3g 4g Communications

8/9/2019 3g 4g Communications

1/24

3G-4G Technologies Page 1

Introduction :

In a world of fast changing technology, there is a rising requirement for

people to communicate and get connected with each other and have appropriate

and timely access to information regardless of the location of the each

individuals or the information. The increasing demands and requirements for

wireless communication systems ubiquity have led to the need for a better

understanding of fundamental issues in communication theory and

electromagnetic and their implications for the design of highly-capable wireless

systems. In continuous development of mobile environments, the major service

providers in the wireless market kept on monitoring the growths of 4th

generation (4G) mobile technology. 2G and 3G are well-established as the

mainstream mobile technology around the world. 3G is stumbling to obtain

market share for a different reasons and 4G is achieving some confidence.

The hot topics of the network technology that are going to be illustrated

in this paper are 3G and 4G technologies and beyond (5G). First of all, we have

to know what 3G is. 3G means the third generation of wireless technologyincluding several features, which are enhanced roaming, broadband data

services with video and multimedia, superior voice quality, up to 2M bit/sec

and data always-on In 2005, 3G is getting ready to live up to its performance

in computer networking (WCDMA *1, WLAN *2 and Bluetooth *3) and

mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS *5). The question is that 3G is not

fully arrived yet; why people begin the discussion of 4G and even 5G. Is 4G the

evolution or revolution from 3G? There is no such thing as 4G; theres just

whats beyond 3G, said Ronny Haraldsvik, vice president of marketing and

global communications for Flarion Technologies. Mikko A. Uusitalo, WWRF

DEPT. OF ECEKUPPAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE


2/24


*6 chairman and head of international cooperation at Nokia Research Center,

points out, 4G is a research item for next-generation wide-area cellular radio,

where you have 1G, 2G, 3G and then 4G [and 5G] is the clear follow-up to

that. From these points of view, we can clearly understand that 4G does notreally exist yet. Generally speaking, 4G is an evolution not only to move

beyond the limitations and problems of 3G, but also to enhance the quality of

services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource .

In 2010, the total mobile subscriber base in North America, Europe and

Asia Pacific, is expected to grow up to 2500 million and penetration will be

over 50% . This kind of demand growth will require the support of higher

capacity networks. The trail going to 4G mobile technology embraces lots of

significant trends. Major mobile players have been investing to 2G and the

succeeding technology. 4G mobile technologies are perceived to provide fast

and high data rate or bandwidth, and offer packetized data communications.

Since 4G is still in the cloud of the sensible standards creation, ITU and IEEE

form several task forces to work on the possible completion for the 4G mobile

standards as well.

Users experiences of latest booming Internet forces industry to investigate

means to provide high data rate regardless of mobility. There still have

large room for the purpose of service application vision: 3G is being

delayed in its commercialization and about a decade of change is left for

4G. In this term paper, we will discuss about the implementation of 4G

and the benefits that the world will get through the 4G technology



3/24


History

Short History of Mobile Telephone Technologies

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in

Japan branded FOMA , in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1

October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader

availability was delayed by apparent concerns over reliability. The second

network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on

the 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South

Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first

to see competition among 3G operators.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1xEV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1xEV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT


4/24


The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile

Networks , on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider

later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA

was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G

network to HSUPA .

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern

hemisphere was built in Adelaide , South Australia by m.Net Corporation in

February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network

for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network waslaunched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as three in March 2003.

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting

in March 2003 by 3 (Part of Hutchison Whampoa ) in the UK and Italy.

The European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators should cover 80%

of the European national populations by the end of 2005.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous

costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash .) In many

countries, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile

operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new

frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G service

in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European

countries were particularly high , bolstered by government auctions of a limitednumber of licenses and sealed bid auctions , and initial excitement over 3G's

potential. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the

new systems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monet_Mobile_Networks&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monet_Mobile_Networks&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_bid_auctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monet_Mobile_Networks&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monet_Mobile_Networks&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_bid_auction


5/24


By June 2007 the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out

of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the

countries where 3G was launched first - Japan and South Korea - 3G

penetration is over 70%. [11] In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migrations

include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A

confusing statistic is counting CDMA 2000 1x RTT customers as if they were

3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would

be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to implement 3G technology,with HSDPA services in eastern Canada in early 2007. Their subsidiary Fido

