A True American Tragedy “The Indian Extermination”

1860 – 1890

Civil War and Post Civil War

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Indian Removal Act (1830)What: The forcible removal of 100,000 members from five different tribes in the southern part of the U.S.

When: 1832 – 1838

For their 100,000,000 acres of rich farm land, these Native Americans received 32,000,000 acres of dry prairie land in what is now present day Oklahoma.

Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

U.S Supreme Court Ruling: Georgia has no night to remove the Cherokee Indians.

President Jackson’s Response: Dared the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall to enforce his ruling.

Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad? Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad?

Treaty of Ft. Laramie – 1851

Terms:

1. These tribes will not attack settlers moving west on the Oregon Trail.2. Railroads and roads may be built in and through these tribe’s land. 3. Military forts may be built in these tribe’s land. 4. In exchange for these privileges, each tribe will be paid $50,000 a year for the next 50 years.

Groups involved in this Treaty:

• U.S. Government • 9 Native American Tribes in the Wyoming Territory – Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara

Congress later cut the amount of yearly payments from 50 years to 10 years, and none of the tribes received their payments on a consistent regular basis.

The Western Regions The Western Regions

Western Migration Reasons:

1. Mining (Gold & Silver) 2. Farming

3. New Life (Foreigners & Domestic)

4. Railroad Construction

5. Military Outposts

6. Absence of Law (Outlaws)

7. Entrepreneurs / Businessmen

8. FREE LAND!

Migration Trails: Oregon (West), Bozeman (North West), and Santa Fe Trails (South West)

U.S. soldiers return to the west (1865)

From where?

Western U.S. Soldier’s Duties

• build forts • drive settlers from Indian reservations• escort mail • prevent smuggling • protect miners, railroad crews, and politicians• fight Indians

Pay: $13 a month

Up to 1/3 third of western U.S. soldiers deserted.

Why did U.S. soldiers not want to be stationed in the west?

Hard and dangerous work for low pay.

The Obstacle“The Red Savage”

Western Indian Population = 225,000

What was the impact of horses on Native American cultures?

The Indian Wars / Plains Wars

“The 2nd Civil War”(1862 - 1890)Sioux War (1862)

Chivington Massacre (1864)

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Little Big Horn (1876)

Apache Wars (1861 – 1886)

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

Resistant Tribes

Why did they resist? – This was an assault on the entire Native American way of life.

• They were defending their sacred homelands.• They were defending their food source. • They have always been a “hunter-gatherer” culture, now they are being told to be “agrarian”. • They have always been a “nomadic” culture, now they are being told to be a “stationary” culture.• Tribal clashes on the reservations between different tribes being forced to live on the reservation together as they never had before.

The Buffalo Slaughter

Great Plains Buffalo Population:

1865 = 15,000,000

1890 = 1,000

Reasons:

1. Food 2. Hunting Game 3. Fur

William Cody “Buffalo Bill”

Slaughtered buffaloes and sold the meat to railroad constructionworkers and the U.S Army.

Responsible for killing over 4,200 buffalo.

Nickname: Engaged in a buffalo killing contest with William Comstock.

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill

Impact on Indians Buffalo = vital component of Native American lifestyle

Native American uses of the buffalo:

Bones = Arrow HeadsMeat = Food

Fur = Clothing and Shelter Buffalo Chips = Fuel Tails = Fly Swatter Gal Stones = Paint

Buffalo Fetus = Delicacy Smoked Fur = Moccasins

“Kill a buffalo and you kill an Indian” Buffalo Population Decline = contributed to the “Indian Extinction”

Buffalo were seen as biblical in the eyes of Native Americans.

The White Man’s Victory

Winchester Rifle

Colt Revolver

With these weapons, Indians and buffalo were easily killed.

What: Economic Depression

Time Period: 1873 –1877

Result: 10,000 businesses fail

Causes:

1. Bankrupt Gov. and businesses from the Civil War 2. To much money spent on railroad construction. 3. Europe was also experiencing a Depression, and American

businesses are heavily dependent on the European market to buy and sell American made goods.

4. The Gold Standard.

The Apache Wars Date: 1861 – 1886

Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico Date: 1861 – 1886

Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico

Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)

Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)

Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)

Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)

Brigadier Gen. George Crook

Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief

Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief

General Nelson Miles

Lt. Charles Gatewood

Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts. Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts.

Lt. Charles Gatewood Lt. Charles Gatewood

Geronimo “The Apache Warrior”

He had deep hatred towards any people who were not Apache, because his wife and children were killed by Mexicans.

Geronimo and an Apache war party raidedand killed Mexicans and white settlers in Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona.

In the 1880’s the U.S. Army launched the “Geronimo Campaign” in an effort to capture Geronimo and his band of outlaw Chiricahua Apaches.(1834 - 1909)

Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache

Geronimo’s ImprisonmentGeronimo’s ImprisonmentWhen: 1886 – 1909

Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK When: 1886 – 1909

Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK

On way to Ft. Marion, FLOn way to Ft. Marion, FL P.O.W. GeronimoP.O.W. Geronimo

Ft. Marion St. Augustine, FL

An Americanized Indian

Carlisle Indian School

Where: Carlisle, PennsylvaniaWhere: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Carlisle Indian School Band

1968 – Present

Slogan: “Remember Wounded Knee” Slogan: “Remember Wounded Knee”

“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”

Making a Comparison

The Holocaust

• Jewish Concentration Camps

• The German Aryan Race

• Genocide and Pogroms of Jews

• Gassing and Burning of Jews

• Using Jews to police themselves in the Jewish ghettos

Making a Comparison

• Indian Reservations

• Americanized Indians

• Massacre of Indians

• Mass Hangings of Indians

• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations

• Using Indians to catch Indians

• Indian Reservations

• Americanized Indians

• Massacre of Indians

• Mass Hangings of Indians

• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations

• Using Indians to catch Indians

The End