3.Citation Styles APA

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American Psychological Association

Citation Style (APA)


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APA guidelines for a referencesAPA g

uidelines for a references

listlistThe reference list at the end of yourThe reference list at the end of your

research paper provides completeresearch paper provides complete

bibliographic information for readers whobibliographic information for readers who

may want to access the sources you drawmay want to access the sources you drawupon for your paper.upon for your paper.

Include a list of references that all theInclude a list of references that all the

sources you quote, paraphrase, orsources you quote, paraphrase, orsummarize in your paper so that readerssummarize in your paper so that readers

can find the same sources with reasonablecan find the same sources with reasonable

effort.effort.

Never include in your references list anyNever include in your references list any 2


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American PsychologicalAmerican Psychological

Association (APA)Association (APA)

The American Psychological Association (APA)The American Psychological Association (APA)endorses a documentation system that is used inendorses a documentation system that is used inits journals and has come to be used by studentsits journals and has come to be used by students

in social sciences and some other disciplines.in social sciences and some other disciplines.

These citations function with an alphabeticalThese citations function with an alphabeticalreference list at the end of your paper thatreference list at the end of your paper thatcontains information which enables reader tocontains information which enables reader to

retrieve the sources you have quoted,retrieve the sources you have quoted,paraphrased or summarized.paraphrased or summarized.

APA style calls for you to list completeAPA style calls for you to list complete

bibliographic information about each source thatbibliographic information about each source thatyou have mentioned in your parentheticalyou have mentioned in your parenthetical


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APA citation stylesAPA citation styles

2)2) Spacing after punctuationSpacing after punctuation

- One space after the punctuationOne space after the punctuation

marks.marks.

3)3) Arrangement of entriesArrangement of entries

- Alphabetize by the authors lastAlphabetize by the authors last

name.name.- If no author is named, alphabetize byIf no author is named, alphabetize by

the first significant word in the title ofthe first significant word in the title of

the work.the work.


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4)4) Authors NamesAuthors Names- Use last names, first initials and middleUse last names, first initials and middle

initials. Reverse the order for all authorsinitials. Reverse the order for all authors

names andnames and use an ampersand (&)use an ampersand (&)between second-to-last and last authors.between second-to-last and last authors.- Example: Mills, J. F. , & Holan, R . H.Example: Mills, J. F. , & Holan, R . H.- Give names in the order in which theyGive names in the order in which they

appear in the work.appear in the work.- Use aUse a comma between the first authorscomma between the first authorslast name and first initiallast name and first initial and after eachand after eachcomplete name except the last.complete name except the last.

-

Use a period after the last authorsUse a period after the last authorsname.name.


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- For aFor a bookbook byby three to six authorsthree to six authors,,

includeinclude all the authors name.all the authors name.

- Eg: Ricky, J.R., Tom,H., Eg: Ricky, J.R., Tom,H.,

- For a book byFor a book by more than six authorsmore than six authors,,

useuse onlyonly thethe first six names followedfirst six names followed

byby et alet al..

- Eg: Michel, R., Tom, H., Eg: Michel, R., Tom, H., et alet al..7


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5)5) DatesDates- Put date information after namePut date information after name

informationinformation, enclosing in the parentheses, enclosing in the parenthesesand using aand using a periodperiod followed by one spacefollowed by one spaceafter the closing parentheses.after the closing parentheses.

- For books, articles in journals thatFor books, articles in journals that havehave

volume numbers and many other printvolume numbers and many other printand non-print sources, theand non-print sources, the year ofyear ofpublicationpublication andand production is the date toproduction is the date touseuse..

- Eg: Shutter, R.Eg: Shutter, R. (1977)(1977). A field. A fieldstud ..stud ..


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-- For article from mostFor article from most magazines andmagazines andnewspaper,newspaper, use theuse the year followed by ayear followed by a

comma and then the exact date thatcomma and then the exact date that

appears on the issue.appears on the issue.Eg:Eg:

Shutter, R.Shutter, R. (2003, June 22)(2003, June 22). A field. A field

study..study..

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6)6) Capitalization of TitlesCapitalization of Titles

- For books, articles and chaptersFor books, articles and chapters

titlestitles,, capitalizecapitalize thethe first alphabetfirst alphabet,,thethe first alphabet after the colon (:)first alphabet after the colon (:)

between a title and subtitlebetween a title and subtitle, and any, and any

proper nouns.proper nouns.- ForFor names of journalsnames of journals,, capitalize thecapitalize the

first alphabets of the words in thefirst alphabets of the words in the

titletitle..


