48241294 sistem-endokrine

Sistem endokrinSistem endokrin

Di akhir sesi pembelajaran pelatih Di akhir sesi pembelajaran pelatih:dapat:dapat

1.Menghuraikan lokasi kelenjarkelenjar sistem endokrina.

2.Menyenaraikan kelenjarkelenjar sistem endokrina.3.Menyatakan fungsi kelenjar

a.Pitutarib.Tiroidc.Paratiroidd.Adrenale.Pinealf.Timusg.Pankreash.Gastrik, mucosa intestinal, plasenta.i.

Sistem endokrina dikelaskan kepada dua:

1. Kelenjar endokrina selsel, tisutisu danorganorgan yang merembeskan hormon ke dalam cecair badan secara langsung tanpa duktus.

2. Kelenjar eksokrina bhg organ yg merembeskan penghasilan ke dlm dan permukaan badan melalui duktus.

Nama kelenjar Nama kelenjar LokasiLokasi

1 kelenjar 1 kelenjarpituitaripituitari

– Terlekat pada hipotalamus – Terlekat pada hipotalamus ( )sella turcica pelana turki ( )sella turcica pelana turki

1 kelenjar tiroid 1 kelenjar tiroid , Di bawah larink depan trakea , Di bawah larink depan trakea

4 kelenjar 4 kelenjarparatiroidparatiroid

Di permukaan posterior tiroid Di permukaan posterior tiroid

2 kelenjar adrenal 2 kelenjar adrenal Di atas pada setiap ginjal Di atas pada setiap ginjal

Nama kelenjar Lokasi

1 kelenjar pineal Di antara hemisfera serebral

2 ovari Di permukaan posterior ligamen

, lebar melekat pada mesovarium

2 testis Di dalam kaviti skrotum

- Sel sel islets langerhans

Bertaburan di pankreas

Nama kelenjar Lokasi

Plasenta Di uterus semasa ibu hamil

Timus Di mediastinum

& Gastrik mukosaintestinal

Di dalam kaviti abdomen

Klasifikasi Hormon Klasifikasi Hormon

Endokrina Endokrina hormon yang dikeluarkan ke hormon yang dikeluarkan ke dlm peredaran darah dan hanya berinteraksi dlm peredaran darah dan hanya berinteraksi - .dengan sel sel sasaran - .dengan sel sel sasaran

ParakrinaParakrina hormon yang bertindak ke atas hormon yang bertindak ke atas - .sel sel yang terdekat- .sel sel yang terdekat

Autokrina Autokrina hormon yang dikeluarkan dan hormon yang dikeluarkan dan - seterusnya bertindak ke atas sel sel yang - seterusnya bertindak ke atas sel sel yang .mengeluarkanya.mengeluarkanya

The Endocrine Glands The Endocrine Glands

& The Endocrine Glands their Hormones & The Endocrine Glands their Hormones

:Basic principles in hormone actions :Basic principles in hormone actions

This helps maintain This helps maintain HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS

& The Endocrine Glands their Hormones

Pineal Gland

- Main hormone secretedMELATONIN

- Role Melatonin

-- : Mammals Regulate reproductive activity in response to environmental light cycles. . e g Some mammals mate in

( ), summer lot of light while (others mate in winter low ).light

& The Endocrine Glands their Hormones & The Endocrine Glands their Hormones

Thyroid Gland

- Produces 3 main hormones- Produces 3 main hormones

- ( )Triiodothyronine T3- ( )Triiodothyronine T3- ( )Thyroxine T4- ( )Thyroxine T4

Regulate body metabolism and are Regulate body metabolism and are important in bone growth and maturation important in bone growth and maturation

of the brain of the brain- :Congenital lack of thyroid hormones- :Congenital lack of thyroid hormones

.Cretinism.Cretinism

--CalcitoninCalcitonin Acts by reducing calcium levels Acts by reducing calcium levels


Parathyroid Gland

- Parathyroid Hormone- Parathyroid Hormone

Raises Blood Calcium Raises Blood Calcium

( antagonize( antagonize CalcitoninCalcitonin ))

, This hormone acts on bone kidney , This hormone acts on bone kidney and the gut and the gut


Thymus Gland

--ThymosinThymosin : : Stimulates the production of Lymphocytes Stimulates the production of Lymphocytes

