h i t e c t u r e w a s t h e

development of the aqueducts.

During the growth of the Roman

Empire, a much larger water

supply was necessary to fulfill the

needs of the population. Aqua

Appia was the first water system

build in early 312 BC for the

empire. New aqueducts were

built using the technique of

Roman arches. This improvement

stands today as one of the major

additions of the Roman Empire. Aqueducts transported water in a unique

way that advanced the technology of the empire. Bridges found in Roman

architecture were very simple; however, they were practical and

structurally sound. They also included the classic rounded Roman arch.

Aqueducts and Bridges

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Many Roman structures are

not only known for their arches

and columns, but also for their

use of domes. Domes are

hollow structures that resemble

the top of a sphere. Originally

used for churches and religious

purposes, domes are now

commonly used for a variety

of structures. This architectural

characteristic was derived

from the idea of the arch and

expanded into a much larger

form of structural support and elaborate design. The inside of the

structures are usually decorated with magnificent art or patterns. The

most famous architectural use of

the Roman dome is the Pantheon.

This structure has a concrete

dome weighing over 4,000 metric

tons which is supported with the

help of barrel vaults. For centuries

it held the record as the largest

dome in the world, and it still holds

the title today as the largest

concrete dome. After centuries,

the Pantheon has never been

reinforced which demonstrates

the structural integrity of the

dome. Much like that of the arch,

this form of architecture allows

much more weight to be

supported.

Roman Domes

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This building is considered

one of the greatest forms of

ancient Roman architecture and

engineering. Construction was

started in 72AD and completely

merely 8 years later. It was the

largest amphitheater built in

ancient Rome, with the ability of

seating 50,000. When first built it

was used for events ranging from

e x e c u t i o n s t o t h e a t e r

performances, and often

gladiatorial contests. The entire

structure is entirely free standing

unlike former Greek theatres commonly built into hillsides for additional

support. Many different materials were used in the construction of this

structure. Builders included wood, stone, marble, and metal as forms of

foundation for this architectural achievement. Common Roman

architectural characteristics such as the arch and various forms of columns

are found often within this structure. Over 80 arches can be found as

doorways and corridors in the building. These devices took much of the

force and weight of the structure allowing it to remain intact for centuries.

H o w e v e r , t h e

Coliseum has been

damaged many

times throughout the

centuries. These

tragedies range

from early fires to

d e s t r u c t i v e

earthquakes that

have caused the

stone to crumble

leaving the structure

how it is today.

The Coliseum

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The public baths of ancient Rome

were not only architectural

accomplishments, but also great

i mpro v ements o f sa n i ta ry

conditions and the water system.

Also called Thermae, it was

common for each city to have a

public place for bathing if not

multiple. The Roman’s were

capable of producing bath houses

because of the great success from

the newly founded aqueduct

system. Public baths were for the most part large structure with some

capable of holding thousands of people at a time. The sanitary

conditions were impressive for the time period with dirty water drained

regularly by the advanced water system. The structures were

commonly built around natural hot spring to heat the warm baths;

however, there was also heating by hypocausts. These were

underground Roman heating systems that remained under the baths,

yet another example of Roman groundbreaking architecture.

Public Baths

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Asian Architecture

Chinese architecture covered much

of the architecture in ancient East

Asia. The structural principles of Chi-

nese architecture are as old as Chi-

nese civilization. The building style

had an emphasis on bilateral sym-

metry, which signifies balance. How-

ever, in contrast to the buildings,

Chinese gardens are asymmetrical,

focusing more on flow and less on

balance. Enclosure was a large part

of ancient Chinese architecture as

well. And just as important as sym-

metry and enclosure was the hierar-

chical structure of the buildings.

Each building was places very delib-

erately in a complex. Buildings with

doors facing the complex were con-

sidered more important than those

facing the sides. And buildings fac-

ing away from the complex were

the least important.

In addition to the placement of

buildings within the compounds,

placement within buildings was also

weighted. The rear and more pri-

vate sections were given more

standing and were reserved for el-

der family members or ancestral

plaques. The front area was gener-

ally for servants and hired help. In

layouts with multiple courtyard com-

plexes, central courtyards and their

buildings were more important than

their outliers.

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Temple design throughout Asia

may appear exactly the same to

many inexperienced viewers;

however, architecture of the

Chinese and Japanese, although

similar, have their own unique

character i s t ics . Japanese

temples are generally simple and

were originally constructed with

wood. This material was easily

accessible and much less time

consuming than stone. Although

simple, they maintained the

classic Asian style which included eaves and columns painted in bright

colors. These designs were religious Buddhist structures which spent the

region as Gothic architecture had taken over Europe in the Middle Ages.

