77775904 Bhaktapur District Transport Master Plan Nepal

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His Majesty's Government of NepalMinistry of Local Development

DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEEBhaktapur

FINAL REPORTDistrict Transport Master Plan (DTMP)

Bhaktapur

February , 2002

Submitted by

ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd.P.O. Box 2147Min Bhawan, New BaneshworKathmandu, NepalTel: 493764 (Hunting Line),Fax: +977-1-482298E-mail: [email protected]

Web site: www.scaef.com/iteconepal
mailto:[email protected]://www.scaef.com/iteconepalhttp://www.scaef.com/iteconepalhttp://www.scaef.com/iteconepalmailto:[email protected]


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District Transport Master Plan (DTMP), Bhaktapur FINAL REPORT

ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 BACKGROUND 11.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING 21.3 RATIONALE OF DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING 21.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3

2. DISTRICT PROFILE ANALYSIS 62.1.1 Location 62.1.2 Geophysiography 62.1.3 Climate 7

2.2 DEMOGRPHIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS 72.2.1 Demography 72.2.2 Social Development 72.2.3 Health services 72.2.4 Religious Centre and Heritage 8

2.3 SERVICE CENTRE 82.3.1 Overview 82.3.2 Briefs on key growth centre 9

2.4 EXISTING TRANSPORT CONDITION 122.4.1 Accessibility 132.4.2 Trading routes. 132.4.3 Existing roads 142.4.4 Roads under DOR 142.4.5 Agriculture profile 14

2.5 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE 152.6 EXISTING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND OTHER SERVICES 16

2.6.1 Transportation 162.6.2 Communication 162.6.3 Electricity 162.6.4 Banking and Finance 16

3. DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING 173.1 POPULATION AND ITS IMPACT 173.2 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE POTENTIALITY 183.3 POTENTIALITY OF GROWTH CENTRE 183.4 BRIEFS ON EXISTING ROAD AND REQUIRED INTERVENTIONS 18

3.4.1 Bhaktapur Ring Road 193.4.2 Bastakoti Chowk Khadkadil 213.4.3 Byansitole Gelalgaon 213.4.4 Mahakalichowk - Pakunepati - Changunarayan 213.4.5 Chyamasingh (Bhaktapur) Amaldol (Nala) 213.4.6 Bramhayani Kalamasi 223.4.7 Chakrapanichowk (Katunje) Lubu 22


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3.5 PRIORITY OF ROADS 223.6 TENTATIVE COST OF PROPOSED DTMP ROADS 253.7 BUS PARK 283.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 283.9 SOCIAL IMPLICATION 29

4. PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF DISTRICT RURAL ROAD NETWORK 304.1 NEPAL RURAL ROAD STANDARD 304.2 SCORING SYSTEM FOR SCREENING AND GRADING 314.3 FEASIBLE NEW LINKAGES 344.4 INTER DISTRICT LINKAGE 344.5 PROSPECTIVE PLAN OF DISTRICT RURAL ROAD NETWORK 34

5. FUNDING PERSPECTIVE OF THE DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN355.1 EXISTING FUNDING SCENARIO 355.2 BUDGET FORECAST FOR DTMP 36

6. DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN 386.1 FIVE YEAR DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN 386.2 LIST OF PRIORITISED DISTRICT ROADS 396.3 REHABILITATION OF DISTRICT ROADS 39

7. STRENGTHENING OF INSTITUTION 428. PLAN, IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSAL 43ANNEXES:A. Status of Roads in Bhaktapur DistrictB. Inventory of District and Village RoadsC. Central Services of Emerging Growth CentresD. Work Plan for the Preparation of DTMPE. Road Linkage Demands from Municipalities and VDCs

MAPS:1. District Location Map2. District Map with VDC Boundary3. Existing Services Centre Map4. Land Use Map5. Overview on Construction Stages of District Roads6. District Transport Master Plan7. Geological Map

ABBREVIATIONS

ARP : Agricultural Road Programme


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C-dot : Central Department of Telecommunication AuthorityDADO : District Agricultural Development OfficeDBUD : Department of Building and Urban DevelopmentDDC : District Development CommitteeDIARS : District Agricultural and Rural Roads SectionDIM : District Inventory MapDIO : District Irrigation OfficeDoLIDAR : Department of Local Infrastructure Development and

Agricultural RoadsDoR : Department of RoadsDPA : Development Potential AreaDRCC : District Road Coordination CommitteeDTMP : District Transport Master PlanDWSO : District Water Supply OfficeHa : HectareHMGN : His Majesty's Government of NepalIDPM : Indicative Development Potential Map

ILO : International Labour Organisationkm : KilometerLDO : Local Development OfficerLGA : Local Self Governance ActMLD : Ministry of Local DevelopmentMP : Master PlanMT : Metric TonNEC : Nepal Engineering CollegeNRRS : Nepal Rural Road StandardPCU : Passenger Car UnitPP : Perspective PlanTU : Transport Unit

VDC : Village Development CommitteeRRA : Rapid Rural Appraisal


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ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd. Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Agriculture is one of the largest sector in Nepalese economy. It contributes about forty percentof the Gross Domestic Product. Over ninety percent of the population of Nepal directly orindirectly depends upon agriculture. The living standard of rural people cannot be improvedunless the priority is given to the agriculture sector. Transportation is one of the crucial factorto determine the potentiality of agriculture whether in Terai or in Hilly areas of Nepal. A poortransport infrastructure results into less market centre availability. The inaccessibility of roadshave been felt by the rural people as a major obstacle to improve their living standard apartfrom being deprived off of the availability of electricity, water supply facilities etc. In absence ofroad, the basic facilities such as health services, education and communication can not alsobe within the reach of poor communities.

In this regards, the rural roads which link farms to the market centres of nearby strategic roads

network are very much important. The national strategy of Nepal has emphasized thedevelopment of basic rural infrastructure, particularly rural roads in a planned and sustainablemeans adopting the labour based, local resource oriented, environmentally friendly andHMG/Ndecentralised approach. The existing rural roads network at present has limitedeconomic impact because of its low density of 6 km per 100 km2. The ninth five year plan andagricultural prospective plan highlight the need for a substantial increase in rural road length to11 km per 100 km2 within the next 20 years. To achieve this target, it has been estimated that700 km of road construction would be required every year which needs enormous amount ofinvestment. The common experience with road construction in Nepal has been their high costper kilometre, long period of construction and significant maintenance cost. However, it isworth mentioning the existing trend of local government to set aside about sixty percent ofbudget for road sector against all other infrastructure development program.

The expansion of district roads network in Nepal has been accorded high priority by localauthorities at DDCs and VDCs during the last decade. With the introduction of theGovernment's decentralisation policy in 1992, the responsibility for planning, construction andmaintenance of the district rural roads was transferred to the respective DDCs under the policyand institutional back up of MLD. The planned and sustainable development of road network inthe district shall increase the capacity of individuals to mobilise resources and to takeadvantage of income generating opportunities.

The Government has emphasised to extend, improve and maintain the strategic roadsnetwork during the last decade. It is obvious that strategic roads network influence the

orientation of the local roads network. Before the local roads were built the pedestrian trailsfunctioned as long distance linkages of the rural centres. Roads that replace these linkagesoften follow the trail alignment and then the trails become extinct. This transition process frompedestrian trails to motorable roads calls for sound planning at the district level.

The District Transport Master Plan, the first of its kind in Bhaktapur District, is expected toguide and enhance rural development in rural hinder land of Bhaktapur by providing betteraccess to services and by better management of natural resources.


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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING

The master plan is expected to guide and develop the road network in sustainable plannedand coherent manner. The main purpose of district transport master plan is to improve theliving standard in the district by improving transport quality and thus by decreasing the cost of

consumable items, and by improving accessibility as well as comfort of the people. The mainobjective as outlined in DoLIDAR approach manual are as follows:

To develop roads in a planned and sustainable manner by adopting the labour based, localresources oriented, environmental friendly technique in accordance with the decentralisedparticipatory approach, and to facilitate accessibility to important centres and areas withresource potentiality;

To guide to spatial arrangement of rural settlement as well as emerging of towns, marketsand service centre in the district;

Establishment of a single approach for the development of rural road network by localgovernment and minimise the current ad-hoc practices of investing in roads based on short

term vision; To provide the fundamental base for planning and implementing new construction,

rehabilitation and improvement of existing roads and to maintain, repair and rehabilitate theexisting infrastructure as well as proper utilization of built up structures with the view toprovide service to the concerned people living in particular area;

To develop and connect the existing growth centres and potential growth centres throughrural road development network.

To provide milestone in study, design, planning and implementation of rural roaddevelopment activities.

1.3 RATIONALE OF DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING

The DDC has no distinct approach of planning, implementation and maintenance of rural roadand there is no co-ordination between various agencies involved in the development of ruralroad sector.

The Agricultural Perspective Plan (APP) has emphasised on improving transportation facilitiesto the markets and service centres following labour based and environment friendlyapproaches.

National strategic roads network, urban and rural roads comprise the total length of 20,600km, where 14,000 km (68 percent) of roads lies in rural areas. These rural roads built by VDCswithout proper technical investigations do not meet the standards often without proper

drainage structures and with very poor road surface. So the nations scarce resources are notutilised properly. It should be noted that 85% of rural roads function only during the dryseason. Hence a lot of resources are required to improve them into all weather condition.

The state of rural roads are in vulnerable condition due to lack of regular maintenance, ad-hocdistribution of funds, inadequate technical input, inappropriate institutional and legal provisionssupporting the maintenance aspects etc.