Solutions offers 3G as well. Because they were the only incumbent carrier (out

of 3) with UMTS/HSDPA capability, for 2 years Rogers was the sole provider

of the popular Apple iPhone . Realizing they would miss out on roaming

revenue from the 2010 Winter Olympics , Bell and Telus formed a joint venture

and rolled out a shared HSDPA network using Nokia Siemens technology. Bell

launched their 3G wireless lineup on 4 November 2009, and Telus followed suit

a day later on 5 November 2009. With these launches, the popular iPhone is

now available on all 3 incumbent national carriers.

Mobitel Iraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was launched

commercially on February 2007.China announced in May 2008, that the

telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks would be allocated so

that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile , would retain its GSM customer

base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its

CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading WCDMA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Unicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Unicom


6/24


(UMTS) standard. The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go

to China Telecom , which would then launch 3G on the CDMA 1x EV-DO

standard. This meant that China would have all three main cellular technology

3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009, Ministry of industryand Information Technology of China has awarded licenses of all three

standards TD-SCDMA to China Mobile, WCDMA to China Unicom and

CDMA2000 to China Telecom. The launch of 3G occurred on 1 October 2009,

to coincide with the 60th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic

of China.

In November 2008, Turkey has auctioned four IMT 2000/UMTSstandard 3G licenses with 45, 40, 35 and 25 MHz top frequencies. Turk cell has

won the 45 MHz band with its 358 million offer followed

by Vodafone and Avea leasing the 40 and 35 MHz frequencies respectively for

20 years. The 25 MHz top frequency license remains to be auctioned.

T-Mobile , a major Telecommunication services provider has recently

rolled out a list of over 120 U.S. cities which will be provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009.

In 2008, India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of 3G

enabled Mobile services by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

(MTNL). MTNL is the first Mobile operator in India to launch 3G services.

We may still have to wait a while for 4G though, as it looks like 4G

networks won't be launched until 2008 and won't become widely available until2010.

Over view:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNL


7/24


2G:

The second generation (2G) of mobile cellular systems has been developed as a

successor of analogue systems (called 1G) and became a commercial success in

the middle 90's. 2G systems cover a certain number of different technologies

among which the most important are:

(1) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), the more developed

technology in the world, in0 Europe, in many African, Asian and Middle-East

countries, and also in American countries (USA, Canada and a lot of South

America countries),

(2) cdmaOne (also called IS-95), mainly used in the America and Asia-Pacific

regions,

(3) IS-136 (TDMA, also called D-AMPS), used in North and South America



8/24


(4) Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), used only in Japan.

These systems offer circuit switched voice and rather limited data rate(e.g.9.6 kbit/s for GSM circuit mode), which nevertheless opened a new market

for mobile data communications through the Short Message Service (SMS).

About 360 billions of SMS were sent though GSM networks in 2002. The

demand for higher data rates has led to the development of so-called "2G+" or

"2,5G" systems. For the GSM technology, the first step has been General

Packet Radio Service (GPRS) which offers packet switched transmission at bit

rates of about 40 kb/s by allocating several time slots of a frame to the same

data transmission. The second step for GSM has been Enhanced Data rates for

GSM Evolution (EDGE), which mainly consists in the introduction of the 8-

PSK modulation, multiplying by 3 the on-line date rate compared to GPRS.

Indeed, EDGE is included in the 3G IMT-2000 family of systems. IS-95 and

IS-136 have also evolved in the same direction. IS-95-HDR implements a

packet mode at 144 kb/s (first step towards CDMA2000), while IS-136 has

evolved to an EDGE-GSM-based system under the name of Universal Wireless

Communications 136 (UWC-136). These technical evolutions aiming to

provide more and more efficient data services have paved the way for the

definition of 3G systems.

3G:



9/24


The ITU has deployed a lot of efforts to define a family of systems,

called 3G systems, which provide high data rate to offer multimedia services.