Features such as base columns, sloping roof, supporting rafters, and roof

decorations all depended on one another. Adjustments made in one

area must be changed in all other areas as well. These features had a

mathematical relationship

where nothing stood alone

and everything must be fixed

a cco r d i ng l y . S pec i f i c

Chinese structures were

designed completely around

the idea of symmetry and

balance. Much of the

architecture was simple as in

Japanese designs with

borrowed features, although

it did focus on the height of

buildings.

Temples

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Newer Western architecture

usually has a building being

surrounded by a garden or open

yard. However, in traditional

Chinese architecture it is the

opposite. Buildings or complexes

were constructed to take up the

entire property, but they had

open spaces inside the structures

in the forms of courtyards or sky

wells. Northern courtyards were

open and faced the south to

ensure that the buildings' windows and walls got as much sun as possible

while still keeping cold winds out. Sky wells also served as vents for rising hot

air. They drew hot air from the lower stories of the house and exchanged it

for cool air outside.

Enclosure

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Bilateral symmetry was one of the

most important characteristics of

Chinese architecture. It signified

balance. If an element was

added to on side of a structure

then another similar, if not

identical, element was added to

the opposite side of the structure

to maintain the balance and

symmetry. Pagodas are an

excellent example of the

symmetry in Chinese architecture.

Their square lateral structure

m a k e s t h e m c o m p l e t e l y

symmetrical.

Balance

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C l a s s i c a l C h i n e s e

architecture focused on width

over height. It favored short,

heavy platforms with large

roofs that "floated" over the

b a s e s , m i n i m i z i n g t h e

importance of the vertical

walls. For example, the halls

and palaces in the Forbidden

City have lower ceilings than

equally important buildings in

the West, but from the outside

they completely reflect size

and grandeur of imperial China. Pagodas were the exception to this rule,

but they were used as religious complexes, putting them outside the normal

rules of traditional architecture.

Horizontal Emphasis

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The Great Wall is one of the most

well known structures on the

planet. Stretching thousands of

miles, this piece of architecture

was built to protect the Chinese

Empire from invasion. It has been

declared as one of the few

architectural marvels of the world

due to its massive size and different

style. Since the time it was originally

built in the 3th century B.C. it has

been renovated multiple times.

Great additions have been

at tached to the a l ready

outstanding structure. Millions of

workers were needed and many

died in the construction process. The fantastic architecture can be seen

in the sound structure of the wall. The average height is over 30 feet with

a width of over 15 feet. Although simple compared to other forms of

a r c h i t e c t u r e

p r e v i o u s l y

mentioned, this

wall demonstrates

r e m a r k a b l e

consistency and

structural design.

S i n c e i t s

c o n s t r u c t i o n

centuries ago, this

monument is not

one that can be

lost.

Great Wall of China

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This Indian structure is one of

the most famous in the world.

Found commonly in textbooks,

this magnificent piece of

architecture is highly regarded as

one of the greatest examples of

Mughal architecture which is a

blend of the Indian, Persian, and

Islamic styles. Taking only a little

over 20 years to complete, the

construction of this building

employed thousands of workers

such as artisans and craftsmen. The Taj Mahal is designed around the idea

of symmetry and geometric proportions. Specific components were

developed to highlight different features such as the central dome.

Throughout the structure there are elaborate designs and unique pieces of

architecture. The white domed marble center includes and iwan which is

an arch shaped doorway like those of the Roman and Gothic designs. The

dome is also

topped with a

finial like Asian

structures such as

the pagodas. This

one monuments

takes many of

t h e

characteristics of

past architecture

and develops

them to uniquely

fit the needs of

this structure.

Taj Mahal

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A pagoda is not a specific

building, but rather a common

structure found and many parts of

Asia. It developed from the Indian

stupa which is a Buddhist

monument that frequently

contains relics. It is often

associated with a religious

purpose, most commonly

Buddhist places of worship.

Usually found near or in temples,

these structures have spread

throughout Asia. They have

developed by region and each

possesses new and unique characteristics. These tall structures were

originally constructed from wood, but they eventually progressed to

much sturdier materials. This protected against fire and allowed for much

more support. Due to the height of the building, it often attracts lighting.

This factor encourages the

religious aspect of the

pagoda. On the top of

the structure there is

usually a finial, or a

symbolic design, often

religious. Pagodas contain

the original feature of

eaves which are the

edges of a roof protruding

out over the walls of each

level. This is a noticeable

characteristic in Asian

architecture.