The approaches to carry out rural infrastructure development has differed from project toproject despite the fact that they are implemented through same VDC. In most cases, theproject approach as well as implementing agency turn out to be variable. Hence it isimperative to develop a well established single approach for rural road development. TheDTMP is prepared with the inventory and socio-economic studies of the existing and newlinkages, screening and grading of prioritised links incorporating the impact of environment


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issues. It includes the opinion of VDCs and DDCs regarding development of transport networkin conjunction with technical input from line agencies. The five year DTMP, a prioritisedabstract of long term perspective plan, highlights the long term rural road needs of the district.It provides directives on utilization of the local resources and promotion of participatoryapproach in rural road operation and maintenance. The DTMP will also discourage the trend ofad-hoc and marginal investment on a large number of infrastructures at a time.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

District Transport Master Plan is prepared through people's participatory approach andinvolvement of most important stakeholders of the district throughout the entire developmentprocess. The chronology of events in the course of development of DTMP development canbe summarised as follows:

a. Prepare and finalise indicative development potential map of district:

Awareness campaign on district transport master plan (DTMP),

Collection of data and information from district and line agency (agriculture, forestryand soil conservation and industry etc.),

Preparation of base map,

Preparation of ranking of growth centre

b. Prepare district inventory map of rural network:

Training to data collectors regarding NRRS, RRA (socio-economic) survey, transportlinkage and environmental information, district inventory map of rural network survey,

Field mobilisation and collection of data,

Identification of linkages and maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of the same,

Marking rural road class in DTMP.

c. Collection of demand for new transport linkage from VDCs: Assessment of possible transport linkages

Collect formal request from VDC and municipalities for new and existing transportlinkages,

Collect socio-economic data (RRA) on new transport linkages,

Prepare and plot demanded transport linkages.

d. Preparation of the draft perspective plan of rural road network of the district:

Preparation of scoring basis for screening and grading of transport linkage,

Analyse weighted score, importance factor/population/hydropower etc.,

Obtain approval from VDC,

Screening and grading procedure and obtain approval from district council.

e. Preparation of regional perspective plan of rural road network:

Finalisation of plan by region SDE,

Finalisation of plan by district council.

f. Prioritisation of transport linkage:

List all transport linkages (District Road, Village Road, main trail, village trail), inpreparing plan under new construction, rehabilitation, upgrading and periodicmaintenance,

Prioritisation of transportation linkage based on social economic study, socio-environmental concern project cost, local participation, traffic volume,

Prioritisation of rural road (Class A, B, C and D) and agricultural road.


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g. Preparation of first Five Year Rural Master Plan:

Examination of possible sources and allocation of fund by DDC for road sector andtentative lengths of road that can be undertaken each year,

Preparation of Five Year Master Plan,

Submission to DDC for approval,

Approval of Rural Road Master Plan.

The DTMP has been prepared based on the given guidelines of "Approach for theDevelopment of Agriculture and Rural Roads", a Manual published by DoLIDAR for thepreparation of District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). The process and activities include thecollection of information from DDCs, and VDCs, District Line Agencies (agriculture forestry,soil conservation industry etc.), private sectors and NGOs. The purpose of DTMP is to link theexisting and possible potential areas where development activities are either in progress orplanned in future. The existing and potential rank of growth centre is based on existinginfrastructure network, location, potentiality of agricultural production and market development.The physical setting of location, attitude of local people, their participation and mutualcoordination between political parties for development of infrastructure within the district is also

taken into consideration.

The rural and agriculture roads are classified by Ministry of Local Development (MoLD),Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DoLIDAR) accordingto the Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055). The documents provide the classification and othergeneral standard for rural transport network whereas strategic road network (nationalhighways, feeder roads under jurisdiction of Department of Roads) are categorised as perNepal Road Standard (2027). The rural road standard has classified the district road, villageroad, main trail and village trail. The criteria for the classification of rural transport linkage isbased on topography, traffic volume, level of users and the function of linkages.

General socio-economic study of the existing and proposed rural transport has been carried

out by conducting rapid rural appraisal (RRA) survey. The purpose of the survey is to examineeconomic activities of the settlement, the existing infrastructure service of the influenced area,land holding pattern, food grain availability, surplus or deficit of food, agricultural productionand cash crops, cereals, livestock, migration of the people for employment and the attitude ofthe people regarding participatory work. The existing mode of transport, difficulties faced bythe local people to transport the goods and kind of goods to be transported outside theinfluence are also taken into consideration.

District inventory map of rural roads is prepared to show existing rural transport linkages. Thelinkages are indicated separately for various classes viz. district road, village road etc. Theinventory is carried out to examine the road conditions and hence to find out the requirementfor rehabilitation, reconstruction, upgrading and maintenance including physical dimension ofthe road. An indicative development potential base map is prepared showing all village trails,main trails, village roads, district roads including the strategic road network (highway & feederroads).

It is found that the VDCs and DDCs have opened several roads through peoples participatoryapproach with the involvement of line agencies of the district. These fair weather roads lackside drainages, pipe culverts, slab curvets, bridges and proper geometric design. The existingroads and trails require routine, periodic maintenance, rehabilitation or upgrading. It isimperative to identify rural transport linkages that need maintenance, rehabilitation andupgrading while preparing the master plan. In this regards, the VDCs have been requested toprovide information about transport linkages that need new construction, upgrading,

rehabilitation and periodic maintenance indicating the order of priority. This informationprovides the Consultant regarding the felt need of the village development committees, ilaka


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and district in general. Such linkages demand the need justification with sufficient informationregarding the benefits and adverse impact to the adjacent settlements. The VDCs have toindicate the resources that they can contribute in form of cash contribution, contribution of landalong the right of way, free labour contribution and commitment for the maintenance of theroad after constructions. Certification of such commitments from VDCs are required forcontinued efforts of local people for road development and maintenance.

The formal request of transport linkages from all the VDCs have been collected on the formatprovided. The District Road Co-ordination Committees (DRCC) with the support of DistrictInfrastructure and Agricultural Road Section (DIARS) fix the criteria based on large settlementslinkage with high potential area for agriculture, horticulture, livestock production, businesscentre, market site, tourist attraction areas, agro based and cottage industries, as well asaccessibility to health centres, and education facilities. In addition, the importance of theproposed or existing roads may strengthen the link with national highway or feeder roads. Thefeasibility of road linkages depend upon the socio-economical study, environmental andgeological assessment. Feasible link roads are incorporated in district inventory map of ruralroad network. Draft perspective plan of district rural road network consists of existing and

proposed road, and potential growth centre of the district. The plan is presented and discussedwith District Development Committee (DDC). The draft district transport prospective plan hasbeen prepared in consultation with the engineers of DDCs of the adjacent districts with theview to link inter District Transport System.

The prioritisation of transport linkage of the district was carried out based on tentativeinvestment per kilometre, social and environmental concern, traffic volume and serviceability ofthe road. The transport linkages mentioned in the perspective plan has been listed under thenew construction, rehabilitation, upgrading and periodic maintenance categories. The transportlinkages has been ranked on priority basis in consultation with DIARS engineer. Theimplementation schedule is prepared and is based on availability of fund.


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2. DISTRICT PROFILE ANALYSIS

Bhaktapur, the smallest district of Nepal is one of the densely populated districts of Nepal. It isone of the oldest towns rich in art and culture. Several temples of Bhaktapur Municipality are ofnational and international importance. Bhaktapur is famous for wood carving and Bhadgaun

cap. The city lies 12 km east of Kathmandu and can be reached by public transport. In theyear 2053 B.S., Madhyapur Thimi municipality was formed amalgamating five villagedevelopment committees viz. Bode, Nagadesh, Chapacho, Balkumari and Dibyaswori.Villages Nagarkot, Chhaling, Sudal, Tathali, Chittapol and Nangkhel are in hilly region whereasBalkot, Katunje, Thimi are emerging as satellite towns of Kathmandu valley. Arniko Highway,the main artery of the road network, bisects the district and provides access to several villagesand emerging towns. Several motorable road of VDCs require reconstruction, upgrading andperiodic maintenance.

The transport master plan of the district in combination with the land use plan of Kathmanduvalley should be prepared and implemented to develop the district in a planned, sustainableand coherent manner. In this chapter, a general overview of the district profile related totransport planning has been provided. The information provided here underlines and illustratesthe finding and conclusions of the analysis regarding prioritisation of rural transportinfrastructure and helps in making decisions for further development.

2.1.1 Location

Bhaktapur district is (12km east of Kathmandu) located in between northern longitude 27 o 36'to 27o 44' and the eastern longitude of 85o 21' to 85o 32'. It comprises two (Bhaktapur andMadhyapur Thimi) municipalities and sixteen village development committees, covering anarea of 12,816 ha. The Manohara river, Hanumante River, Mahadev Khola, Ghatte Khola,

Khasyang Khusung Khola and Dhungre Khola are major rivers of the district. The district is16km along east west and 11 km north south, is roughly circular in shape and can be reachedwithin half an hour drive from Kathmandu.

2.1.2 Geophysiography

Bhaktapur located in between the Mahabharat lekh ranges from 1300 m to 1966 m in altitudewith hills and low mountains. Several streams of the district join Manohara and HanumanteKhola. Manahara River collects the seasonal stream along northern and eastern borderwhereas Chakhu Khola, Kalka Khola, Sipadol Khola, Tabyakosi Khola, Khasyang KhusungKhola, Gundu Khola, Charkhande Chakhu Khola join into Hanumante Khola. Since theurbanisation is inevitable the DDC should take measures to control the pollution of these rivers

at an initial stage.