Under the name International Mobile Communications 2000 (IMT-2000),

these systems have been designed for use in the frequency bands selected by theWorld Radio Conference (WRC) in the year 1992. The IMT-2000 family is

composed of five systems:

(1) Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) including TDD and

FDD modes,

(2) CDMA 2000 1X,

(3) Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access ,

(4) EDGE (also called UWC-136) and (5) Digital Enhanced Cordless

Telecommunications (DECT). At the end of the selection phase for IMT-

2000, two main families of systems have emerged, leading to the creation of

two groups of standardization (including operators and manufacturers), namely:

(1) 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which developed the W-CDMA

standard also called Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) in

FDD and TDD modes, 3GPP2, which developed the CDMA 2000 standards as

an evolution of the IS-95 standards. The terrestrial radio interface of UMTS,

called Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) has been

developed through a series of releases, from R3 (also called R99) to R7 which

have progressively included a number of features as the FDD mode (R3), the

TDD modes High Chip Rate (HCR) and Low Chip Rate (LCR also called

TD-SCDMA) (R4), downlink data rate of 14.4 Mb/s High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (R5), HSUPA for uplink and Mobile Broadcast

Multicast System (MBMS) (R6), and finally multi-antennas MIMO techniques

(R7). The CDMA 2000 family also comprises a series of standards, from



10/24


CDMA 2000 1xRTT (using the same RF bandwidth as IS-95) to CDMA 2000

Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) which supports downlink data rates up to

3.1 Mb/s and uplink data rates of up to 1.8 Mb/s for Revision A, and much

higher rates for Rev. B (exceeding 10 Mb/s DL obtained by bundling of RFchannels) comparable to those of UMTS HSDPA. The continuous evolution

and innovation of the UMTS air interface is summarized in Figure 5. The ITU

did set guidelines for 3G systems in the IMT-2000 framework to support data

rate 144 kb/s for high mobility and 2 Mb/s in a fixed location. Although the

UMTS system met the IMT- 2000 guidelines from the start of when Release 99

was standardized, the need for improved spectral efficiency, network

optimizations and new services have motivated continued enhancements of

UMTS In June 02, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was

introduced as part of the UMTS Release 5 standards. The main objectives of

HSDPA was to achieve a substantial increase in network capacity, an increase

in peak throughputs (up to 14 Mb/s) and a reduction in latency in the downlink.

These objectives were achieved by implementing a number of new physical

layer and MAC-layer techniques, such as Adaptive Modulation and Coding

(AMC), fast scheduling and Hybrid ARQ, all within a new suitable architecture.

Enhanced uplink (E-DCH or HSUPA) was introduced in Release 6 to improve

uplink spectral efficiency and further reduce the latency.

4G:

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a

successor to 3G and 2G standards, with the aim to provide a wide range of data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G


11/24


rates up to ultra-broadband (gigabit-speed) Internet access to mobile as well as

stationary users. Although 4G is a broad term that has had several different and

more vague definitions, this article uses 4G to refer to IMT

Advanced ( International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced ), as defined by ITU-R . A 4G cellular system must have target peak data rates of up to

approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to

approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access,

according to the ITU requirements. Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz

should be provided. A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and

secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony , ultra-

broadband Internet access , gaming services and HDTV streamed multimedia

may be provided to users.

The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often

branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-

Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bitrate capacity of up to 100

Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the

uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used - and

more if Multiple-input multiple-

output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are

used. Most major mobile carriers in the

United States and several worldwide carriers

have announced plans to convert their

networks to LTE beginning in 2009. The

world's first publicly available LTE-service was opened in the two

Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo on the 14 December 2009, and

branded 4G. The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo


12/24


Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial

Radio Access (E-UTRA).

UMB ( Ultra Mobile Broadband ) was the brand name for a discontinued

4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve

the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and

requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm , UMB's lead sponsor, announced

it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead. [5] The

objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75

Mbit/s upstream.

In all these suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio

technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced

by frequency-domain equalization schemes, for example multi-carrier

transmission such as OFDMA . This is combined with MIMO (i.e. multiple

antennas(Multiple In Multiple Out)), dynamic channel allocation and channel-

dependent scheduling .

