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Acute DiarrhoeaAcute Diarrhoea
and Gastroenteritisand Gastroenteritisin Childhoodin Childhood
Acute DiarrhoeaAcute Diarrhoea
and Gastroenteritisand Gastroenteritisin Childhoodin Childhood
By:
Afifah binti Othman
Masrina binti Hj. Mhmad Tahar
Current Health Problems
in Students Home Countries
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Diarrhoea in the 21Diarrhoea in the 21stst CenturyCenturyDiarrhoea in the 21Diarrhoea in the 21stst CenturyCentury
Second most common cause of morbidity
and mortality worldwide
WHO estimation (2002), diarrhoealdisease results in:
2.5 million people die annually, mostlychildren
1.6 million children
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What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?What is Diarrhoea?
An increase in the frequency of bowelmovements or a decrease in the form of stool(greater looseness of stool)
Changes in frequency ofbowel movements andlooseness of stools can
vary independently ofeach other, changesusually occur in both.
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Chronic diarrhoea
Generally lasts > 3weeks
Common causes: IBS,AIDS, bacterial
outgrowth of smallint., Colon cancer,Chrons disease
Acute diarrhoea
lasts a few days or upto a week
IMPORTANT !!!distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhoea
>>>different diagnostis tests, different treatments
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Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea
Infection highly contagious
Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)
Rotavirus
Usually cause explosive,watery diarrhoea
Typically last only 48-72hrs
Usually no blood andpus in stool
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Bacterial enterocolitis
Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,fever
E. Coli bacteriaContaminated food or water
Usually affect small kids
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Bacterial enterocolitis
Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,fever
Salmonella enteritidis bact
In contaminated raw orundercooked chicken and eggs
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Bacterial enterocolitis
Sign of inflammation blood or pus in stool,fever
Shigella bacteriaCampylobacter
bacteria
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Cryptosporidium
in contaminated water can survive chlorination
Parasites
Giardia lamblia
in contaminated water
Usually not associatedwith inflammation
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Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea
cont.cont.
Common Causes of Acute DiarrhoeaCommon Causes of Acute Diarrhoea
cont.cont.
Food Poisoning
Brief illness cause by toxins produced bybacteria
Cause abdominal pain, vomitting
Cause SI secrete high amnt of water diarrhoea
Some bacteria produce toxins in food before
intake or in intestine after food is eatenSymptoms usually appear within sev. hours
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Food Poisoning
Staphylococcus aureus
Produces toxins in food before it is eaten
Usually food contaminated left unrefrigerated
overnight
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Food Poisoning
Clostridium perfringens
Multiplies in food
Produces toxins in SI after contaminated food is eaten
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Complications of DiarrhoeaComplications of DiarrhoeaComplications of DiarrhoeaComplications of Diarrhoea
Dehydration
Excessive loss of fluids and minerals (electrolytes) fromthe body
Common in infants and young children with viralgastroenteritis or bacterial infection
Kidney failure, eg in infection by E.coli
Electrolyte deficiency
Irritation to anus due to frequent passage ofwatery stool containing irritating substances
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Severe or prolonged episode
of diarrhoea Fever Repeated vomiting, refusal to
drink fluids
Severe abdominal pain Diarrhoea that contains
blood or mucus Sign of dehydration
Dry, sticky mouthFew or no tears when crying Sunken eyes Lack urine or wet diaperDry, cool skin
Fatigue or dizziness
When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?When Treatment is Needed?
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Measurement ofBP in upright and supine post demonstrate orthostatic hypotension, confirmdehydration
Moderate severe diarrhoea, blood electrolytes Examination of small amount of stool undermicroscope if inflammation present, further testparticularly for bacterial and parasitic infection
Tests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute DiarrhoeaTests for Acute Diarrhoea
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Antibiotics or antiviral medications are not
prescribed for cases of diarrhoea caused by
virus or bacteria
Antibiotics may be given to very young
children or children with weak immune
system
In parasitic infection antiparasitic
medicine usually given
TreatmentTreatmentTreatmentTreatment
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Oral rehydration solutions (ORS)Contain carbohydrate (glucose or rice syrup)
and electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, citrate, HCO3-)
Infants and children Infants with mild dehydration ORS at home (with
doctor recommendation)
Infants with moderate severe dehydration, IVfluids at hospital
Avoid caffeine and lactose containing product
TreatmentTreatment cont.cont.TreatmentTreatment cont.cont.
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PreventionPreventionPreventionPrevention
Wash hands thoroughly before and after
eating or when preparing the meals.
Make sure that the tools used for eatingand preparing the meals are clean.
Cover our food or put them in the fridge
to prevent any contamination.
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1. Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
2. Medical Journal Malaysia VOL 62http://www.mma.org.my
3. World Health Organization WHO
http://www.who.int/topics/diarrhoea/en/
4. http://www.medicinenet.com/diarrhea/article.htm
5. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diarrhea/D
S002926. http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/co
mmon/diarrhea.html
ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences
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