Geologically the north west areas of district viz. Saraswatikhel, Somthali, Gamphedi, VDC ofDuwakot and Jhaukhel are fragmented, depressed with sand and clay cliff, prone to naturaldisaster and are not suitable for urban expansion. Such areas should be preserved anddeveloped as agricultural areas. Telkot forest area, Bageswori reserved forest and densemixed forest of Nankhel, Gundu and Chameli Danda need special protection fromencroachment by increasing population.

The geological formation of Mahabharat Range is composed of hard and soft strata. The flatterrain of Bhaktapur usually consists of alluvium, clay, boulders, gravels and sand. Themountains and hills are geologically formed from Tistung and Chandagiri formation. The

Chandagiri formation generally is composed of light fine grained crystalline limestone, partlysiliceous and thick to massively bedded white quartzite in upper parts. Wavy lime stones


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contain late Ordovician echinoderms. The Tistung formation along Telkot and Bageswori forestconsists of green grey coloured phyllites, pink purplish, lined sand stone with sandy lime stoneripple marks, clay cracks and worm cracks.

2.1.3 Climate

The climatic condition of Bhaktapur district ranges from sub-tropical to variable temperate. Theair temperature varies from 2.5oc in winter and 30oc in summer. The relative humidity rangesfrom 62 to 97 percent and vapour pressure average is 8.4 to 19.8 mb. Average rainfall in thedistrict is 1850mm. Climatic condition of Bhaktapur Municipality differs from the climaticcondition of Nagarkot due to rapid changes in topography.

2.2 DEMOGRPHIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

2.2.1 Demography

Rapid changes in land prices and land transactions in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Balkotand Katunje have demonstrated the rapid urbanisation of Bhaktapur district. Annual growthrate of the district was 2.7 percent during 1971 and 1981 whereas the growth rate declined to1.8 percent in between 1981 and 1991, but in 1991 to 2001 the annual growth remained 2.7percent per annum. During the next five years, the population growth of Bhaktapur is expectedto rise by around three percent per annum. The 1991 census data reflects that urbanpopulation is 35 percent of total population of Bhaktapur district. The scenario in 2001 isdifferent since Madhyapur Thimi has been promulgated as Municipality in 1994 A.D.amalgamating Bode, Nagadesh, Chapacho (Bhimsen), Balkumari and Dibyaswori VDCs. Theurban population density of 82 persons per hectare in 1981 had reached 103.2 persons perhectare in 1991. The total population of the district was about 1,72,952 in 1991 and it is2,26,860 in 2001. The male and female population were fairly balanced. The total household

of 28,160 in 1991 census data gives average house-hold size of 6:1.

The settlement in rural areas are sparsely located whereas urban area has compactsettlement. Majority of the people speak Newari followed by Nepali and Tamang languages.

2.2.2 Social Development

The economically active population in Bhaktapur district was about 69,766 in 1991 andprojected economically active population is 75,181 in 2001. It includes the active population often years old and above. The major groups of economically active population are farmers,professionals, technicians, sales servicemen and labourers. Almost same number ofpopulation is economically inactive. The district data show that females share 27% in

professional jobs and administrative work whereas share in income is only 9%. The lifeexpectancy in the district is 56 year and adult literacy is 52 percent. The per capita income perannum is NRs. 9,922.

2.2.3 Health services

Essential health care services need to be provided to all people of the district. Povertyalleviation is only possible by increasing income through the participation of healthymanpower. Bhaktapur district has one district hospital with 50 beds, nine health posts andtwelve sub-health posts. The district hospital is fully equipped with laboratory facilities withfifteen doctors and twenty five nurses providing their services. The patients of the district canreach within one hour to the health posts for their health problems. The major cases recorded

by the hospital are gastroenteritis, pregnancy and gynae cases. Family planning is carried outthrough Depo, Pills and Norplant. Depo has been widely accepted as a part of family planning.


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2.2.4 Religious Centre and Heritage

Bhaktapur, the city of devotees, has emerged as Nepal's cultural capital. Because of the city'smedieval architecture, its rich tradition of ancient music, handicrafts and ritual dance as well asits present renaissance vibrant Newar culture, Bhaktapur has been designated by UNESCOas World Heritage Site.

Bhaktapur, the city of devotees, still retains its a medieval charm and visitors to this ancienttown can witness the myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glory ofMalla dynasty continues to be reflected at Durbar square. Pottery and weaving are itstraditional industries.

The golden gate is the entrance to the main court yard of the palace of 55 windows. Built byKing Ranjit Malla, the gate is one of the most beautiful and richly carved specimens of its kindin the entire world. This gate is embellished with deities and monsters with marvellousintricacy. The palace was built in 1700 AD. Among the brick walls in their gracious setting and

sculpture design is balcony of 55 windows. This balcony is a master piece of wood carving.The stone temple of Batsala Devi which is also located in the Durbar square is full of intricatecarvings. This temple also sets a beautiful example of Shikhara style architecture in Nepal.

The main square of city contains innumerable temples and other architectural show-pieces likelion gate, the statue of King Bhupatindra Malla, Batsala temple etc. A magnificent statue ofKing Bhupatindra Malla in the act of worship is placed on a column facing the palace. It waslisted in the UNESCO World heritage Monument list in 1979. Nyatapola temple, a five storeypagoda was built in 1702 AD by King Bhupatindra Malla. It is one of the tallest pagodas and isfamous for its massive structure and subtle workmanship.

2.3 SERVICE CENTRE

2.3.1 Overview

The service centres usually impart health , educational, communication and security services,as well as job opportunities to the people living within the rural and urban areas. The peopleliving in a rural areas have to travel from one place to another to get the above mentionedservices. Hence a good transport system is very necessary for the people to travel to theservice centres. Most of the people prefer to live in town due to the availability of basicinfrastructure facilities.

Bhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi are the main urban centres of the district. Kaushaltar,

Gatthaghar, Balkot, Jagate and Suryabinyak are the emerging urban centres. Most of the newsettlements are developed along the Manahara - Saga section of Arniko highway. Timelydesignation of Madhyapur Thimi into Municipality is the right step taken by the governmentwith a view to manage the infrastructure facilities for the growing urban population. Potentialrank of growth centre is based on following parameters. Detailed data collection regardingpotentiality of growth centre is presented in Annex - C.

Existing and Potential Rank of Growth Centre

I Existing Infrastructure Network

Linkage with major road

Access to electricity

Access to telephone

High School/boarding

College


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Hospital/health post

Government office facilities

Access to banking facilitiesII Central Location

Central to at least 3-4 VDCs (3 VDCs for hills and 4 VDCs for Terai)

Possible future linkage with other villagesIII Potential for the Commercial Agriculture

Access to irrigation facility

Access to rural electricity

Access to potential access to input/output marketing

Potential for production of high valued cash crops/intensive agriculture

Potential for the development of agro-based industries

Possibility of commercial livestock expansion

Closeness to service centersIV Potential for Non-agricultural Growth

Potential for the development of cottage industries

Potential for the development of small/large scale industriesV Potential for Market Development

Rapidly growing towards marketing activities

Connecting route to import business centers

Connecting route to tourist areas

Access to other market placesVI Physical Setting of the Location

Capacity to absorb settlement expansion

Less prone to natural disasters

Access or possibility for the access to sufficient water

Potential future access to sewerage disposalVII Partnership Attitude of the People

Mutual acceptance for the place by major political parties

Readiness and support for peoples' participation at local level

Interest and co-operation of the political bodies

Key growth centres of Bhaktapur district selected for district transport master plan are listed asfollows:

Bhaktapur

Thimi

Bodegaon

Kaushaltar

Lohakanthali

Gatthaghar Katunje

Nankhel

Gamcha

Palase

Bhattedanda

Telkot

Kamalbinayak

Suryabinayak

Jagate

Saraswatikhel Changu

Nalinchowk

Tarkhagal

Thakalmath

2.3.2 Briefs on key growth centre

Bhaktapur

Bhaktapur is the district headquarter and the main municipal town. It is one of the major three

towns of Kathmandu valley. The town can be called Nepal's cultural capital rich in ancienthandicraft and medieval architecture. Since Bhaktapur has been designated as World HeritageSite by UNESCO, every tourist coming to Nepal visit this place. Most of the roads are brick


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paved and ancient crafts, temples are preserved well within the town. A tourist visiting thetown, feels it as an ancient city even today. Most of the government offices, hospital andcolleges are located within the town.

Thimi

Thimi, an old urban settlement is situated 8 kilometer east of Kathmandu on the way toBhaktapur. It is famous for earthen pots, home spun cotton cloth and artistic masks. Businessactivities in this town have slowed down after Arniko Highway bypassed the settlement. Theextension of Tribhuvan International Airport had closed down the direct access of Kathmanduto Thimi. This is basically a fertile farming town and vegetables produced here is supplied tothe urban population of Kathmandu. Recently, Madhyapur Thimi has planned to construct a bypass road of two kilometre from Tindhara to a point near Hukum Pharmaceutical in MadhyapurThimi.

Kaushaltar

Kaushaltar is emerging as an urban settlement located between ward no. 15 and 16 ofMadhyapur Thimi municipality. A ribbon type of mixed residential and commercial settlementalong the highway is developing gradually.

Gatthaghar

This is another emerging satellite urban centre of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality bisected byArniko Highway gradually developing as a market centre.

Lohakanthali

Lohakanthali located at ward No. 16 of Madhyapur has emerged as expanding urban area due

to its proximity with Kathmandu. It is just one kilometre from Koteswor Chowk. Rapidurbanisation took place in this urban centre during last decade mainly due to expansion ofurbanisation in Kathmandu.