Pagodas

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This temple found in

Cambodia is a remarkable

work of architecture for the

sheer fact that it is the

largest temple on Earth.

Unlike many temples found

in that region this

monument has remained

standing since the 12th

century. This structure is an

e x a m pl e o f K h m e r

architecture which focused

primarily on religious

temples and buildings while

incorporating specific features such as enclosures. Angkor Wat is comprised

of sandstone which the Khmer architects became more comfortable using

compared to materials such as brick or laterite. The design of this structure is

considered conservative compared to those built before it; however, its

towers and enclosures make it a standout work of architecture. The temple

itself is raised up on a terrace above the city, in fact, each level of the

entire structure is raised

higher than the last. Many

carved decorations can be

seen on the doorways and

entrances into shrines.

Angkor Wat is also well

known for its elaborate

depictions of scenes

presented on the walls as

well as a great number of

other designs.

Angkor Wat

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A r c h i t e c t u r e

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A

Amphitheater – n. an oval or round building with tiers of seats around a central, open area

Asymmetry – n. lack or absence of symmetry in spatial arrangements or in mathematical or logical

relations

Athena – n. the Greek goddess of wisdom, fertility, the useful arts, and prudent warfare

Bilateral – adj. pertaining to, involving, or affecting two or both sides, factions, parties, or the like

Flying Buttresses – n. a form of corner support that transfers lateral forces evenly across a

wide area

Gargoyles – n. a grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal:

a spout, terminating in a grotesque representation of ahuman or animal figure with o

pen mouth, projecting from the gutter of a building for throwing rainwater clear of a

building.

Gilt – n. gold or a substance simulating it, applied in gilding

Granite – n. a coarse-grained igneous rock composed chiefly of orthoclase and albite feldspars

and of quartz

Limestone – n. Sedimentary rock formed primarily of calcium carbonate, often the

skeletons of small marine organisms.

Mason – n. a person whose trade is building with units of various mineral products such as

stones, bricks, cinder blocks or tiles

Metric Ton – n. a unit of 1000 kilograms, equivalent to 2204.62 pounds

Pyramidion – n. the apex of an obelisk

Pythagorean Triangle – n. a triangle with all three sides of integer lengths

Relic – n. a surviving memorial of something past

Sandstone – n. a common sedimentary rock consisting of sand, usually quartz,

cemented together by various substances, as silica, calcium carbonate, iron oxide, or

clay.

Spartan – adj. sternly disciplined and rigorously simple, frugal, or austere

Symmetry – n. the correspondence in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a

plane, line, or point; regularity of form or arrangement in terms of like, r e c i p r o c a l , o r

corresponding parts

Glossary

34 Page 34

Cover http://www.destination360.com/europe/italy/rome/colosseum# http://www.dankuna.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/westminster_abbey.jpg

Table of Contents http://huhepl.harvard.edu/~kblack/02-Taj-Mahal-1.jpg

Egyptian…4 http://www.sunandskihomes.co.uk/Egypt/ - Obelisk…5 http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumblarge_104/1165532630pML4GK.jpg http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/185866/530wm/E9050347-Ancient_Egyptian_Obelisk_in_Rome- SPL.jpg

- Pyramids…6 http://www.1uptravel.com/sevenwonders/pyramid/pyramid.jpg

http://www.funny-potato.com/images/satellite-images/egyptian-pyramids.jpg - Mud Bricks…7 http://www.vickyskeys.com/system/files/imagecache/product_full/mudbrickconstruction_0.jpg

http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/community/blogosphere/wp-content/uploads/Dig2009/802___W2N.jpg Greek…8 http://www.cgs.conway.ma.us/Images/Ancient-Greek-Architecture.jpg - Temples…9 http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domain-images/greek-temples/images/greek-temples-3.jpg

http://www.wallpaperphotoshare.com/photo/viewphoto/13319/ancient-greek-temples- wallpaper-dscf0906.html - Parthenon…10

http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/109images/greek_archaic_classical/parthenon/parthenon.jpg

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon/Parthenon1.jpg - Roof Tiles…11 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/images/uploads/Sapirstein-Old_Temple_reconstruction.jpg

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/tonybaggett/tonybaggett0708/tonybaggett070800045/1498531-old-greek-roof-tiles.jpg