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7)7) Special Treatment for TitlesSpecial Treatment for Titles

- UseUse no special treatment for titlesno special treatment for titles

ofofshorter worksshorter works (poems, short(poems, shortstories, essay, articles).stories, essay, articles).

- Italicize titles ofItalicize titles oflonger workslonger works

((books, names of newspaper orbooks, names of newspaper orjournals)journals)

- UnderliningUnderlining can be used incan be used in place ofplace of

italic type useitalic type use unbroken linesunbroken lines..


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- Do not drop A, An or The, for title ofDo not drop A, An or The, for title of

magazines, newspapers or journalsmagazines, newspapers or journals

(these are periodicals).(these are periodicals).

Eg:Eg:

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse ofScruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of

listening.listening. The New Criterion, 15,The New Criterion, 15, 5-5-

13.13.

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8)8) PublishersPublishers

- Use a shortened version of the publishersUse a shortened version of the publishers

name except for an association,name except for an association,

corporation or university press.corporation or university press.- Eg: ILBS, American PsychologicalEg: ILBS, American Psychological

Association, Harvard University Press.Association, Harvard University Press.


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9)9) Place of publicationPlace of publication

- List the city and also include theList the city and also include the

state if the city is unfamiliar or if thestate if the city is unfamiliar or if the

city could be confused with one incity could be confused with one in

another state.another state.

10)10) Publication month abbreviationPublication month abbreviation

-- Do not abbreviate the publicationDo not abbreviate the publication

monthmonth

.

.15


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11)11) Page numbersPage numbers

- Use all digitsUse all digits.. OnlyOnlyforfor references toreferences to

partsparts of books or material inof books or material in

newspapers, usenewspapers, usepp. or. orpp.pp. beforebefore

page numbers.page numbers.

- List all discontinuous pages withList all discontinuous pages with

numbers separated by commasnumbers separated by commas::

- pp. 32, 44-45, 47-49pp. 32, 44-45, 47-49


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12) Reference Entries: Books12) Reference Entries: Books

Citations for books have four mainCitations for books have four main

parts:parts: author, date, title, andauthor, date, title, and

publication informationpublication information ((place ofplace of

publication and publisher)publication and publisher)

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Wood, P.Wood, P. (2003).(2003). Diversity: TheDiversity: The

inventioninvention of a concept.of a concept. SanSan

Francisco:Francisco: Encounter Books.Encounter Books.

18

Date

Publishe

r

Title

Place ofpublicati

on

Author


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Herxheimer, A., & Waterhouse, J.Herxheimer, A., & Waterhouse, J. (2003).(2003).

The prevention and treatment of jetThe prevention and treatment of jet

leg.leg. BMG: British Medical Journal,BMG: British Medical Journal,

326,326, 296-297.296-297.

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Dat

e

Volu

me

Number

Periodic

al TitleArticl

e Title

Pagenumb

er

Author


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14) Reference Entries: Online14) Reference Entries: Online

sourcessources

Eg: an article in a newspaper on theEg: an article in a newspaper on the

World Wide Web. The retrievalWorld Wide Web. The retrieval

statement gives the accessstatement gives the access date anddate and

the URL, which names the sourcethe URL, which names the source..

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Markel, H.Markel, H. (2003, September 2).(2003, September 2). LackLack

ofof sleep takes its toll on studentssleep takes its toll on students

psyches.psyches. The New York Times.The New York Times.RetrievedRetrieved December 27, 2003, fromDecember 27, 2003, from

http://www.nytimes.comhttp://www.nytimes.com

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Date

Articl

e Title

Online

newspaper

Title

Retrieval

Informati

onAutho

r


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APA STYLEAPA STYLE

1)1)Book by one author:Book by one author:

Welty, E. (1984).Welty, E. (1984). One writersOne writers

beginning.beginning. Cambridge, MA:Cambridge, MA:Harvard UniversityHarvard University Press.Press.

Use theUse the hanging indent stylehanging indent style:: firstfirst

line of an entry is flush to the leftline of an entry is flush to the left

margin and all other lines aremargin and all other lines are

indented one-half inchindented one-half inch 23


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2) Book by two authors:2) Book by two authors:

List by their last names and initialsList by their last names and initials..