Balkot

Balkot is one of the rapidly growing urban centre of Balkot VDC located near by HanumanteKhola. Its flat terrain is suitable for agriculture as well as for urban expansion. It is advised thatthe area hereby categorised into agricultural zone, residential zone, institutional/industrial zoneand commercial zone developed in a planned way.

Saraswatikhel

This is a rural settlement (population 1500) of Duwakot VDC. The area is not suitable for urbanexpansion due to geological weak topographical feature. Landslides are prominent along theroute from Rokagaun to Saraswatikhel. Local people have made concerted effort torehabilitate the road. The settlement has access to road, electricity and telephone.

Rokagaun

The settlement has bituminous surfaced motor able access. Population of Rokagaun is about700. South-west portion of Rokagaun settlement has weak topographical features.

Gelalgaun


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This is the major settlement of Jhaukhel VDC accessible by bituminous road. Literacy rate ishigh in this village. Changunarayan High School has attracted several students from adjacentVDCs. The village has access to electricity and telephone services. About 961 persons residein this village. Mixed ethnic group of Brahmin and Chhetri represent this rural settlement.Mandev Chutari and Jyotirlingeswor Mahadevsthan are the major religious spots nearbyGelalgaun.

Changunarayan

Changunarayan, an oldest temple of Nepal, is an attractive place for pilgrims and tourists. It issituated at the end of a long ridge which runs well into the valley. It is said to be oldest templein the valley. The temple is supposed to be one of best specimen of Lichhavi architecture andwas listed in UNESCO World Heritage monument list in 1979. The temple is located at thedistance of six kilometre from Bhaktapur. The bituminous road to Changu need rehabilitationand some improvement in grade and curve is required.

Pikhel

Pikhel is densely populated area of Chhaling VDC along Bhaktapur - Changunarayan roadwhich is located at about three and half kilometre away from Bhaktapur Municipality. Electricityand telephone services are available at this place. The population of Pikhel is about 800.

Kharipati

Kharipati is the major residential and commercial area located in between Chhaling andBageswori VDCs. Police Station has been established in Kharipati with the view to providesecurity to the residence of this area. Electricity and telephone services are also available inthis growing urban centre. In addition, location of banks as well as high schools in this localityreflects the potential for urban expansion.

Telkot

Telkot (Deuralibhanjyang) is a commercial centre located at saddle point of Telkot reservedforest. Roads to Changu, Bhattedanda and Gausuli commence from this saddle.

Jitpur

Jitpur is the compact settlement area of the Sudal Village Development Committee. Its locationis nearby Sudal or Bageswori VDCs. The settlement lacks good transportation system.

Thankalmath

Ring road passes through Thankalmath rural settlement, central to Bageswori VDC and SudalVDC. The rural settlement has capacity to absorb more settlement. There is mutualcooperation among various political parties in this settlement for development works.

Saudol

Saudel is one of the agriculturally productive areas of Bhaktapur District. It is popular for potatoproduction and average farmer sells about two hundred thousand rupees worth of potato eachyear. The farmers have formed Guthi for the welfare of the society.

Deujagaun


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Deujagaun is the densely populated settlement of Chitpol VDC located just 250 metre fromArniko Highway. Telephone, electricity and schooling facilities reflect potentiality of the furtherrural settlement.

Nankhel

Nankhel, dense Newar settlement located at the foot hill of densely mixed forest is accessibleby motorable road. The road access of about one and half kilometre from Bhatdhikuro has tobe improved. The Nankhel VDC has given top priority to improve Palase, Nankhel section ofBhaktapur ring road. It lacks several infrastructure facilities.

Nayathimi

This is an urban settlement developed along highway after the opening of Arniko Highway.Although, it is not desired by urban and transport planner, ribbon type of residential andcommercial areas have developed along the highway as people prefer residence with easy

access to the highway. The movement of vehicles in this area is slow due to traffic congestion.The road section from Sallaghari to Koteswor can be termed as urban road rather than thehighway. Nayathimi has been expanded towards Gamcha settlement. In future, this settlementif developed with proper planning, can be a new urban centre. The location of regional SAARCTuberculosis Hospital has further strengthened its potentiality to develop as residential cumcommercial centre.

Katunje

Unique topography preferred by elite groups of Kathmandu as residence area prompted itsexpansion. High land price and frequent land transaction justifies the above fact. Banchaur ofKatunje can be developed as residence area in future. The route Lubu, Sirutar, Gamcha,

Katunje need widening and improvement for the short cut access to Lubu. Areas alonghighway has been rapidly growing into residential cum commercial area. Katunje, theemerging urban centre has access to electricity, telephone and possesses good transportsystem.

Gamcha

This is an residential cum commercial area of Dadhikot VDC. While travelling from Lubu, thefarmers used this route to Bhaktapur via Gamcha. Dadhikot VDC office and several retailshops are located in this settlement. Land prices along the road is six hundred to sevenhundred thousand per ropani where as the value of land is three hundred to four hundredrupees inside the main road. Each day about two full trucks of vegetables and about 300 litres

of milk are transported to Kathmandu from Dadhikot VDC. Gamcha is the trade centre ofDadhikot VDC.

Bodegaun

Bodegaun, linked by major road is one of the compact settlement of Madyapur ThimiMunicipality located nearby Manohara Khola. The road from Thimi to Mulpani passes near bythis settlement. The citizen of Bodegaun have to improve the sanitation condition of their areasthrough local club or community participation approach. Electricity, telephone services areavailable. There is a primary school inside core area of Bodegaun.

2.4 EXISTING TRANSPORT CONDITION


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2.4.1 Accessibility

Bisecting the district from Lokanthali to Saga, Arniko Highway is the main artery of the district.The highway has provided access to several VDCs such as Balkot, Dadhikot, Katunje,Sipadol, Nankhel, Chittapol, along with Madhyapur Thimi and Bhaktapur Municipalities. Thefeeder road from Sallaghari to Nagarkot also provides access to Bageswori, Sudal andChhalin VDCs. These main strategic roads network maintained by Department of Roads hasprovided all weathered bituminous surfaced road inside the district. The old route toBhaktapur, via Sinamangal and Thimi is also a parallel road to Bhaktapur from Kathmandu,although the extension of Tribhuvan International Airport has greatly minimized the traffic flow.

The Bhaktapur district roads lacked planning at initial stage. Mostly, the existing trails aredeveloped into motor able roads. As a result, most of the existing roads lack proper geometricdesign and appropriate right of way. Many villagers and farmers do not wish to contribute theirvaluable lands for construction or extension of roads. Land prices have gone up and real stateowners have occupied several ropanies of land for future urban development.

The trend of following the previous trail and converting it to seasonal road and gravel road isthe general conventional procedure for road development in Bhaktapur. There are someinnovative planning procedures for road development in Bhaktapru district. Libali land poolingscheme has been started in 678 ropanis of land in ward No. 2 of Bhaktapur Municipality. Suchschemes need to be further promoted and facilitated by the District Development Committee inco-ordination with Department of Building and Urban Development, District Office. It took sixyears to complete Libali Urban Development Scheme, however, the people at large havebenefited from the project.

There is another simple way of road improvement and land development through properguided land development activity where each land owner contribute some portion of the landfor the road. This methodology can be applied in partially built up areas. All VDCs of the have

access to the strategic roads network. However, the existing roads need to be widened,gravelled and maintained with proper side drains, cross drainage and other related structures.

2.4.2 Trading routes.

Arniko Highway that links Kathmandu with Chinese border connects market centers Thimi,Banepa and Dhulikhel including Bhaktapur Municipality. As a result, traffic congestion isexperienced particularly along the road section between Sallaghari, Bhaktapur to Koteswor,Kathmandu. Mixing of traffic on major roads decreases efficiency of road use and increasesthe traffic accident

The feeder road that links Bhaktapur and tourist center Nagarkot has been constructed

mainly to attract national as well as international tourists. The bituminous road has providedeasy access to VDCs along the route. Ring road of Bhaktapur that passes through VillageDevelopment Committees need rehabilitation, widening and reconstruction. DDC has givenpriority for maintenance and rehabilitation of ring road. Bhaktapur-Changu road provideaccess to the temple Changunarayan. The improved transportation system to the templeenhances the flow of pilgrims and tourist as well.

Thimi road acts as an alternate route to Kathmandu from Bhaktapur. Thimi is an intermediatetown in between Kathmandu and Bhaktapur. Rapid urbanization is expected to take place inthe area. The road may be upgraded to higher design standard with at least two-lanecarriageway considering the anticipated future traffic growth. Lack of permanent bridge inManohara river has drastically reduced the traffic flow along the route.


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2.4.3 Existing roads

Road inventory survey was conducted by the consultant to identify the existing problems andissues on the traffic and road network in Bhaktapur District. The inventory includes length,width of carriage way, shoulder, side walk, right of way, pavement condition, culvert, width,length and present condition of the roads. Status of roads in Bhaktapur district is presented indetail in Annex A.

2.4.4 Roads under DOR

The two government institutions look after the roads of Bhaktapur district. Strategic roadnetwork, (highway and feeder roads) including major bridges are explicitly planned,constructed and maintained by Department of Roads, Ministry of Physical Planning andWorks, whereas district roads, village roads, trail improvement, suspension bridges and smallbridges are maintained by the District Development Committee. Department of Roads stilldoes take care of minor urban road and village roads due to their long experience andtechnical capabilities in managing the urban roads as well as village roads. Local self

governance act, 2055 has fully authorized DDC for the management of infrastructure withinthe District. It is expected that gradual transfer of responsibility from DoR to DDC will takeplace for maintenance, expansion, rehabilitation and reconstruction of district roads, urbanroads, village roads.