--ThymostatinThymostatin : : Inhibits the production of Lymphocytes Inhibits the production of Lymphocytes

ThymusThymus : : Important for the neonatal Important for the neonatal production of antibodies production of antibodies

:Thymus :Thymus Gland being at the center Gland being at the center , , of endocrine neural and immune , , of endocrine neural and immune

systemssystems


Heart

- Granular cells in the heart muscle- Granular cells in the heart muscle secrete secrete ( )Atrial Natriuretic Factor ANF ( )Atrial Natriuretic Factor ANF

. .. .ANFANF : ,Regulates blood pressure : ,Regulates blood pressure , blood volume and excretion , blood volume and excretion

, of water sodium and , of water sodium andpotassiumpotassium

. .. .ANFANF : Also a neuropeptide in : Also a neuropeptide in the brain the brain


Gastrointestinal Hormones Gastrointestinal Hormones

- The mucosa of the GI tract secretesa dozen PEPTIDE hormones :3 most important.1 Secretin :

Secreted in the small intestine Stimulates the secretion

of pancreatic bicarbonate and has other functions on digestion. 2 Gastrin :

Secreted in the walls of stomach Stimulate

hydrochloric acid secretion stimulate

pancreatic enzyme secretion. 3 Cholecystokinin :

Secreted in the small intestine Stimulate gall

bladder contraction Stimulate pancreatic

enzyme secretion


Pancreas

Endocrine cells in the pancreassecrete 2 major types of hormones

.1 Insulin : Secreted in response to

increase in blood glucose ; levels So insulin LOWERS glucose levels by INCREASING glucose UPTAKE in cells where

.it is stored as glycogen. 2 Glucagon :

Increases blood glucose levels by

stimulating the conversion of glycogen to

.glucose in the liver

: & A parte Insulin Diabetes

& Insulin Diabetes

Diabetes : , .Hyperglycemia ie Elevated Blood Sugar

: 2 Types The distinction is based upon whether the blood sugar problem is

( )caused by insulin deficiency Type 1 ( )or insulin resistance Type 2

- Type 1 Insulin Deficiency : There is not enough insulin produced by the pancreas

so the patient must inject insulin on a dailybasis

- Type 2 Insulin Resistance : There is plenty of insulin but the cells of the body are resistant

, to its action so increase in blood sugar This form is controlled by a strict diet


Adrenal Glands

: & 2 parts Medulla Cortex

Adrenal Cortex : 3 categories of steroid

hormones. 1 Mineralocorticoids. 2 Glucocorticoids. 3 Sex Steroids

Adrenal Medulla. 1 Adrenaline. 2 Noradrenaline


Adrenal Cortex

If there is a sodium,deprivation Aldosterone is secreted and

acts to increase reabsorption of

( +) sodium ions NA in thekidneys

, salivary glands and sweat.glands

, Stress Hormone converts stored proteins to carbohydrate during

. Stress Anti inflammatory and .Immunosuppressive functions

Androgen

Estrogen

Influence sexual differentiation and bodily changes during puberty


Adrenal Medulla

:Adrenaline Released following stress due to environmental

; extremes Increases heart rate and blood glucose levels

, so increases the amount of work the muscles

Noradrenaline : , As Adrenaline act as a NT ( ) ; neuro transmiter in the brain Periphery increase blood pressure

and constrict blood vessels ( , , …)noradrenaline stress and heart disease


; Gonads Testes

: The male gonads producesAndrogens

= Primary androgen TESTOSTERONE : Other androgen

Dihydrotestosterone Androstenedione

Testosterone : Important formasculinization

Control of sperm production Development of male sexual

characteristics Activation of sexual and aggressive behaviors


; Gonads Ovaries

2 major classes of hormonesESTROGENSPROGESTINS

: Primary ESTROGEN Estradiol :others ,Estriol Estrone

: Synthetic estrogens Birth control pills : - Estrogens Development of sexual

characteristics at puberty - Influence metabolic rate - Influence sexual and maternal behavior