Use theUse the && instead of and.instead of and.

Gordon, E. E., & Gordon, E. H. (2003).Gordon, E. E., & Gordon, E. H. (2003).

Literacy in America: Historic journeyLiteracy in America: Historic journey

and contemporary solutions.and contemporary solutions.

Westport, CT: Praeger.Westport, CT: Praeger.

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2) Book by three to six authors:2) Book by three to six authors:

- For aFor a book by three to six authorsbook by three to six authors,,

includeinclude all the authors nameall the authors name..

Moore, M.H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., &Moore, M.H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., &

Spelman, W. (1984).Spelman, W. (1984). DangerousDangerous

offender: The elusive target of justice.offender: The elusive target of justice.Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press.Press.

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3) Book by more than six authors:3) Book by more than six authors:

For aFor a book by more than six authorsbook by more than six authors,,

use only theuse only the first six names followedfirst six names followedbyby et alet al which stand for and others.which stand for and others.

Not to place a period after et in etNot to place a period after et in et

alalHarris, M., Karper E., Stacks, G., Hofman, D.,Harris, M., Karper E., Stacks, G., Hofman, D.,

DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).

WritingWriting labs and Hollywood connection.labs and Hollywood connection. --26


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4) Book with no author named:4) Book with no author named:

The Chicago manual of styleThe Chicago manual of style (15(15thth

ed.).ed.).(2003). Chicago: University of(2003). Chicago: University of

ChicagoChicago Press.Press.

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5) Signed article from a daily5) Signed article from a daily

newspaper:newspaper:

Killborn, P.T. (2003, June 22). A healthKillborn, P.T. (2003, June 22). A health

threat baffling for its lack of athreat baffling for its lack of a

pattern.pattern. The New York Times,The New York Times, p.p.1414

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6) Unsigned article from a daily6) Unsigned article from a daily

newspaper:newspaper:

Changes sought in medical services forChanges sought in medical services for

veterans. (2003, August 5).veterans. (2003, August 5). The NewThe New

York Times,York Times, p. A10.p. A10.

****unsigned means no nameunsigned means no name

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7) Signed article from a weekly7) Signed article from a weekly

Periodical:Periodical:

Fonda, D. (2002, October 21). PluckyFonda, D. (2002, October 21). Pluckylittlelittle competitors.competitors. Time,Time, 60-62.60-62.

- useuse the abbreviationthe abbreviationp.p. (or(orpp.pp. for morefor more

than one page) for newspapersthan one page) for newspapers.. Do notDo notuse this abbreviation for magazines oruse this abbreviation for magazines or

journal.journal.

- GiveGive year, month, and any day-date for ayear, month, and any day-date for a

periodical published every weekperiodical published every week.. 30


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8) Signed article from a monthly8) Signed article from a monthly

Periodical:Periodical:

Langwiesche, W. (2003, September).Langwiesche, W. (2003, September).

Anarchy at sea.Anarchy at sea. The Atlantic Monthly,The Atlantic Monthly,

292292(2), 50-80.(2), 50-80.

-- Give the year and month(s) for aGive the year and month(s) for a

periodical published every monthperiodical published every month

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9) Unsigned article from a weekly9) Unsigned article from a weekly

or monthly Periodical:or monthly Periodical:

The price is wrong. (2003, August 2).The price is wrong. (2003, August 2).

TheThe Economist,Economist, 58-59.58-59.

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10) Article in a journal with10) Article in a journal with

continuous pagination:continuous pagination:

Tyson, P. (1998). The psychology ofTyson, P. (1998). The psychology of

women.women.Journal of the AmericanJournal of the American

Psychoanalytic Association, 46,Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-361-

364.364.

-- Give only the volume number after theGive only the volume number after the

journal title, and italicize the volumejournal title, and italicize the volume

number.number.33


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11) Article from a periodical on the11) Article from a periodical on the

web:web:

Parrot, C. (1999). Does cigaretteParrot, C. (1999). Does cigarette

smokingsmoking cause stress?cause stress?AmericanAmerican

Psychologist,Psychologist, 54,54, 817-820.817-820.

Retrieved December 7,Retrieved December 7, 2003, from2003, from

http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amphttp://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amp55 410817.html410817.html

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Reference:Reference:

Simon and Schuster Handbooks forSimon and Schuster Handbooks for

Writer.Writer.

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3.Citation Styles APA