2.4.5 Agriculture profile

Valuable agricultural land in the district is rapidly being converted into building sites. By theyear 2020, all prime land of Bhaktapur will be urbanized at current rate of expansion. From apolicy perspective, valuable agricultural land should be preserved for as long as possible andvalley food sufficiency should be encouraged. In order to reduce the loss of prime agriculturalland, the following steps are recommended:

I) identify agricultural areas where urbanization is inevitable.II) identify priority agricultural areas requiring protection.III) develop land use regulation with approved district transport master plan.

DDC authorities must now determine their future vision of Bhaktapur transport developmentand establish appropriate plans and programs, implementation arrangement to fully utilize thedistrict rural versus urban expansion. Transport master plan as suggested should beimplemented as soon as possible based on development principle of the district.

Bhaktapur is one of the most fertile areas of the country. These fertile land have beenencroached due to urban expansion. After the opening of Sindhuli - Dhulikhel road, the urban

expansion shall be even faster. Hence, the District Development Committee conserveproductive land and forest.

Agriculture is the main source of income in Bhaktapur district and about ninety percent ofpeople earn livelihood from it. The main agricultural products, paddy, wheat, maize,vegetables, potato etc are marketed in Kathmandu and Lalitpur. Fifty percent of agriculturalland is low farm land and remaining are upland fallow land.

Paddy and wheat are the major crops of Bhaktapur District. Generally, wheat is planted rightafter the paddy crop is harvested. Upland is suitable for maize, mustard, wheat and ginger.The major vegetable producing areas are Bode, Balkumari, Nagadesh, Chapacho, Lokanthali,Sipadole and Nankhel.

Table 2.4.5: Agricultural products in metric tons per hectare.


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S.No. Crops Area (ha) Production (ha)Productivity

(MT/ha)

1. CropsPaddyWheat

MaizeMilletBarley

47004050

210016020

23,50012,150

6,30020032

5.03.0

3.01.251.6

2. Cash CropsPotatoesMustard

925305

13,875259

15.00.85

3. OthersVegetable 2850 42,750 15.0

Source: District Agriculture Office, Bhaktapur

Paddy production area are Bhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi, Taukhel, Chhaling, Bageswori,Katunje, Gundu, Dadhikot, Sirutar, Nankhel, Chitapol, Bode, Lokahanthali, Balkot, Tathali,

Sipadol, Duwakot. The wheat producing areas are Nagarkot, Chhaling, Bageswori, Changu,Jhaukhel, Sipadol, Tathali, Sudal, Nankhel, Chitpol, Gundu, Dadhilot, Sirutar, Katunje, Balkot,Duwakot, Bode, Chapacho and Bhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. Likewise, majormaize producing area are Bageswori, Nagarkot, Chhaling, Changu, Tathali, Sudal, Nankhel,Chitapol, Gundu and Sirutar. Millet is mainly produced in Changu, Chhaling, Nagarkot, Sudaland Tathali. In the same way, cash crops mustard and potatoes are produced in Changu,Chhaling, Balkot, Nankhel, Duwakot Sirutar, Katunje and Gundu. The cropping pattern appliedby the farmers, are usually, paddy-wheat, paddy-potato, paddy-vegetables, maize-vegetables,maize-mustard and maize millet. Market is essential for the farmers to sell their products. Thefarmers usually sell potato, onion, garlic and ginger for their livelihood. The main vegetablemarket centres, in Kathmandu and Lalitpur are Ranamukteswor, Kalimati Bazar, Asan, BirHospital area, Naya Baneswor, Koteswor, Purano Baneswor, Lagankhel and Mangal Bazar.

2.5 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

It is not possible to expand economic activities of a district without establishing the industries.Though the government has improved policy and institutional arrangements through industrialact 1992, industrial enterprise act 1992, foreign investment policy and company act, existingand new manufacturing industries are not flourishing in the country. Likewise, carpet andwoollen spinning industries are not in good shape.

According to the District Cottage and Small Industry Office, there are 97 rural and cottageindustries and 169 small scale industries registered in Bhaktapur District. The number of

persons employed in these industries are about 6,500 as per the data of 1996 A.D. AgricultureDevelopment Bank, Nepal has invested fifty million rupees in different sub sectors ofagriculture, cereal production, marketing, agricultural tools, irrigation, cottage industries andlive stocks. Industries are mainly of two types; production and service oriented. Majority ofemployees are engaged in productive industries rather than in services. Around eighty fivepercent jobs come from production oriented industries.

Classification of industry in the district

S. No. Industry Total Numbers

1. Carpet and woollen spinning 21

2. Feed 13

3. Forest based 26

4. Constructive materials 6

5. Textile 20


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6. Ceramics 9

7. Agriculture 10

8. Constructive occupation 42

9. Others 74Total: 221

Source: District Profile, DDC

2.6 EXISTING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND OTHER SERVICES

2.6.1 Transportation

Bhaktapur has good quality of transportation network. About 15 km of Arniko Highway bisectsthe district providing accessibility to several village development committees where as feederroad from Sallaghari serves the tourist spot Nagarkot. The other major district roads are RingRoad, Bhaktapur-Changunarayan, Bhaktapur-Nala Road, Lubu-Katunje Road, Byasitole-Changu Road. Urban roads of Bhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi Municipality are maintained

and rehabilitated by Department of Roads and Municipality. The major urban roads ofMadhyapur Thimi Municipality are Manohara Sallaghari Road, Nayathimi Bode Road andGathaghar Sanothimi Road. The other major roads of Bhaktapur Municipality are urban roadsinside core area of Bhaktapur bazaar, Guhe Pokhari Link Road, Pasikhel Road, ChyamasinghTathali, Muldhoka Chyamasingh, Muldhoka Sudal, Hanumanghat Jagati, Bysi Jhaukhel,Indrayani Byesi. The Municipality has demarcated the right of way ifor the urban roads.withview to save the road from encroachment. The district has 15 km of Arniko Highway, 23 km ofNagarkot Feeder Road, 87 km of District Roads, 175 km of Village Roads and 15 km of Urbanroads. There are only 82 km of bituminous and 23 km of gravel roads within the district. DDChas planned for upgrading and improvement of several roads of the district gradually.

2.6.2 Communication

There is one major district post office and 11 regional division and 63 regional post officeswithin Bhaktapur municipality. The Bhaktapur telecommunication office has 4,000 capacitynamely, Bhaktpur EWSD 792 capacity, Thimi EWSD 3,991, Nagarkot C-Dot, 150 lines, ofwhich Bhaktapur exchange has distributed 3,844 telephone lines, Bhaktapur EWSD 543 lines,Thimi EWSD 3,759 and Nagarkot C-Dot has distributed 86 lines. The total revenue collectedfrom telecommunication service was approximately NRs.11.8 million rupees during the fiscalyear 2056/057.

2.6.3 Electricity

Bhaktapur is fully electrified all over the district. The main source of power for electrification are

Khimti and Sunkoshi hydropower stations. The system is connected with national grid. TheBhaktapur and Thimi sub-stations distribute electricity to the district via Nalinchowk,Nagadesh, Sallaghari feeder stations.

2.6.4 Banking and Finance

The district has eight commercial banks in total, seven of which are purely commercial andone is agricultural development bank. Agricultural Development Bank has contributed theupliftment of the rural poor by supporting small irrigation, livestock development and forestrehabilitation programs.


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3. DISTRICT TRANSPORT PLANNING

This is clear that the resources available are limited and are insufficient to meet all thedemands. Hence optimum utilisation of the scarce resources is the order of the day.Technically and economically sound transport links should be selected for planning,

construction, rehabilitation and maintenance. The projects should be carefully selected in lightof the overall development of the district.

During the formulation of transportation plan, it is to collect data on all factors that are likely toinfluence travel pattern. The work involves number of surveys related to technical data, rapidrural appraisal survey on socio-economic benefits of the existing transport linkages,environmentally sensitive areas and social environmental concerned so as to have aninventory of existing travel pattern and possible new linkages.

Since travel characteristics are closely related to the pattern, it is important that an accurateinventory of land use be prepared. While preparing the plan the influence of road linkages onresidential, commercial, institutional and forest zones has to be considered. For this purposeland use plan and road network plan for Kathmandu valley prepared by Department ofBuilding and Urban Development is also refered

Some of the data pertaining to economic activities has been collected from the census data of1991. A careful analysis of the census data has been done to fill for the missing data from thequestionnaire. The consultant has carefully studied the data before they are put in to use. Thepopulation data helps in the estimation of the future trip making behaviour. Population mapsindicating the density, school enrolment, institutional population and social factors havefacilitated presentation of results and better understanding of existing travel pattern.

3.1 POPULATION AND ITS IMPACT

The population of Bhaktapur district was 1,72,952 in 1991 A.D. and it is 2,26,860 in 2001 A.D.The figures indicate the population growth by 2.7 percent, which is slightly greater than thenational population growth of 2.2 percent per annum. The figures indicate that transportsystem of Bhaktapur need upgrading and improvement rather than extension while selecting,assessing, screening and grading of a particular road. It is imperative to examine the servicesit provides to large settlements, neighbourhoods or a small rural settlements. Population perkilometre served has been taken as a parameter for the assessment.

