Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood - Masrina and Afifah

8/7/2019 Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood - Masrina and Afifah

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Acute DiarrhoeaAcute Diarrhoea

and Gastroenteritisand Gastroenteritisin Childhoodin Childhood

Acute DiarrhoeaAcute Diarrhoea

and Gastroenteritisand Gastroenteritisin Childhoodin Childhood

By:

Afifah binti Othman

Masrina binti Hj. Mhmad Tahar

Current Health Problems

in Students Home Countries


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Diarrhoea in the 21Diarrhoea in the 21stst CenturyCenturyDiarrhoea in the 21Diarrhoea in the 21stst CenturyCentury

Second most common cause of morbidity

and mortality worldwide

WHO estimation (2002), diarrhoealdisease results in:

2.5 million people die annually, mostlychildren

1.6 million children


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What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?

An increase in the frequency of bowelmovements or a decrease in the form of stool(greater looseness of stool)

Changes in frequency ofbowel movements andlooseness of stools can

vary independently ofeach other, changesusually occur in both.


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Chronic diarrhoea

Generally lasts > 3weeks

Common causes: IBS,AIDS, bacterial

outgrowth of smallint., Colon cancer,Chrons disease

Acute diarrhoea

lasts a few days or upto a week

IMPORTANT !!!distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhoea

>>>different diagnostis tests, different treatments


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Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea

Infection highly contagious

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

Rotavirus

Usually cause explosive,watery diarrhoea

Typically last only 48-72hrs

Usually no blood andpus in stool


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Bacterial enterocolitis

Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,fever

E. Coli bacteriaContaminated food or water

Usually affect small kids


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Salmonella enteritidis bact

In contaminated raw orundercooked chicken and eggs


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Shigella bacteriaCampylobacter

bacteria


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Cryptosporidium

in contaminated water can survive chlorination

Parasites

Giardia lamblia

in contaminated water

Usually not associatedwith inflammation


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Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea

cont.cont.

Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea

cont.cont.

Food Poisoning

Brief illness cause by toxins produced bybacteria

Cause abdominal pain, vomitting

Cause SI secrete high amnt of water diarrhoea

Some bacteria produce toxins in food before

intake or in intestine after food is eatenSymptoms usually appear within sev. hours


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Food Poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

Produces toxins in food before it is eaten

Usually food contaminated left unrefrigerated

overnight


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Food Poisoning

Clostridium perfringens

Multiplies in food

Produces toxins in SI after contaminated food is eaten


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Complications of DiarrhoeaComplications of DiarrhoeaComplications of DiarrhoeaComplications of Diarrhoea

Dehydration

Excessive loss of fluids and minerals (electrolytes) fromthe body

Common in infants and young children with viralgastroenteritis or bacterial infection

Kidney failure, eg in infection by E.coli

Electrolyte deficiency

Irritation to anus due to frequent passage ofwatery stool containing irritating substances


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Severe or prolonged episode

of diarrhoea Fever Repeated vomiting, refusal to

drink fluids

Severe abdominal pain Diarrhoea that contains

blood or mucus Sign of dehydration

Dry, sticky mouthFew or no tears when crying Sunken eyes Lack urine or wet diaperDry, cool skin

Fatigue or dizziness

When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?


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Measurement ofBP in upright and supine post demonstrate orthostatic hypotension, confirmdehydration

Moderate severe diarrhoea, blood electrolytes Examination of small amount of stool undermicroscope if inflammation present, further testparticularly for bacterial and parasitic infection

Tests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute Diarrhoea


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Antibiotics or antiviral medications are not

prescribed for cases of diarrhoea caused by

virus or bacteria

Antibiotics may be given to very young

children or children with weak immune

system

In parasitic infection antiparasitic

medicine usually given

TreatmentTreatmentTreatmentTreatment


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Oral rehydration solutions (ORS)Contain carbohydrate (glucose or rice syrup)

and electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, citrate, HCO3-)

Infants and children Infants with mild dehydration ORS at home (with

doctor recommendation)

Infants with moderate severe dehydration, IVfluids at hospital

Avoid caffeine and lactose containing product

TreatmentTreatment cont.cont.TreatmentTreatment cont.cont.


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PreventionPreventionPreventionPrevention

Wash hands thoroughly before and after

eating or when preparing the meals.

Make sure that the tools used for eatingand preparing the meals are clean.

Cover our food or put them in the fridge

to prevent any contamination.


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1. Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

2. Medical Journal Malaysia VOL 62http://www.mma.org.my

3. World Health Organization WHO

http://www.who.int/topics/diarrhoea/en/

4. http://www.medicinenet.com/diarrhea/article.htm

5. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diarrhea/D

S002926. http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/co

mmon/diarrhea.html

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

Documents

Acute Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis in Childhood - Masrina and Afifah