5 Circulatory and respiratory systems

1--Role of plateletemake the blood clot/forms a scab;• they stick together in cuts and make fibres grow;• prevents infection;• stops bleeding

2--Describe one effect on the blood that a person training at altitudemay experience.

• Causes the body to adapt and increase the number of red blood cells• Increases the amount of oxygen that can be transporte

3--Describe one illness or condition that is the result of a blood disorder. How can the illness or condition affect a person’s ability to play sport?

anaemia – tiredness, unable to complete endurance events• haemophilia – inability to clot blood so contact sports should be avoided• excessive blood clotting – reduction in the flow of blood which reduces the amount of oxygenreaching muscles• thalassemia – reduces the ability to produce haemoglobin, therefore, less oxygen can reachmuscles• leukaemia – white blood cells are damaged – tiredness, infections.• AIDS/HIV – immune system affected – tiredness, muscle weakness

4-Describe the changes in the circulatory system during exercise.

• increase in heart rate• increase in the amount of oxygen in the blood• increase in carbon dioxide in the blood• increase in heart rate due to the release of adrenalin• gas exchange is more efficient during exercise• muscles squeeze on veins squirting blood faster back to the heart• increase in the amount of blood in each beat• arterioles widen to ensure blood pressure does not rise• blood gets shunted to where it is most needed• vasodilatation and vasoconstriction takes place• skin becomes redder as more blood is shunted closer to the surface• blood supply to the brain remain constant• more oxygen released into the bloodstream means more oxygen supplied to muscles

Why is increased stroke volume linked to improved performance• increased stroke volume

• increased cardiac outputThere would be an increase in the amount of blood pumped around the body/lower restingheart rate.• There would be an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to muscles/able to go on forlonger/increased stamina.

Describe the differences in the respiratory systems of a top athlete compared to an unfitPerson

Tidal volume would be greater – the volume of air that you breathe inand out would be greater;• Respiratory rate will increase- the number of breathes you take in aminute will be greater for an unfit person;• Minute volume will increase;• Gas exchange would be better as the trained athlete would have anincreased number of alveoli in the lungs. / increase in capilliarisation /larger lungs;• When gas exchange improves carbon dioxide can be removedquicker;• Vital capacity will increase – the maximum volume of air that you canbreathe out after breathing in as much as you can;• Intercostal muscles would be stronger. [

What is meant by the following terms?cardiac output ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................stroke volume ..........................................................................................................................

Cardiac Output• the volume of blood pumped from the heart in one minuteStroke Volume• the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart each beat.

Describe changes in breathing from walking to runningInhaling• the intercostals muscles contract;• the rib cage is pulled upwards;• the chest expands;• the diaphragm contracts, causing it to flatten;• this makes the chest larger;• the decrease in air pressure allows air to move into the lungs;Exhaling• the intercostals muscles relax;• the rib cages lowers;• the chest cavity gets smaller;• the diaphragm relaxes causing it to bulge upwards;

• the lungs become compressed thus forcing the air out of the lungs;• breathing becomes faster/heavier/CO2 being breathed out is increased/gaseousexchange becomes quicker;• the amount of oxygen breathed in increases;

Describe two ways that the body controls its temperature

Blood vessels widen (Vasodilation);• Blood flows nearer the surface / blood temperature increases resultsin radiation;• Sweat glands make more sweat;• Sweat evaporates to cool the skin / sweating;• Shivering when cold;• Body hair will either lay down or stand up to either insulate orincrease heat loss;• Blood vessels constrict (VasoconstrictionWhat is the function of plasma and platelets in the blood?• Plasma – Acts as the transport systemMaintains the correct balance of chemicalsMaintains water content and temperature in the bodyCarries waste products• Platelets – Helps produce clotting when a blood vessel is damaged

The effects of lactic acid on muscles• tired/fatigue• painful/sore• burning sensation• stop working

Describe what will happen to an athlete when an Oxygen Debt occurs• the athlete will gulp in air to pay off the oxygen debt• he/she will have to stop all out effort• the volume of oxygen consumed during recovery from exercise in excess of that which wouldnormally be consumed in the same period [1]

Describe the differences in the respiratory systems of a top athlete compared to an unfitPerson

Tidal volume would be greater – the volume of air that you breathe inand out would be greater;• Respiratory rate will increase- the number of breathes you take in aminute will be greater for an unfit person;• Minute volume will increase;• Gas exchange would be better as the trained athlete would have anincreased number of alveoli in the lungs. / increase in capilliarisation /larger lungs;• When gas exchange improves carbon dioxide can be removed

quicker;• Vital capacity will increase – the maximum volume of air that you canbreathe out after breathing in as much as you can;• Intercostal muscles would be stronger. [3]