Table 3.1 Population Projection (2001 - 2006) of Bhaktapur districtS. No VDC/Municipality Area 1991 Census 2001 Census *Projected Population

2006

(Ha) H/H Population H/S Population H/H Population

1 Bageswori 892 772 4442 916 4917 1062 5700

2 Balkot 271 819 4816 1425 7480 1652 8671

3 Bhaktapur Municipality 645 9213 61122 12395 72587 14369 84148

4 Changu Narayan 705 879 4915 1097 5674 1272 6578

5 Chhaling 955 1120 6782 1491 7665 1728 8886

6 Chitpol 482 819 4686 1003 5433 1163 6298

7 Dadhikot 669 1031 5811 1363 7287 1580 8448

8 Duwakot 698 895 5161 1176 6666 1363 7728

9 Gundu 741 866 4775 1085 5945 1258 6892

10 Jhaukhel 452 903 5424 1200 6792 1391 7874

11 Katunje 443 1036 6127 2486 13846 2882 16051

12 MadhypurThimi Muni. 1127 5006 31774 9817 48567 11381 56302

13 Nagarkot 1018 655 3501 808 4236 937 4911

14 Nankhel 831 769 4556 933 5471 1082 6342


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S. No VDC/Municipality Area 1991 Census 2001 Census *Projected Population2006

(Ha) H/H Population H/S Population H/H Population

15 Sipadol 1143 796 4563 1449 7052 1680 8175

16 Sirutar 123 648 3899 4490 4490 5205 5205

17 Sudal 758 1083 6065 1345 7088 1559 8217

18 Tathali 863 752 4533 1066 5664 1236 6566Total: 12816 28062 172952 45545 226860 52799 262993

* Population growth during the year 2001-2006 is assumed by three percent per annum

3.2 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE POTENTIALITY

The selection of route depends upon the agricultural products, horticulture and livestockproductions of the area served. Usually, it is cumbersome process to quantify the exact valueof agricultural production, however, it measures the potentiality of the link. The DistrictAgricultural Development Office has also separately assessed and reported to DistrictDevelopment Committee regarding the improvement of road links on the ground of agriculturalproduction and marketing of the same. Following are the major agriculture resource potentialareas of Bhaktapur district that need road linkages for the effective transportation ofagricultural products as advised by District Agriculture Office.

Sipadol village development committee, ward No. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

Nuhiti, west of Magargaun, Madhyapur Thimi ward No. 5

Jhaukhel ward No. 8, Dokhati Phant

Sudal ward No. 3, Tathali VDC office area

Phedi, Nagarkot ward No. 3

Chitapol and Tathali road

Gundu ward No. 7 and Saune Dhol ward No. 7

Madhyapur Thimi Municipality ward No. 4 and Chhaling ward No. 5

Bode, Nagadesh and Chapacho Sipadol and Katunje

It is essential for District Development Committee Bhaktapur to prepare the land use plan andimplement the same. Several land use plan of Kathmandu valley has not been successfullyimplemented due to lack of commitment of administrative and political body. Valuableagricultural land can only be protected if land use plan is strictly implemented and followed.

3.3 POTENTIALITY OF GROWTH CENTRE

Potentiality of a settlement depends upon the population, policy station, education institution,health centre, trade centre, agricultural productions, banking facilities and commitment and co-operation of the local people for development works (for detailed data refer Annex-C forservice centres).

Bhaktapur is the headquarter of the district where as Thimi is the centre for agriculturalproducts. Central location and suitability of terrain for drainage system has attracted the localpeople to settle down in these urban centres earlier. Katunje, is being developed as potentialresidential area due to accessibility to Arniko Highway and superior view point of Kathmanduvalley.

3.4 BRIEFS ON EXISTING ROAD AND REQUIRED INTERVENTIONS

District Transport Master Plan has not taken into consideration the Arniko National Highway,Nagarkot feeder road and urban roads within Madhyapur Thimi Municipality and Bhaktapur


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b. Gelalgaun - Sangdaha - Pauwa - Telkot

The road section from Gelalgaun to Sangdaha is partially graveled and some stretches needcomplete new construction. It is advisable to maintain the right of way to prevent theencroachment along the road. Some improvement on off-road structures particularly alongSangdaha to Indrekokholsa, are extremely necessary. The ring road from Indrekokholsa toNyachopauwa falling under Bhaktapur Changunarayan Road is bituminous. Pauwa - Telkotsection of the road that passes through Telkot reserved forest is susceptible to landslides andsoil erosion. It lacks off-road structures and is impassable during rainy season. The stretchPauwa to Telkot passes mostly through forest and avoids the rural settlement.

c. Telkot - Muhanpokhari - Banpadheri Khawa

The road section of about 6.5 km in length passes through Telkot, Muhanpokhari,Banpandheri, Chareli and Khawa. Out of 6.5 km length of road, 1.8 km of road is black toppedfalling under Nagarkot feeder road and remaining 4.70 km is earthen. The road stretch underNagarkot feeder road is maintained by DoR. Earthen road section necessitates several cross

drainage structures, retaining structures and a minor bridge While the road passes alongthe hilly terrain, substantial amount of earthwork is needed to upgrade and widen the road.The road from Muhanpokhari to Banpadheri is partially gravelled earthen road where as thesection from Muhanpokhari to Khawa runs along the foot hills of the Bageswori reservedforest. The section from Muhanpokhari to Khawa needs geometric improvement andimprovement of existing road and off-road structures. It is advisable to carry out the detaileddesign of the road and carry out the improvement work in phase wise manner. The roaddevelopment provides all essential infrastructure facilities in rural area and discourage themigration of rural people to the urban centres as well.

d. Khawa Sanga

The road stretch commences from Khawa passing through Kharidol, Khulalgaon and Bhangalends at Dipendra Police School, Sanga along Arniko Highway. Out of 6.6 km of road, 3 km ofroad is gravelled and the remaining 3.6 km is narrow earthen road. The road requires severalcross drainage structures and retaining structures. It passes mostly along the forest area ofhilly terrain necessitating substantial amount of the earthwork to upgrade and widen the road.The road serves several rural settlements along with the accessibility to the agriculturalproducts.

e. Sanga - Palanse

The Road stretch commences from Dipendra Police School, Sanga and Palanse passingalong the Arniko Highway. The approximate length of this road stretch is 2.15 km. The road

falls entirely under Arniko Highway and it is recently rehabilitated and maintained byDepartment of Roads.

f. Palanse - Suryabinayak

The road stretch from Palanse via Nangkhel, Taudol, Paukhel and Suryabinayak is 7.5 km inlength. The road is very narrow along approximately 3 km of length, where existing right ofway is not sufficient to widen the road and encroachment is noticed. The earthen road requiresseveral cross drainage structures and retaining structures. The substantial amount ofearthwork is needed to upgrade and widen the road.

g. Suryabinayak Biruwa


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The road stretch from Suryabinayak via Gundu, Tarkhagal and Biruwa is approximately 7.25km in length. Out of 7.25 km, 0.35 km is black toped and remaining portion of road is earthen.The road from the bridge (border of Gundu VDC) to Biruwa approx. 3.10 km in length, isnarrow and passes through hilly terrain necessitates improvement in grade and geometry ofroad. Substantial amount of earthwork and off road structure is necessary in this portion ofroad.

h. Biruwa Lohakanthali

The all weather road stretch starting from Biruwa via Sumelgaon, Sirutar, Balkot, KaushaltarLokanthali (6.75 km) passes through cultivated land and the residential areas. Out of 6.75 kmlength of road, 3.1 km is blacktop and remaining 3.65 km is low quality gravel road and needsrehabilitation. The section of road from Kaushaltar to Lokanthali, (0.50 km) falls within theArniko Highway. This stretch of road needs additional cross drainage structures. The regularpublic bus service available at Biruwa serves the people from Lalitpur as well as fromKavrepalanchowk districts.

3.4.2 Bastakoti Chowk

Khadkadil

The road starts from Bastakoti Chowk of Madhyapur Municipality that passes throughBarudkhana, Pipalbot (Duwakot VDC office) ends at Khadkagaon. The approximate length ofthe road is 3.40 km. The blacktop road needs routine maintenance. It provides services to thelocal people as well as to the students from Nepal Engineering College.

3.4.3 Byansitole Gelalgaon

The road starts from Byansitole of Bhaktapur Municipality and passing through Kamalpokhari,Hanumantar VDC office (Jhaukhel) ends at Gelalgaon. Out of 3.75 km of road, 0.95 km isblack toped and 2.80 km is gravel road. The road connects the VDC office of Jhaukhel with the

district headquarter at one end and the ring road on the other. It provides transportationservices to Kathmandu and major urban centres of Bhaktapur.

3.4.4 Mahakalichowk - Pakunepati - Changunarayan

The road linking Bhaktapur Municipality with the famous Changunarayan Temple (6.25 km) ismostly black toped require routine and periodic maintenance. The road starts from Bhaktapurmunicipality and passes through the border of Jhaukhel and Chhaling VDCs and ends atChangunarayan. The road with carriageway width of 3 m and pavement width of 5 m needsimprovement on off road structures. The road serves the local farmers to transport theiragricultural products to the market. It facilitates the movement of people from Bhaktapur toSanghu via Changunarayan. The road passes along the hilly terrain necessitating the

improvement of cross drainage and side drainage system.

3.4.5 Chyamasingh (Bhaktapur) Amaldol (Nala)

The route linking Bhaktapur and Nala starts from Chyamasingh of Bhaktapur municipality andpasses through Sudal, Tathali and ends at Amaldol, border of Bhaktapur and Kavre districts.The road consists of 3 km blacktop, 1.5 km gravel and 1.7 km earthen road. Blacktop roadneeds routine maintenance where as gravel mixed earthen road needs to be upgraded togravel road standard. The road needs a minor bridge, cross drainage structures, sidedrainage structures and retaining structures. It is categorised as district road as it joins twodistricts. The road links Kavrepalanchowk and Sidhupalanchowk Districts facilitate thetransportation of agricultural products.