; Gonads Ovaries

PROGESTIN : Progesterone

- Stimulates breast and uterine & enlargement at puberty during

menstrual cycle- ( Maintains pregnancy inhibits menstrual

)cycle during pregnancy

Other hormone released at the end of : pregnancy Relaxin

.Acts to prepare the birth canal

.Estrogen and Progesterone act in synergy


Placenta

- Hormones secreted by the fertilized egg( )Used in pregnancy tests

( )Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG Act by keeping progesterone high at the

beginning of a pregnancy

( )Human Placental Lactogen HPL Stimulates the mammary glands to begin

to secrete milk

& The Pituitary Gland its Hormone

Also called the HYPOPHYSIS


- Attached to the HYPOTHALAMUS

- Secretion of the pituitary hormones is regulated by hypothalamus

- -HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARYconnection


ANATOMY

- 3 parts

--> Anterior Lobe- pars distalis

--> Intermediate Lobe- pars intermedia

--> Posterior Lobe- pars nervosa (“ ” )neural cells

direct extension of the

hypothalamus

ADENOhypophysis

NEUROhypophysis


Attaches the hypothalamus to thepituitary. Also calledthe Infundibulum

Neurohypophysis

- Neuroscretory Cells - ( )Paraventricular nucleus PVN - ( )Supraoptic nucleus SON

- Hormones secreted

-OXYTOCIN-VASOPRESSIN

PVN SON

AXONS



Neurohypophysis

PVN SON

AXONS

& OXYTOCIN VASOPRESSIN- Are really HYPOTHALAMIChormones

- : OXYTOCIN

2 main functions

--> promotes uterine contractions --> stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands during lactation

- :VASOPRESIN

--> Antidiuretic hormone --> Raises blood pressure --> promotes water reabsorption by kidneys --> : centrally may promote

memory

- Binding proteins for both & oxytocin vasopressin

--> Neurophysins



Neurohypophysis

PVN SON

AXONS



Adenohypophysis

AXONS

( )ADENOHYPOPHYSIS ANTERIOR

Mechanism for release of hormones

True endocrine gland because release hormone in the bloodstream

( )hypophysal portal system


Median eminence

. 1 Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus release their hormones at the median eminence

. 2 Hormones circulate in bloodstream

. 3 Carried to the adenohypophysis

. 4 Stimulates secretion of other hormones from the adenophysis

. 5 These hormones are then released in the bloodstream to reach .their target cells



Adenohypophysis

AXONS

: Adenohypophysis 6 hormones

. ( )1 Growth Hormone GH ( ‘ ’)also called somatotropin …’ ’= tropic stimulating effect

= GH promotes growth in almost all body cells

A lot of attention for degenerative…..disease

-Alzheimer-Parkinson- - .Anti Aging etc



Adenohypophysis

AXONS


. 2 Adrenocorticotropic HormoneACTH

: Role Stimulates synthesis and release of glucocorticoid hormones

‘ - -Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal’Axis



Adenohypophysis

AXONS


. 3 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH

: Role Stimulates the synthesis and ( )release of thyroxine T4

( )and triiodochyronine T3 .from the thyroid



Adenohypophysis

AXONS

: Adenohypophysis 6 hormones = 3 last hormones

…. gonadotropic hormones

. ( )4 Follicle stimulating hormone FSH

: , Role In both sexes promotes the development of reproductive

( ) cells gametes and promotes secretion of

gonadal hormones

: Males stimulates sperm production : Females stimulates growth of primary follicle of ovary



Adenohypophysis

AXONS



. ( )5 Luteinizing hormone LH

: Role

: Female Stimulates ovulation and -formation of progesterone secreting cells

: Males Stimulates cells that secrete ( . . )androgens e g testosterone



Adenohypophysis

AXONS



. ( )6 Prolactin PRL

: Role Initiates milk synthesis in mammary glands

Other functions related to & growth parental behavior

Interaction with serotonin also( )important in depression



Adenohypophysis

AXONS

Non traditional hormone from theadenohypophysis

--> -beta endorphin

Derivative from POMC

POMC : synthesized in the pars distalis and pars intermedia

, &Broken down into ACTH MSH- beta endorphins by enzymes


-Beta Endorphin : Role to play in --> Analgesia--> Learning and Memory--> Psychiatric diseases--> , ,Feeding Thermoregulation--> Blood pressure--> ‘ ’…..also called the drug of the jogger



AXONS

Synthesize the hormone calledMelanocyte stimulating hormoneswhich acts in amphibian to changeskin color

TERIMA KASIH TERIMA KASIH

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48241294 sistem-endokrine