- Columns…12 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/41/78760484_a90bb1ee8a.jpg http://historylink101.net/greek_images/doric-column.jpg Gothic…13 http://www.guardianangel.in/ga/uploads/mailer_pics/las-lajas-cathedral.jpg - Venice…14 http://www.larryandjilltours.com/VENICE%20BEAUTIFUL%20CANAL%20PIC.jpg

http://david-wray.com/wp-content/uploads/venice111.jpg - Arches…15 http://architecture.about.com/od/earlychristianmedieval/ss/gothic_3.htm http://e u.fotolia.com/id/11794723 - Ornamentation…16 http://www.student.chula.ac.th/~52407679/Gothic.html

http://www.gargoylegothica.com/ - Notre Dame…17 http://www.citywalksofparis.com/2008/08/notre-dame.html

http://c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000Wi88qFA9UXs/s/750/750/RM-Notre-Dame-Paris-Stained-Glass-Windows-FRA413.jpg

Roman…18 http://www.awams.com/Lebanon/Baalbek/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ColossemPanorama1.JPG

Image Credits

Page 35

A r c h i t e c t u r e

T h r o u g h t h e A g e s

A

- Arches and Columns…19 http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/palmyra-pictures/slides/arches-cc-a-travers.htm http://www.podiatry-arena.com/podiatry-forum/showthread.php?t=52687

- Aqueducts and Bridges…20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Alcantara.JPG http://france-spain-trip.wikispaces.com/Day+10+Return+to+Atlanta

- Dome…21 http://www.mmdtkw.org/RT04-Pantheon.html

http://www.burkepaterson.com/bmad/2008/01/ancient-rome.html - Coliseum…22

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg http://ranger.uta.edu/~gdas/websitepages/photos_personal/rome_coliseum.JPG

- Baths…23 http://littleurbanity.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html

http://www.travelitalytravel.com/Italian_boutique_and_tourist_hotels/Images_Rome/baths_of_caracalla_aventino_rome.jpg

Asian…24 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JN9fH_UMp_o/TKN9Fds2bZI/AAAAAAAAADY/1zf014TbHOE/s1600/china2.jpg - Temples…25 http://choureybabbu89.tripod.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/pictures/photos/china2.jpg

http://aphs.worldnomads.com/simon_monk/20/A051744018E911DA.jpg - Enclosure…26 http://www.pondparadisedesigns.com/images/asianwg01.jpg

http://www.niwadesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/231-2dasian-20gar...pic3.jpg - Balance…27 http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/8530025.jpg

http://www.crystalinks.com/chinesearchitecture.jpg - Horizontal Emphasis…28 http://www.smartjapantravel.com/photos/todaiji.jpg http://a.vietnamtourism.org.vn/uploads/121408.jpg - Great Wall of China…29 http://www.masterfile.com/stock-photography/image/600-03244311/Mutianyu-Great-Wall-of-China-China

http://www.travelbbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/china-great-wall.jpg - Taj Mahal…30 http://www.webwallpapers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/taj2.jpg

http://www.worldhistoricalsites.com/images/TajMahal1.jpg - Pagodas…31 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Pagodas_en_el_lago_Shanhu_guilin.jpg

http://www.wallpaperweb.org/wallpaper/known_places/1600x1200/S4wChina129TaiwansTwinDragonAndTigerPagodas.jpg

- Angkor Wat…32 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__jLUPQodQSU/S73R8qZk5LI/AAAAAAAAABE/IxEh-IeKIVc/s1600/AngkorWat630- 9974.jpg

http://famouswonders.com/wp-content/gallery/angkor-wat-temple/aerial-view-of-angkor-wat.jpg

Glossary (cont.)

36 Page 36

Arjun Grama lives in Westborough, MA and attends Mass

Academy of Math and Science. He enjoys playing

Ultimate Frisbee with his friends in his free time. When not

with his friends, Arjun likes debating current events and

participating in MUN. In college he plans on receiving a

degree in business, followed by a master’s in law.

Ultimately, Arjun desires to go into politics and eventually

enter public office. However, until then he is quite

content with being a teenager.

Haylee Caravalho is finishing her

junior year at Mass Academy of

Math and Science this year after

transferring from West Boylston

High School. Next year she will be

attending freshman classes at WPI during her senior year.

She plans on attending college in fall of 2013 as a

Communications major and Psychology minor. She enjoys

her community service at Flagg Street Elementary School

in Worcester, MA in one of the kindergarten class rooms.

She is part of the National Honor Society as well as the

French National Honor Society. She also

enjoys dance and has been taking

classes for multiple years.

Derrick Harney is a junior from the Mass Academy of Math

and Science who lives in Douglas, MA. He enjoys running and

reading fantasy novels. For his senior year of classes, he will

be attending WPI and hopes to continue his education there

after high school by majoring in either architecture or

aerospace engineering. He hopes to one day work for NASA

to develop the next generation of space travel.

About the Authors