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3.4.6 Bramhayani Kalamasi

The road from Bramhayani Bridge to Kalamasi via Nyabu, Baniyatole, Dedheko Pipalbot,Tukucha Simana (Kavre) is approximately 8.67 km. Out of which, 2 km is gravel road andthe remaining 6.67 km is earthen road. The road passing along the plain and hilly terrainserves several rural settlements. The road needs some cross drainage structures, side drainstructures and the retaining structures. The road also serves for the transportation ofagricultural products from Kavrepalanchowk District.

3.4.7 Chakrapanichowk (Katunje) Lubu

The road starts from Chakrapanichowk (Katunje) of Arniko Highway and passing throughGamcha, Dadhikot, Sirutar. . The approximate length of the road is 6 km out of which 1.65 kmblacktop, 2 km and 2.35 km earthen road. The blacktop road needs routine maintenancewhere as gravel and earthen road needs upgrading.. The road needs a bridge of approx.length 15 m with some cross drainage structures, side drain structures and retainingstructures. The road passes along the rolling terrain connecting Bhaktapur district and Lalitpur

District. It serves to transport agricultural products from local areas and Lalitpur District tomajor cities of Bhaktapur and Kathmandu.

3.5 PRIORITY OF ROADS

Selection procedure was carried out based on the survey data and recommendation made byDRCC, DIARS and VDCs in August 2001. The priority of the road was based on the criteriaestablished by DoLIDAR to screen and grade transport linkage. Most of the urban roads ofBhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi municipalities are being constructed and maintained bymunicipalities and Department of Roads. The priority of the urban roads under the respectivemunicipalities are collected and attached in the report. Roads under strategic roads network

are not considered in the district transport plan. The roads under DoR are planned, studiedand implemented separately. District Development Committee is responsible for planning,constructing and upgrading of district and village roads. The roads of Bhaktapur district areclassified into National Strategic Roads, Urban roads, District roads, Village roads andProspective Village Roads. There are many existing routes in the district which can bedeveloped as the potential tourist road. Such routes are Bramhayani Gauspul Nyabu Sudal Tukucha Kalamasi Mahadevpokhari, Suryabinayak Phulchowki trekking route(Suryabinayak Mandir - Silamgal Gundu Ranikot Pokharithumko Lakuribhanjhyang Phulchowki), Nagarkotphedi Telkotdanda Changu etc. The list of the roads in Bhaktapurdistrict is summarised as follow, but the list is not limited. Other road linkages can be referredfrom the annex-5.


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Table 3.5 List of Roads in Bhaktapur District

S.No. Road DescriptionRoadCode

Remarks

1.List of Strategic Road Networks

Arniko Highway (Manohara Sanga) H-03

2. Nagarkot Feeder Road (Sallaghari Nagarkot) F-28

List of Urban Roads

Bhaktapur Municipality

1. Urban Roads (Bhaktapur Municipality) UR Bhaktapur Municipality

2. Kamalbinyak Jagati UR Bhaktapur Municipality

3. Trolleybus stop Suryabinayak UR Bhaktapur Municipality

4. Sallaghari Hospital Byasitole UR Bhaktapur Municipality

5. Hakukohiti- Brahmhadippul UR Bhaktapur Municipality

6. Ganesh Middle High School Arniko Highway UR Bhaktapur Municipality

7. Muldhoka - Sudal UR Bhaktapur Municipality

8. Brahmayani - Gauspul UR Bhaktapur Municipality

9. Kharipati Chhaling border UR Bhaktapur MunicipalityMadhyapur Thimi Municipality

1. Nayathimi Puranothimi Bode Mulpani UR Madhyapur Municipality

2. Manohara Thimi Sallaghari UR Madhyapur Municipality

3. Gathaghar Sanothimi UR Madhyapur Municipality

4. Arniko Highway (west of Kshayarog center)

Sidhhikali Mandir Old Road (Bahakha Bazar)

UR Madhyapur Municipality

5. Kaushaltar Tersatar Sanothimi UR Madhyapur Municipality

6. Arniko Highway (Peppermint factory) via Rajkulo

road Old Road (Logo Industry) Sititar -

Bodechowk


7. Bahakha bazaar Sanutar (Bode) ManoharaBridge (Mulpani VDC)


8. Sanothimi (S.O.S.) Dhunchepakha - Milroad UR Madhyapur Municipality

9. Sanutar Chowk (Bode) Duwakot VDC UR Madhyapur Municipality

10. Dhunchechowk (Nagdesh) Manohara (Gothatar) UR Madhyapur Municipality

11. Arniko Highway (near Manohara bridge) Road of

water supply project Tikathali (Budhathokigaon)


1.List of District RoadBhaktapur Ring Roada) LohakanthaliSanothimiMagargaonTigni

SaraswatikhelKhadkagaonGelalgaonb) Gelalgaon Sangdaha Indreko Kholsa

Nyachopauwa Pauwa Telkotc) Telkot Muhanpokhari Ban Pandheri

Chareli Khawad) Khawa Kharidol Khulalgaon Bhangal

Sanga (Dipendra Police School)e) Sanga (Dipendra Police School) Palansef) Palanse Nangkhel Taudol Paukhel

Suryabinayakg) Suryabinayak Gundu Tarkhal Biruwah) Biruwa Sumelgaon Sirutar Balkot

Kaushaltar Lohakanthali

26A001R

26A001R

26A001R

26A001R

26A001R26A001R

26A001R26A001R

Passes through differentVDCs of BhaktapurDistrict

2. Mahakali Chowk Pakunepati Changunarayan 26A002R Changunarayan

3. Bastakoti Chowk Khadka Gaon 26A003R Duwakot


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Remarks

4. Byansitole VDC Office (Jhaukhel) Gelal Gaon 26A004R Jhaukhel

5. Chyamasingh (Bhaktapur) Amaldol (Nala) 26A005R Tathali / Chitpol6. Bramhayani Nyabu Dedheko Pipalbot

Tukucha Simana Kalamasi

26A006R Sudal

7. Chakrapani Chowk Gamcha Lubu 26A007R Dadhikot / Sirutar

8. Poukhel (VDC office, Sipadol) Aadarshachowk 26A008R Sipadol

9. Balkot School (VDC Chowk) Sundarnagar (Arniko

Highway)

26A009R Balkot

10. Pauwa Salambutar (Sankhu) 26A010R Changunarayan

11. Subidhanagar Pagaritole Healthpost VDC

Office (Bageswori) Charghare

26A011R Bageswori

12. Sanga Kakrabari Ashapuri 26A012R Nangkhel

1.

2.

List of Perspective District Roads

Jorpati (Arniko Highway) via Chitpol TathaliHealth postSallaghari Mahakalchowk (Duwakot) VDC Office(Jhaukhel) Lakila Pakunepati NatesworiKharipati Pagaritole Lamichhanegaon SudalPolice station (Nyabu) - Kharkapul

26A013R

26A014R

Chitpol/Tathali

1.List of Village RoadsBarudkhana Phaidhoka Saraswatikhel 26B001R Duwakot

2. Phaidhoka Rokagaon (Rupathali) 26B002R Duwakot

3. Kamalpokhari Lakila Pakunepati 26B003R Jhaukhel

4. Gelalgaon Dahalgaon Pikhel 26B004R Jhaukhel

5. VDC Office (Jhaukhel) MahankalChowk

(Duwakot)