5G (Real wireless world) (WWWW: World Wide Wireless Web):

The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, is started from 4G

technologies. The following evolution will based on 4G and completed its idea

to form a REAL wireless world. Thus, 5G should make an important difference

and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G; 5G should be a more

intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits.

Integrated 3G Network Architecture:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-domain_equalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-domain_equalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_scheduling


13/24


\

Evolution towards 4G:



14/24


Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G

standards, named Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband ,

respectively. Being based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using

advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO , these specifications already

display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G.

However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s

for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are

classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press

release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our

customers 4G services." With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are

offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G ) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo,

Norway.

3G vs 4G :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://mobileinsight.blogspot.com/2008/01/3g-vs-4g.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://mobileinsight.blogspot.com/2008/01/3g-vs-4g.html


15/24


vs

There has been more talk about 4G (fourth generation) mobile broadband

recently and Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN's) has announced that the first 4Gfieldtrials have been completed in Berlin.

As 4G seems to have taken a step closer to reality, I decided to do some

research and find out what advantages 4G may offer over 3G. The

specifications for 4G are not standardized yet but the following 3G vs 4G table

gives an idea of what 4G is likely to provide.



16/24


Technology 3G 4GFrequency band 1.8 - 2.5GHz 2 - 8GHzBandwidth 5-20MHz 5-20MHzData rate Up to 2Mbps 100Mbps moving - 1Gbps stationaryAccess W-CDMA VSF-OFCDM and VSF-CDMAFEC Turbo-codes Concatenated codesSwitching Circuit/Packet Packet

The existing 3G W-CDMA standard will be replaced in 4G by VSF-

OFCDM and VSF-CDMA. VSF-OFCDM allows extremely high downlink

connections, both indoors and outdoors. VSF-CDMA provides high-efficiency,

high-speed packet transmissions for the uplink.

The 4G adoption of concatenated FEC (Forward Error Correction) will

allow much larger data packets to be transmitted and at the same time reduce

the bit error rate. This will increase the overall data through-put.

One of the main advantages that 4G technology will have over 3G ishigher data rates. This will benefit the end user by allowing faster access to

multimedia and video while on the move.

3G-4G Features:



17/24


1. High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology. 4G networks

are all-IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any system at

any time and anywhere.

2 .Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.3. Personalization, integrated services

4. Entirely packet switched networks.

5. All network elements are digital.

6. Higher bandwidth

7. Coping with the expected growth in Internet

8.4G networks expected to support real-time multimedia services that are highly

time-sensitive.

9. Data rates:

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expectfrom 3G equipment or providers. While stating in commentary that "it isexpected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum datarate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a movingvehicle, the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or

what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3Gintended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.coming to 4g it hasdata rates upto100mbps to 2 gbps.

10.Security:

3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors. Byallowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to,the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator.3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream

cipher . However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security isoffered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this isnot strictly a 3G property.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASUMI_(block_cipher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cryptohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASUMI_(block_cipher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cryptohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipher


18/24


3G/4G Applications

a. Voice

Voice is and remains the most important type of application in mobile

telecommunications. However, it will increasingly be combined with other

forms of communication to form multimedia communication. Even the pure

voice service can provide new possibilities for applications. It is already

possible to set up multipoint conference calls, but this has not been widely

exploited. And voice mail will be an attractive alternative for text-based mail

systems, such as e-mail or SMS. ETSI has also specified the advanced speech

call items (ASCI) features for GSM.

b. Messaging



19/24


The success of SMS messaging shows that there is a marketplace for

services like these. SMS messages are a convenient way to send notes to other

people. They do not interrupt the other persons tasks like phone calls do.

Subscribers like the fixed- charge aspect of SMS and the precision and apparent permanence of text; it is easier to read a new address than to remember it during

a phone call.

The basic text-based SMS will also be available in 3G/4G, but the faster

data rates of the new system make it possible to send much more than plain text

in these messages. There is a new concept developed based on the notion of an

enhanced SMS concept. This is called the multimedia messaging service

(MMS).

E-mail is probably a very safe bet when predicting 3G/4G applications.

