2 Principles of Geography and Basic Terms

7/28/2019 2 Principles of Geography and Basic Terms

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Principles of Geography and

Basic Terms


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Geography


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Geography

Greek word Geographia or the earth description

The science that studies the lands,the features,

the inhabitants and the phenomena of the earth.


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Hemisphere

Division of the Earth


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SEASONS:

Northern Hemisphere

Month of January WINTER SEASON

Month of July SUMMER

Southern Hemisphere Month of January SUMMER

Month of July WINTER SEASON


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Equator

Is the imaginary line that encircles the middle (waist)of the Earth

It is the horizontal equivalent of the verticalcombination of Prime/First Meridian and theInternational Date Line

Prime Meridian

The first longitude (0 degrees) Imaginary line from North Pole to South Pole

Also referred as the Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT)


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Degrees

Is the unit that measures distance between latitude orLongitudes.

Zones

Is the area between two Longitudes

Time Zones (is the area between 0 degrees + 15

degrees until it reaches + 180 degrees) (0 degrees 15 degrees until it reaches to -180

degrees.)


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Longitude/Meridian

Are imaginary lines that stretching from the North

Pole to the South Pole. These Lines are not straight

but follow the boundaries that separate the differentcountries.

Latitude

Are imaginary lines that stretching from the Prime

Meridian East up to the International date line and

vice versa; means from East and from the Prime

Meridian West up to the International date line.


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International Date Line

Is the last Meridian or where (+)180 degrees and

(-) 180 degrees meet.

When the area west of International date line is

Monday, the East area is Sunday.

East is one day earlier than in the West side East is 12 hours ahead of Greenwich mean time

180 degrees, and West is 12 hours behind.


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Cardinal Points

Four cardinal points in a compass.

North12 oclock

East3 oclock

South6 oclock

West9 oclock


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Circumference of the Earth (360 degrees)

The longitude and latitude are separated by 15

degrees.


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Seasons

Northern Hemisphere

January is winter season

July is summer season

Southern Hemisphere

July is winter season

January is summer


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Tropics of Cancer and Tropic of

Capricorn

Tropic of Cancer

An imaginary line 23

degrees north of the

equator that encircles

the earth

Tropic of Capricorn

An imaginary line 23

degrees south of theequator that encircles

the earth


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North Pole

Is the top of the earth, where the Arctic is located

Magnetic North

Is the direction of all compasses points to

South Pole

The bottom of the earth where the Antarctic is

located


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Winds

Temperate Zone

Areas between the North Pole and the Tropic of

Cancer and the areas between the Tropic of

Capricorn and the South Pole

The wind here normally blows from West to East it

is called Temperate Winds


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Winds

Tropical Zone

Areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the

Equator in the north and between the equator

and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south

The wind here normally blows from East to West

and called Trade Winds


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Forms of Land

Continent

Large mass of land

Other forms of land

Archipelago

A number of islands surrounded by water

Cape

A projection of land into water


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Forms of land

Elevation

The height of land above the sea level

Island

A form of land surrounded by water

Isthmus

A narrow strip of land between two large bodies

of water Mountains

Elevated terrestrial masses that are peaked


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Forms of Land

Plateau

Elevated terrestrial masses that is flat

Peninsula

Large projection of land into water

Volcano

Elevated terrestrial masses that has lava


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Bodies of Water

Ocean large bodies of water

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean


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Other bodies of water

Bay

Body of water that sticks out into land

Gulf

Large bodies of water that sticks out into land

Fjords

Narrow inlets of sea between cliffs or steep slopes

Lakes

Bodies of water surrounded by land


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Other bodies of water

Rivers

Streams of water that empty into the seas or

oceans

Seas

Next large body of water next to ocean

Some large lakes are also called seas

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2 Principles of Geography and Basic Terms