26B005R

6. Nyachopauwa Halchhap Sangdaha Mulpani 26B006R Changunarayan

7. Nyachopauwa Khoriyagaon Mangaltar 26B007R Changunarayan

8. Telkot Pikhel (Nateswori) 26B008R Chhaling

9. Kharipati VDC Office (Chhaling) Damaikholsa 26B009R Chhaling

10. Telkot Gaonsuli 26B010R Chhaling

11. Kharipati Manakamana Mandir 26B011R Chhaling

12. Telkot Gairigaon Bhattedanda 26B012R Nagarkot

13. Gadgade (Sun Rise Hotel) Bhattedanda 26B013R Nagarkot

14. Laptandanda Manikarnikaghat Healthpost 26B014R Bageswori

15. Bhatkekopati Jitpur Mahamanjushri 26B015R Sudal

16. Bansbari Dandagaon Jitpur 26B016R Sudal17. Kharkapul Nyabu 26B017R Tathali

18. Kharkapul Halalgaon 26B018R Tathali

19. Maheshwori Ghat - Devi Highschool (Saudol) 26B019R Tathali

20. Nalinchowk Saudol Phaidhoka 26B020R Chitpol / Tathali

21. Jorpati Puwargaon Dahalgaon - Bhangal 26B021R Chitpol

22. Jorpati Karkigaon Kaldaha 26B022R Chitpol

23. Nangkhel Chamthali Bhatedhikura 26B023R Nangkhel

24. Jorpati Chamthali 26B024R Nangkhel

25. Gunchatole Ghyampedanda Ashapuri 26B025R Sipadol

26. Dolgaon Jagate (Police Station) 26B026R Sipadol

27. Dandagaon Aadarsha Chowk 26B027R Sipadol


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Remarks

28. Gundu VDC Office (Tithali) - Hinchowk 26B028R Gundu

29. Budhigandaki bridge Kivachowk Makalepati 26B029R Gundu

30. Basnet gaon (VDC office, Gundu) Rani Khola

Pipaldanda

26B030R Gundu

31. Pandobazar Ganeshbatika - KaspaltoleKoldanda

26B031R Katunje

32. Shushil Bhairab Thapatole - Amar Chalachitra 26B032R Katunje

33. Srijananagar - Basutole Kaspaltole 26B033R Katunje34. Nayathimi - Hinchowk Gamcha - Dadhikot

Tarkhagal

26B034R Dadhikot

35. Gamcha - Dadhikot Sumelgaon 26B035R Dadhikot

36. Dakshinbarahi Salampakha Chitrapur Kheusi

Dadhikot Tarkhagal

26B036R Dadhikot

37. Chitrapur - Sirutar Karkigaon 26B037R Sirutar

38. Saraswati Mandir Nayabasti 26B038R Balkot

39. Mahendraswami H. School Adhikaritole 26B039R Balkot

40. Baghmarepati Prajapatitole 26B040R Sudal

41. Sudal VDC Ward No. 4 - Healthpost 26B041R Sudal

42. Bhandarigaon Old Health Post - Mahadevsthan 26B042R Bageswori

43. Chareli - Kalamasi 26B043R Sudal

44. Ward No. 8 Ward No. 6 of Sipadol 26B044R Sipadol

45. Ward No. 1 to Ward no. 2 of Sipadol 26B045R Sipadol

46. Ward No. 7 to Ward No. 8 of Sirutar 26B046R Sirutar

47. Arniko High School (Gamcha) Via Sirutar Ward

No. 7 & 8 Luvu

26B047R

48. Adhikaritole Via Sirutar - Lubu 26B048R

1.

List of Prospective Village RoadsPipalbot Thakurigaon 26B049R Duwakot

2. Thapagaon Lakila Mahadevsthan 26B050R Jhaukhel

3. Halchhap Sarkihouse 26B051R Changunarayan

4. Pakunepati Batatol 26B052R Chhaling

5. Ratopati - Baijubhairab - Kharipati 26B053R Chhaling

6. Besitole Suntole (Border) 26B054R Nagarkot

7. Mahadevsthan VDC Office (Bageswori) 26B055R Bageswori

8. Jitpur - Balkumari - Baniyatole 26B056R Sudal

9. Baniyatole - Dulaltole - Dedheko Pipalbot 26B057R Sudal10. Bansghari - Dilpakha - Deujagaon Puwargaon 26B058R Chitpol11. Palanse Mahatgaon Lakuri Bhanjyang

Kakrabari26B059R Nangkhel

12. Khahare - Khadkagaon Tamanggaon 26B060R Gundu

13. Ghalante - Chundevi - Tindhara 26B061R Katunje

14. Chitrapur - Gamcha - Sikaritar - Tarkhagal (School) 26B062R Dadhikot

15. Adhikaritole Balbatika P. School 26B063R Balkot

3.6 TENTATIVE COST OF PROPOSED DTMP ROADS

District Roads


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S.No. Name of RoadLength

(km)Total Cost(NRs. '000)

Cost perKm (NRs.

'000)Remarks

1.

a.

Bhaktapur Ring Road

LohakanthaliSanothimiMagargaonTigniSaraswatikhelKhadkadilGelalgaon

8.25 12,034 1,800 Upgrading togravel standard

bituminous road(1.6 km)

b. Gelalgaon Sangdaha Indreko KholsaNyachopauwa Pauwa Telkot

8.00 12,800 1,600

c. Telkot Muhanpokhari Ban PandheriChareli Khawa

6.55 8,114 1,700 Bituminous road(1.82 km)maintenance byDoR

d. Khawa Kharidol Khulalgaon BhangalSanga (Dipendra Police School)

6.60 16,500 2,500

e. Sanga (Dipendra Police School) Palanse 2.95 29.5 10 Maintenance byDoR.( Arnikohighway )

f. Palanse Nangkhel Taudol PaukhelSuryabinayak

7.50 18,000 2,400 Hilly zone about3 km

g. Suryabinayak Gundu Tarkhagal Biruwa 7.25 11,600 1,600

h. Biruwa Sumelgaon Sirutar BalkotKaushaltar Lohakanthali

6.75 4,680 2,000 Bituminous road(4.5 km)

2. Mahakali Chowk Pakunepati

Changunarayan

6.25 250 40 Maintenance

3. Bastakoti Chowk Khadka Gaon 3.40 136 40 Maintenance

4. Byansitole VDC Office (Jhaukhel) Gelal

Gaon

3.25 4,344 2,000 Existing (1.1 km)bituminous road

5. Chyamasingh (Bhaktapur) Amaldol (Nala) 6.00 6,120 2,000 Bituminous road(3 km)

6. Bramhayani Nyabu Dedheko Pipalbot

Tukucha Simana Kalamasi

8.67 12,138 1,400 Upgrading up togravelled road

7. Chakrapani Chowk Gamcha Lubu 6.00 8,400 1,400 Widening andgravel work

8. Poukhel (VDC office, Sipadol)

Aadarshachowk

3.00 4,200 1,400

9. Balkot School (VDC Chowk)

Sundarnagar (Arniko Highway)

2.15 3,010 1,400

10. Pauwa Salambutar (Sankhu) 6.00 14,400 2,400

11. Subidhanagar Pagaritole Healthpost

VDC Office (Bageswori) Charghare

4.50 9,000 2,000

12. Sanga Kakrabari Ashapuri 7.00 17,500 2,500

Note: The total cost for the road having black top stretches is calculated after deducting that stretch andconsidering for maintenance (@ NRs. 40,000 per km)

Village Roads



Cost perKm (NRs.

'000)Remarks

1. Barudkhana Phaidhoka Saraswatikhel 2.00 3,600 1,800


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Cost perKm (NRs.

'000)Remarks

2. Phaidhoka Rokagaon (Rupathali) 1.30 1,820 1,400

3. Kamalpokhari Lakila Pakunepati 1.20 1,920 1,600

4. Gelalgaon Dahalgaon Pikhel 3.00 6,000 2,000

5. VDC Office (Jhaukhel) Mahakali Chowk

(Duwakot)

1.85 1,850 1,000

6. Nyachopauwa Halchhap Sangdaha

Mulpani

4.00 8,000 2,000

7. Nyachopauwa Khoriyagaon Mangaltar 3.00 6,000 2,000

8. Telkot Pikhel (Nateswori) 4.72 8,496 1,800

9. Kharipati VDC Office (Chhaling)

Damaikholsa

3.50 5,600 1,600

10. Telkot Gaonsuli 2.20 4,400 2,000

11. Kharipati Manakamana Mandir 1.20 1,680 1,400

12. Telkot Gairigaon Bhattedanda 8.50 2,200

13. Gadgade (Sun Rise Hotel) Bhattedanda 1.50 3,000 2,000

14. Laptandanda Manikarnikaghat Healthpost 3.00 5,400 1,800

15. Bhatkekopati Jitpur Mahamanjushri 6.17 8,638 1,400

16. Bansbari Dandagaon Jitpur 2.45 3,675 1,500

17. Kharkapul Nyabu 3.00 3,600 1,200

18. Kharkapul Halalgaon 3.50 4,900 1,400

19. Maheshwori Ghat - Devi Highschool (Saudol) 4.00 6,400 1,600

20. Nalinchowk Saudol Phaidhoka 3.00 5,400 1,800

21. Jorpati Puwargaon Dahalgaon - Bhangal 3.00 3,136 1,200 0.4 kmbituminous road

22. Jorpati Karkigaon Kaldaha 3.00 4,800 1,600

23. Nangkhel Chamthali Bhatedhikura 1.50 2,700 1,800

24. Jorpati Chamthali 2.50 4,000 1,600

25. Gunchatole Ghyampedanda Ashapuri 7.00 11,200 1,600

26. Dolgaon Jagate (Police Station) 2.50 3,500 1,400

27. Dandagaon Aadarsha Chowk 3.00 3,600 1,200

28. Gundu VDC Office (Tithali) - Hinchowk 3.00 4,200 1,400

29. Budhigandaki bridge Kivachowk Makalepati 2.00 3,600 1,800

30. Basnet gaon (VDC office, Gundu) Rani Khola

Pipaldanda

3.00 6,000 2,000

31. Pandobazar Ganeshbatika - KaspaltoleKoldanda

3.50 5,210 1,600 0.25 kmbituminous road

32. Shushil Bhairab Thapatole - Amar Chalachitra 2.00 2,400 1,200

33. Srijananagar - Basutole Kaspaltole 1.50 1,800 1,200

34. Nayathimi - Hinchowk Gamcha - Dadhikot

Tarkhagal

6.00 6,156 1,400 1.65 kmbituminous road

35. Gamcha - Dadhikot Sumelgaon 2.00 3,000 1,50036. Dakshinbarahi Salampakha Chitrapur 6.00 9,600 1,600


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season. The concerted efforts initiated by local people for the rehabilitation of landslides insome of its section were admirable.

Rehabilitation works for slope failures along Gelalgaun to Sangdaha road carried out by DDCis not of permanent nature and require detailed investigation.

Type, size, frequency and location of landslides and study of movement of slides are importantfor their control and management. It is necessary to check the condition and effectiveness ofthe protective measures used to control the slides periodically. It is very important to find outthe reasons of mass movement.

The section of ring road that passes through Tilkot reserve forest, Bageswori reserve forestand Suryabinayak mixed dense forest may create hindrance to the movement and other livingactivities of wild life. Rural roads occupy the forest area. Accessibility made easier by roadmay also cause on encroachment of forest. This may lead to increased timber cutting andillegal co

Documents

77775904 Bhaktapur District Transport Master Plan Nepal