E-mail is widely used in the Internet and increasingly in mobile terminals. The

barrier to its wider use has been the clumsy input facility provided by the

standard handset.

c. Internet Access

Internet access is an almost mandatory application for 3G/4G mobile

terminals. Over the last decade the Internet has grown to be a very important

communication medium, and it continues to grow rapidly. Access to a

communication medium as important as the Internet must be included in a

3G/4G application portfolio.

Fortunately, this access will be relatively easy to implement in a 3G/4G

terminal. The 3GPP is specifying an all-IP network, which means that Internet

protocols could be used all the way down to the terminal level.

d. Location-Based Applications



20/24


Emergency services E911 - Enhanced 911

Value-added personal services Friend finder, directions

Commercial services Coupons or offers from nearby stores

Network internal Traffic & coverage measurements

Lawful intercept extensions Law enforcement locates suspect

Location (in 3D), speed and direction With timestamp

Accuracy of measurementSecurity & Privacy

authorized clients, secure info exchange, privacy control by user and/or operator

e. Games

Games will be another major application segment in 3G/4G. Most people

do not admit that they like playing computer games, but despite this, the games

are still selling extremely well. So this would be another important applicationof next generation mobile system.

f. Electronic Agents

Electronic agents are supposed to play an important role for mobile

working in the future as agents are dispatched to carry out searches and tasks

on the Internet and report back to their owners. This is an efficient way to get

things done on the move. Electronic agents are defined as mobile programsthat go to places in the network to carry out their owners instructions. Agents

are self-contained programs that roam communication networks, delivering and

receiving messages or looking for information or services. Certainly, 3G



21/24


terminals will give their owners much more control over their lives than todays

mobile phones. They will be e-assistance, e-secretaries, e-advisors, e-

administrators etc. This kind of control is what home automation applications

anticipate.g. Dating Applications

These are already very popular in Asia including Bangladesh. Many

people prefer to get to know other people without revealing their own identity

first. The technical implementation of a dating application may vary. It can be a

simple bulletin board with dating adverts combined with an anonymous e-mail

server, or it could be a lonely-hearts mobile chat room. Users can also set uptheir own profiles (or the profile for the company they seek), and wait until the

matchmaker application finds a suitable victim. Dating ads may also include

still images and audio clips.

h. Adult Entertainment

And the last in this list, but certainly not the least profitable, is the adult

entertainment sector. This is the most profitable entertainment business in

general, and it will remain so in 3G. The premiums will be very high. It will be

interesting to see how operators deal with adult entertainment. It is a lucrative

market, and they would certainly want to take their share of the profit somehow.

On the other hand, in some countries there may be regulations preventing

operators from providing this kind of service, or it is simply not socially or

politically acceptable for an operator to do so. In any case, it will be verydifficult to censor adult entertainment services because, in most countries, these

will be legal or only modestly regulated. UMTS is a global system; thus, these

services can be accessed anywhere. Monitoring access to the fixed Internet is an



22/24


almost impossible task, and here we have an Internet with mobile users, who

can be anonymous if they have prepaid subscriptions.

These kinds of applications need big color displays and relatively high

data-transmission capability for downloading still images and video clips. Atthe present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is capable of providing users with

streaming high-definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a

DVD-5 (for example a movie), can be downloaded within about 5 minutes for

offline access. Payment for services could be handled instantly with the

embedded payment card.

DRAWBACKS:

1. HIGHIER COST

2. SHORTER BATTERY LIFE

3. LACK OF INTERNATIONAL UNIFORMED STANDARDS

4. DIFFICULT TO ANALYSE THE TECHNOLOGY

5. TOUGH TO PROVIDE FOR RURAL AREAS

Conclusion



23/24


Nowadays, wireless technology is getting popular and important in the

network and the Internet field. In this paper, I briefly introduced the history

background of 1G to 4G, compared the differences of 3G and 4G, andillustrated how 4G may work for more convenient and powerful in the future.

4G just right started from 2002 and there are many standards and technologies,

which are still in developing process. Therefore, no one can really sure what the

future 4G will look like and what services it will offer to people. However, we

can get the general idea about 4G from academic research; 4G is the evolution

based on 3Gs limitation and it will fulfill the idea of WWWW, World Wide

Wireless Web, offering more services and smooth global roaming with

inexpensive cost.



24/24

Documents

3g 4g Communications