8 - Childhood Development

8/3/2019 8 - Childhood Development

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Childhood and

AdolescenceDevelopment


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What is the

importance ofthis issue??


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. Emotional

Functioning. Social Functioning

.Intellectual

Functioning


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The 1st Year of Life :

2 Factors involved

1.Child behavioral

style.

2. Parental

response.


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Many

approaches


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Psycho analytic

approaches

1st yr = oral

stage


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Erikson approach :

1st Yr of life :

Basic trust vs. Basicmistrust+

Emotional factors


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Healthy psychological outcomedepends on child experiencing

the world us1.Reliable2. Trustworthy

3.Nutruting.

Determine thecapacity forsatisfying intimate


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Motor Functions:

1st : Lack ofcoordination .

2nd: Crawling .3rd : Standing with

support .4th : Standing alone .

5th : Beginning of

walking .


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Social behavior:

- Nonselective smile (3wks)- Selective smile (2-3 months)

- By 6 months :the child begin to distinguishbetween familiar and

unfamiliar people.- By 8 months :. stranger anxiety.- By 9 months :

. Separation anxiety(Bonding)


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Physical proximity

(attachment behavior)Cuddling .

Cleaning .Sleeping .

Breastfeeding .


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Features of attachment

behaviorCrying : causes .

Calling .Stranger anxiety .

Separation anxiety .

Habituation ( otherfamily members)


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Intellectual DevelopmentDepend on

1st : Current Sensory input .2nd: Motor activities .

A. The child begin to discover that

objects exist apart from themselves(when the child perceive these

objects thenB. The child experience that objects

continue to exist (Even when thechild doesnt perceive them)C. Learn simple cause effect

relationship .D. Gaining an understanding of spatial

Th 2 d


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The 2nd year :the year of exploration &Communication .

Psychoanalyst : anal stage .Erikson view : (Autonomy vs. Shameand Doubt)

i.e. :The child should develop :

1. Sense of self control2. Feeling of pleasant self confidence .

1&2 = In contrast with feeling of Shame &

Doubt .( ways of parental disapproval )

v Child eitherRelease or inhibit himself ( learning

theory )


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Separation anxiety

v

Return to motheronly when necessary

or frighten .


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Temper tantrumse.g. :

. Screaming ..Kicking

.Waving armsabout .

It is normal &transient.

How to deal withit ?

Speech more refined Bettercommunication between child &parents .


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Preschool period (age 2-5yrs)

1. Further development ofintellectual functioning specially

language .2. Advance in socialization .

3.Development of sexual identity .4.Identification with the parent .5.Beginning of the formation of

conscience .6.The establishment of psychological

defenses.7.The development of a pattern of

behavior towards people outside the


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Eriksons view :

(Initiative vs. Guilt)healthy outcome:child emerge as

1. confidant in his abilities(Productive)

2. control over his impulses(Destructive)

vThe child become aware of hisidentity

P h l ti


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Psychoanalyticview :

oedipal complex (boys)

Electra complex (Girls) Development of conscience

how : By :-1. Identification with parents .

2. Stable relationship with parents.v What could be the problem in

institutions?

the start of development ofpsychological defense mechanisms .

i.e. Instincts vs. limitationse.g. Repression .Rationalization .


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- Fantasy :To fulfill desire or wishes .

- Transitional object .( attachment to an object)

- Transitional phenomena :e.g. -stories .

-songs.-particular movements .-rituals.

ing socialization -

By 5 yrs = Group making of 31. the child .2. the parents .

- Rivalry :

normal at this age .


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- Learning of social skills :thr .

. Nursery school

. Play group

. Kindergartens

Gentle introduction to the outside

world .- Temper tantrums :

.Continue to occur this period (2-5yrs)

.Disappear at beginning of school .- Attachment behavior :

. Start to decline by end of 3rd yr .

What is normal vs. abnormal


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Middle childhood :( 5-10 yrs)

Start by clear conception of

1. position in family

group .

2. well defined identity

as a boy or a girl .

5 1 yrs s a stage o :


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5-1 yrs s a stage o :Industry vs.

InferiorityLearning skills Recognitionsatisfaction chance to relate

to other vs.

Feeling of interiority when childdespair of their skills & capacity or

their status among peers

(( self esteem


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-The development of

Moral values .

what is right & what is

wrong is further

elaborated

S f


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Sources ofLearning

Child become more ableto

A. Be independent .B. Solve problem .C. Write & read .

Family .Peers .Teachers

.


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7 yrs : Begining of

abstract thinking .


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Blw 5 10 yrs

The development of the

concept of cooperation withothers .


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Adolescence :

Girl : menstruation . ( 11-13 yrs

)Boy : seminal emission . ( 13

17 yrs )

But the Range is


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Identity vs. Roleconfusion

-Who I am ?-What am I able to do ?

(objectives ? )

-Am I able to get this known toothers ?

Vs.Failing to know

-who I am ?-What are my objectives .


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8 developmentaltasks

1. Cared for to caring .2. Learn to work .

3. Learn to be self-supportive .4.

Accepting & able to getmarried .5. Making his own family .

6. The development further

cooperative relationship .7. Trusting parents & sharing their

values .

8. More aware of laws &

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8 - Childhood Development